Soviet-Polish tsov rog xyoo 1920

Soviet-Polish tsov rog xyoo 1920
Soviet-Polish tsov rog xyoo 1920

Video: Soviet-Polish tsov rog xyoo 1920

Video: Soviet-Polish tsov rog xyoo 1920
Video: Tsov rog nyab laj Dien Bien Phu (Nyab laj vs Fab kis) Tsov rog nyab laj Part 1 2024, Kaum ib hlis
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Soviet-Polish tsov rog xyoo 1920
Soviet-Polish tsov rog xyoo 1920

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Cov keeb kwm ntawm Soviet-Polish kev ua tsov rog tiv thaiv keeb kwm ntawm kev sib cav sib ceg hauv zej zog hauv tebchaws Russia

Kev ua tsov rog Soviet-Polish xyoo 1919-1920 yog ib feem ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Zaum Kawg hauv thaj tsam ntawm yav dhau los Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, kev ua tsov rog no tau pom los ntawm cov neeg Lavxias - ob leeg los ntawm cov uas tau tawm tsam rau Reds thiab los ntawm cov neeg uas nyob ntawm sab Dawb - qhov tseeb raws li kev ua tsov rog nrog tus yeeb ncuab sab nraud.

Tshiab Poland "los ntawm hiav txwv mus rau hiav txwv"

Qhov duality no tau tsim los ntawm keeb kwm nws tus kheej. Ua ntej Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Kawg, Tebchaws Poland feem ntau yog Russia ib cheeb tsam, lwm qhov yog koom nrog Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Austria - ib lub xeev Polish uas tsis muaj tebchaws nyob rau yuav luag ib puas xyoo thiab ib nrab. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas nrog kev tawm tsam Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, ob lub tseem tsarist tsoomfwv thiab cov neeg German thiab cov neeg Austrians tau cog lus cog lus tias yog tus Pole, tom qab yeej, kom rov muaj kev ywj pheej ua vajntxwv kav tebchaws Poland. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, ntau txhiab tus Tub Rog nyob rau xyoo 1914-1918 tau tawm tsam ob tog ntawm sab xub ntiag.

Txoj cai kev nom kev tswv ntawm Tebchaws Poland tau txiav txim siab ua ntej los ntawm qhov tseeb tias xyoo 1915 cov tub rog Lavxias, raug kev nyuaj siab los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, raug yuam kom thim ntawm Vistula mus rau sab hnub tuaj. Tag nrho cov tebchaws Poland tau nyob hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm cov neeg German, thiab thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1918, tom qab kev swb ntawm lub tebchaws Yelemes, lub zog hla tebchaws Poland tau hla mus rau Józef Pilsudski.

Rau ib lub hlis twg ntawm ib puas xyoo, tus neeg Polish haiv neeg no tau koom nrog kev tawm tsam Lavxias; nrog kev tawm tsam Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1, nws tsim "Polish legions"-tshem tawm cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb ua ib feem ntawm pab tub rog ntawm Austria-Hungary. Tom qab kev lees paub ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Austria, "legionnaires" tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm tsoomfwv Polish tshiab, thiab Pilsudski tau txais lub luag haujlwm "Tus Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws", uas yog tus tswjfwm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Tebchaws Poland tshiab, coj los ntawm tus thawj coj tub rog, tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov yeej ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ib, feem ntau yog Fabkis thiab Tebchaws Meskas.

Paris vam tias yuav ua rau Poland sib ntaus sib tua rau ob qho kev swb tab sis tsis tau sib haum lub tebchaws Yelemes thiab Russia, uas Bolshevik txoj cai, tsis nkag siab thiab txaus ntshai rau cov neeg European sab hnub poob. Tebchaws Asmeskas, ntawm qhov tod tes, pom thawj zaug nws lub zog loj hlob, pom hauv tebchaws Poland tshiab qhov kev zam txim yooj yim kom nthuav tawm nws lub zog mus rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm Tebchaws Europe.

Ua kom tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev txhawb nqa no thiab kev kub ntxhov thoob ntiaj teb uas cuam tshuam rau lub tebchaws nruab nrab ntawm Tebchaws Europe thaum kawg Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1, Poland tau rov kho tam sim nkag mus rau hauv kev tsis sib haum nrog txhua tus neeg nyob sib ze hla ciam teb thiab thaj chaw. Nyob rau sab hnub poob, Cov Tub Rog tau pib muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog cov neeg German thiab Czechs, qhov hu ua "Silesian uprising", thiab sab hnub tuaj - nrog cov neeg Lithuanians, cov neeg Ukrainian ntawm Galicia (Western Ukraine) thiab Soviet Belarus.

Txog rau txoj cai tswjfwm haiv neeg tshiab hauv Warsaw, lub sijhawm nyuaj ntawm 1918-1919, thaum tsis muaj lub zog ruaj khov thiab cov xeev nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm Tebchaws Europe, nws zoo li yooj yim heev los kho cov ciam teb ntawm Rzeczpospolita thaum ub, lub tebchaws Poland ntawm 16th. -17 xyoo dhau los, ncab od morza do morza - los ntawm hiav txwv thiab mus rau hiav txwv, uas yog, los ntawm Baltic mus rau ntug dej hiav txwv Dub.

Qhov pib ntawm kev ua tsov rog Soviet-Polish

Tsis muaj leej twg tshaj tawm kev ua tsov ua rog ntawm haiv neeg Poland thiab Bolsheviks - thaum muaj kev tawm tsam thoob plaws ntiaj teb thiab kev kub ntxhov kev nom kev tswv, kev sib cav ntawm Soviet -Polish pib ncaj qha. Lub teb chaws Yelemees, uas tau nyob hauv tebchaws Poland thiab Belarusian, tau lees paub thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1918. Thiab ib hlis tom qab, cov tub rog Soviet tau txav mus rau thaj tsam ntawm Belarus los ntawm sab hnub tuaj, thiab cov tub rog Polish los ntawm sab hnub poob.

Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1919, hauv Minsk, Bolsheviks tshaj tawm kev tsim "Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic", thiab nyob rau tib hnub ntawd thawj kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Soviet thiab Polish pab tub rog pib ntawm cov tebchaws no. Ob tog tau sim kho qhov ciam teb chaotic sai sai hauv lawv qhov kev nyiam.

Cov tub rog tau muaj hmoov zoo dua - thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1919, txhua lub zog ntawm Soviet lub zog tau hloov mus ua rog nrog Denikin cov tub rog dawb, uas tau pib txiav txim siab rau Don thiab Donbass. Los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, Cov Tub Rog tau txeeb Vilnius, sab hnub poob ib nrab ntawm Belarus thiab tag nrho ntawm Galicia (uas yog, sab hnub poob tebchaws Ukraine, qhov twg cov neeg Polish haiv neeg tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam ntawm haiv neeg Ukrainian rau rau lub hlis).

Tsoomfwv Soviet tom qab ob peb zaug hais rau Warsaw kom xaus qhov kev cog lus kev sib haum xeeb raws li cov lus cog tseg tiag tiag. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau Bolsheviks kom tso tag nrho cov rog los tawm tsam Denikin, uas twb tau tshaj tawm "Moscow cov lus qhia" - kev xaj rau kev tawm tsam dav dav los ntawm cov neeg dawb ntawm lub qub Lavxias peev.

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Duab

Soviet daim ntawv loj loj. Yees duab: cersipamantromanesc.wordpress.com

Tus Pes ntawm Pilsudski tsis teb rau cov lus thov kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd - 70 txhiab tus tub rog Polish, nruab nrog cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no, nyuam qhuav tuaj txog hauv Warsaw los ntawm Fab Kis. Fab Kis tsim cov tub rog no rov qab rau xyoo 1917 los ntawm cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw Polish thiab cov neeg raug kaw los tua cov neeg German. Tam sim no pab tub rog no, tseem ceeb heev los ntawm cov qauv ntawm Lavxias Kev Tsov Rog Zaum Ob, tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau Warsaw kom nthuav nws cov ciam teb mus rau sab hnub tuaj.

Thaum lub Yim Hli xyoo 1919, cov tub rog Dawb tau nce qib nyob rau lub qub peev ntawm Lavxias Kiev, thiab cov tub rog tau txeeb tau Minsk. Soviet Moscow pom nws tus kheej nruab nrab ntawm ob qhov hluav taws kub, thiab nyob rau hauv cov hnub ntawd zoo li ntau tias hnub Bolshevik lub zog tau suav. Tseeb tiag, thaum muaj kev sib koom ua ke los ntawm Cov Neeg Dawb thiab Cov Tub Rog, kev swb ntawm cov tub rog Soviet yuav tsis muaj kev zam.

Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis xyoo 1919, Tebchaws Polish tus neeg sawv cev tuaj txog hauv Taganrog ntawm General Denikin lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm, uas tau tos txais nrog kev ua siab zoo. Lub hom phiaj los ntawm Warsaw tau coj los ntawm General Alexander Karnitsky, Knight ntawm St. George thiab yav dhau los General General ntawm Lavxias Imperial Army.

Txawm hais tias lub rooj sib tham tseem ceeb thiab ntau qhov kev qhuas uas cov thawj coj dawb thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Warsaw tau hais tawm rau ib leeg, kev sib tham tau rub mus rau ntau lub hlis. Denikin tau hais kom Tus Kav Tebchaws txuas ntxiv lawv qhov kev tawm tsam mus rau sab hnub tuaj tiv thaiv Bolsheviks, General Karnitsky tau hais qhia, kom pib, txhawm rau txiav txim siab yav tom ntej ntawm ciam teb ntawm Poland thiab "United Indivisible Russia", uas yuav tsim tom qab kev kov yeej Bolsheviks.

Ncej ntawm liab thiab dawb

Thaum kev sib tham nrog Cov Neeg Dawb tau tab tom pib, cov tub rog Polish tau nres qhov kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Reds. Tom qab tag nrho, txoj kev yeej ntawm cov neeg dawb tau ua phem rau cov neeg nyiam Polish hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog rau thaj av Lavxias. Pilsudski thiab Denikin tau txhawb nqa thiab muab caj npab los ntawm Entente (kev sib koom tes ntawm Fabkis, Askiv thiab Asmeskas), thiab yog tias White Guard tau ua tiav, nws yog Entente uas yuav dhau los ua tus txiav txim plaub ntug ntawm Poland thiab "dawb" Russia Thiab Pilsudski yuav tsum tau ua daim ntawv cog lus - Paris, London thiab Washington, tus yeej hauv Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1, tau dhau los ua lub sijhawm ntawd cov thawj coj ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm Europe, twb tau txhais lub npe hu ua Curzon Kab, ciam teb yav tom ntej ntawm rov kho Poland thiab thaj chaw Lavxias. Tus Tswv Curzon, Tus Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws Txawv Tebchaws hauv Tebchaws Askiv, tau rub txoj kab no hla ciam teb ntawm haiv neeg Catholic, Uniate Galician thiab Orthodox Belarusians.

Pilsudski nkag siab tias thaum raug ntes ntawm Moscow los ntawm cov neeg dawb thiab kev sib tham hauv qab kev txhawb nqa ntawm Entente, nws yuav tsum tau tso ib feem ntawm thaj av nyob hauv Belarus thiab Ukraine rau Denikin. Rau Entente, Bolsheviks tau tawm mus. Cov neeg Polish haiv neeg Piłsudski txiav txim siab tos kom txog thaum Cov Neeg Liab Liab yuav thawb cov neeg Lavxias dawb mus rau sab nrauv (kom cov Neeg Tiv Thaiv Dawb yuav plam lawv lub zog thiab tsis muaj kev sib tw nrog cov Pole nyob hauv qhov muag ntawm Entente), thiab tom qab ntawd pib ua tsov rog tawm tsam Bolsheviks nrog kev txhawb nqa tag nrho ntawm cov thawj coj hauv xeev sab hnub poob. Nws yog qhov kev xaiv no uas tau cog lus rau Polish cov neeg nyiam tshaj plaws nyiaj tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum yeej - kev txeeb ntawm thaj chaw Lavxias loj, txog rau kev rov kho Tebchaws ntawm Tebchaws Baltic mus rau Hiav Txwv Dub!

Thaum yav dhau los tsarist tus thawj coj Denikin thiab Karnitsky tau nkim sijhawm rau kev hais lus ncaj ncees thiab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig hauv Taganrog, thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 3, 1919, muaj kev sib tham zais cia ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Pilsudski thiab Soviet Moscow. Lub Bolsheviks tuaj yeem nrhiav tus neeg zoo rau cov kev sib tham no - Polish tus kws tawm tsam Julian Markhlewski, uas tau paub Pilsudski txij li kev tawm tsam Tsar kev tawm tsam xyoo 1905.

Ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm Polish sab, tsis tau sau ntawv pom zoo tau xaus nrog Bolsheviks, tab sis Pilsudski pom zoo kom nres ua ntej ntawm nws cov tub rog mus rau sab hnub tuaj. Kev zais cia tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev pom zoo ntawm ob lub xeev - qhov tseeb ntawm Warsaw qhov kev pom zoo nrog Bolsheviks tau ua tib zoo zais los ntawm Denikin, thiab feem ntau yog los ntawm Askiv, Fabkis thiab Asmeskas, uas tau muab kev nom tswv thiab tub rog txhawb rau Poland.

Cov tub rog Polish txuas ntxiv kev sib ntaus hauv zej zog thiab kev sib cav nrog Bolsheviks, tab sis lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm Pilsudski tseem tsis muaj zog. Tsov rog Soviet-Polish tuaj txog rau qhov tsis tau ob peb hlis. Bolsheviks, paub tias yav tom ntej tsis tas yuav ntshai kev ua phem rau Polish ntawm Smolensk, yuav luag tag nrho lawv lub zog thiab khaws cia tau tawm tsam Denikin. Txog thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1919, pab tub rog dawb tau swb los ntawm Reds, thiab Polish Embassy ntawm General Karnitsky tawm ntawm lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm ntawm General Denikin. Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Ukraine, Cov Tub Rog tau ua kom zoo dua ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Pab Pawg Dawb thiab nyob hauv ntau lub nroog.

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Duab

Polish trenches hauv Belarus thaum sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Neman. Yees duab: istoria.md

Nws yog txoj haujlwm ntawm Tebchaws Poland uas tau txiav txim siab ua ntej txog kev tawm tsam cov neeg dawb hauv Lavxias Kev Tsov Rog Zaum Kawg. Qhov no tau lees paub ncaj qha los ntawm ib tus thawj coj Liab zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov xyoo ntawd, Tukhachevsky: "Denikin qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Moscow, txhawb los ntawm kev tawm tsam Polish los ntawm sab hnub poob, tuaj yeem ua rau tsis zoo rau peb, thiab nws nyuaj txawm tias yuav kwv yees qhov txiaj ntsig kawg … ".

Pilsudski qhov kev tawm tsam

Ob tus Bolsheviks thiab Cov Tub Nkeeg tau nkag siab tias qhov kev tawm tsam tsis raws cai thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1919 yog qhov tshwm sim ib ntus. Tom qab swb ntawm Denikin cov tub rog, nws yog Pilsudski uas tau los ua Entente lub ntsiab thiab tsuas yog lub zog muaj peev xwm tiv taus "Red Moscow" nyob sab Europe sab hnub tuaj. Cov neeg tswj hwm Polish tau ua haujlwm zoo siv qhov xwm txheej no los ntawm kev sib tham rau kev pab tub rog loj los ntawm Sab Hnub Poob.

Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1920, Fab Kis ib leeg tau muab phom rau Poland rau 1,494 phom, 2,800 rab phom tshuab, 385,000 phom, kwv yees li 700 lub dav hlau, 200 lub tsheb tiv thaiv tub rog, 576 lab cartridges thiab 10 lab lub plhaub. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntau txhiab rab phom tshuab, ntau tshaj 200 lub tsheb tiv thaiv thiab tso tsheb hlau luam, ntau dua 300 lub dav hlau, 3 lab khaub ncaws hnav, 4 lab khub tub rog khau, ntau cov tshuaj, kev sib txuas lus thiab lwm yam cuab yeej siv tub rog xa los ntawm Asmeskas lub nkoj mus rau Tebchaws Poland los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas.

Txog rau lub Plaub Hlis 1920, Cov tub rog Polish nyob ntawm ciam teb nrog Soviet Russia suav nrog rau 6 pab tub rog sib cais, muaj cuab yeej siv tau zoo thiab muaj tub rog zoo. Cov tub rog tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshwj xeeb hauv cov xov tooj ntawm rab phom tshuab thiab rab phom loj, thiab hauv kev dav hlau thiab tsheb tiv thaiv, cov tub rog Pilsudski tau zoo tshaj rau Reds.

Tom qab tos txog qhov kev swb zaum kawg ntawm Denikin thiab yog li dhau los ua tus tseem ceeb ntawm Entente nyob sab hnub tuaj Europe, Pilsudski txiav txim siab txuas ntxiv ua tsov rog Soviet-Polish. Kev cia siab rau cov riam phom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm Sab Hnub Poob, nws vam tias yuav swb sai sai rau lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm Pab Tub Rog Liab, tsis muaj zog los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntev nrog Cov Neeg Dawb, thiab yuam kom Moscow tso tseg txhua thaj av ntawm Ukraine thiab Belarus rau Poland. Txij li thaum swb cov neeg dawb tsis yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev nom kev tswv loj, Pilsudski tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg tias Entente tseem yuav nyiam muab cov tebchaws Russia loj no nyob hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm pawg phooj ywg Warsaw, ntau dua li pom lawv nyob hauv txoj cai ntawm Bolsheviks.

Lub Plaub Hlis 17, 1920, Polish "Tus Thawj Xib Fwb Hauv Xeev" tau pom zoo phiaj xwm los txeeb Kiev. Thiab thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 25, Pilsudski cov tub rog tau pib ua phem rau hauv tebchaws Soviet.

Lub sijhawm no, Cov Tub Rog tsis rub tawm qhov kev sib tham thiab tau xaus qhov kev koom tes ua tub rog-nom tswv tiv thaiv Bolsheviks nrog ob tus Neeg Dawb uas tseem nyob hauv Crimea thiab cov neeg Ukrainian haiv neeg ntawm Petliura. Qhov tseeb, hauv qhov xwm txheej tshiab ntawm xyoo 1920, nws yog Warsaw uas yog lub zog tseem ceeb hauv cov koomhaum ntawd.

Lub taub hau ntawm Cov Neeg Dawb hauv Crimea, General Wrangel, tau hais meej meej tias tam sim no Poland muaj cov tub rog muaj zog tshaj plaws nyob sab Europe sab hnub tuaj (lub sijhawm ntawd 740 txhiab tus tub rog) thiab nws tsim nyog los tsim "Slavic front" tiv thaiv Bolsheviks. Kev sawv cev sawv cev ntawm Dawb Crimea tau qhib nyob rau hauv Warsaw, thiab nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Poland nws tus kheej, thiaj li hu ua 3rd Russian Army pib tsim (thawj ob pab tub rog nyob hauv Crimea), uas tau tsim los ntawm kev tawm tsam qub txeeg qub teg Boris Savinkov, leej twg paub Pilsudski los ntawm pre-revolutionary underground

Kev sib ntaus tau tawm tsam ntawm sab xub ntiag loj los ntawm Baltic mus rau Romania. Cov tub rog tseem ceeb tseem nyob hauv North Caucasus thiab Siberia, qhov uas lawv ua tiav cov seem ntawm pab tub rog Dawb. Sab nraub qaum ntawm Soviet cov tub rog kuj tseem tsis muaj zog los ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam kev tawm tsam txoj cai ntawm "kev ua rog sib ntaus sib tua".

Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 7, 1920, Tus Kav Xwm tau nyob hauv Kiev - qhov no yog qhov kev hloov pauv lub zog hauv lub nroog thib 17 xyoo peb xyoos dhau los. Thawj qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Poles tau ua tiav, lawv tau ntes ntau txhiab tus tub rog Liab Tub Rog thiab tsim lub hauv paus loj nyob rau sab laug ntawm Dnieper rau kev tawm tsam ntxiv.

Tukhachevsky lub counteroffensive

Tab sis tsoomfwv Soviet muaj peev xwm hloov pauv cov peev txheej mus rau lub tebchaws Polish sai. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Bolsheviks txawj siv kev nyiam kev hlub hauv zej zog Lavxias. Yog tias cov neeg tawv dawb tau mus rau kev sib koom tes yuam nrog Pilsudski, tom qab ntawd cov dav dav ntawm Lavxias cov pejxeem pom qhov kev ntxeem tau ntawm tus ncej thiab ntes Kiev raws li kev tawm tsam sab nraud.

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Duab

Kev xa cov neeg tawm tsam mus rau pem hauv ntej tawm tsam White Poles. Petrograd, xyoo 1920. Luam tawm. Duab: RIA Novosti

Cov kev xav hauv lub tebchaws no tau xav txog qhov kev thov rov hais dua ntawm tus yeeb ncuab ntawm Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb, General Brusilov, "Rau txhua tus tub ceev xwm qub, txhua qhov chaw uas lawv nyob", uas tshwm sim rau lub Tsib Hlis 30, 1920. Brusilov, uas tsis muaj kev khuv leej rau Bolsheviks, tau tshaj tawm rau txhua tus ntawm Russia: "Tsuav yog tias Red Army tsis tso cai rau Poles mus rau Russia, Kuv tab tom taug kev nrog Bolsheviks."

Lub Rau Hli 2, 1920, Tsoomfwv Soviet tau tshaj tawm tsab cai "Ntawm kev tso tawm los ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm txhua tus neeg saib xyuas dawb uas yuav pab ua rog nrog Poland." Raws li qhov tshwm sim, ntau txhiab tus neeg Lavxias tau tuaj yeem pab dawb rau Pab Tub Rog Liab thiab tau tawm tsam rau ntawm Polish pem hauv ntej.

Tsoomfwv Soviet tau hloov pauv cov nyiaj khaws cia sai sai rau Ukraine thiab Belarus. Hauv Kiev cov lus taw qhia, lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm kev tawm tsam yog cov tub rog caij nees ntawm Budyonny, thiab hauv Belarus tiv thaiv cov tub rog txoj kev sib cais uas tau raug tso tawm tom qab swb cov tub rog dawb ntawm Kolchak thiab Yudenich mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua.

Pilsudski lub hauv paus chaw tsis tau cia siab tias Bolsheviks tuaj yeem mob siab rau lawv cov tub rog sai. Yog li ntawd, txawm hais tias tus yeeb ncuab zoo tshaj hauv kev siv thev naus laus zis, Red Army tseem nyob hauv Kiev thaum Lub Rau Hli 1920, thiab Minsk thiab Vilnius thaum Lub Xya Hli. Kev tawm tsam Soviet tau yooj yim los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Belarusians hauv Polish tom qab.

Pilsudski cov tub rog tau nyob ze ntawm kev swb, uas txhawj xeeb txog cov neeg sab hnub poob ntawm Warsaw. Ua ntej, daim ntawv ceeb toom los ntawm Askiv Lub Chaw Haujlwm Txawv Tebchaws tau tshaj tawm nrog qhov kev thov rau kev tawm tsam, tom qab ntawd cov kws tshaj lij Polish lawv tus kheej tig mus rau Moscow nrog thov kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb.

Tab sis ntawm no qhov kev nkag siab ntawm kev faib ua feem ntxeev siab rau Bolshevik cov thawj coj. Kev ua tiav ntawm kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv kev ua phem rau Polish tau ua rau muaj kev cia siab ntawm lawv rau kev tawm tsam cov neeg tawm tsam hauv Europe thiab yeej ntawm kev hloov pauv ntiaj teb. Leon Trotsky tom qab ntawd tau hais meej meej "soj ntsuam qhov xwm txheej hloov pauv hauv Europe nrog Red Army bayonet."

Cov tub rog Soviet, txawm hais tias kev poob thiab kev puas tsuaj nyob rau tom qab, nrog lawv lub zog kawg txuas ntxiv lawv qhov kev txiav txim siab tawm tsam, siv zog coj Lvov thiab Warsaw thaum Lub Yim Hli 1920. Qhov xwm txheej nyob sab hnub poob Europe yog qhov nyuaj heev, tom qab kev ua tsov rog ntiaj teb phem, txhua lub xeev, yam tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb, tau tshee hnyo los ntawm kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam. Hauv Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Hungary, cov koomhaum hauv nroog tomqab ntawd tau lees paub lub hwjchim tiag tiag, thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm yeej Red Army ntawm Lenin thiab Trotsky nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm Tebchaws Europe tuaj yeem hloov pauv tag nrho cov kev ua haujlwm hauv tebchaws.

Raws li Mikhail Tukhachevsky, uas tau hais kom Soviet ua phem rau Warsaw, tom qab ntawv tau hais tias: "Tsis muaj kev ntseeg tias yog tias peb tau yeej qhov yeej ntawm Vistula, kev tawm tsam yuav ua rau tag nrho cov teb chaws Europe muaj nplaim taws."

"Miracle ntawm Vistula"

Hauv kev cia siab tias yuav yeej, Bolsheviks twb tau tsim lawv tus kheej tsoomfwv Polish - "Lub Rooj Sib Tham Ncaj Ncees Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm Tebchaws Poland", coj los ntawm kev sib tham ntawm Poles Felix Dzerzhinsky thiab Julian Markhlevsky (tus uas tau sib tham nrog Piłsudski txog kev ua tsis ncaj ncees thaum kawg xyoo 1919). Tus kws kos duab nto moo Boris Yefimov twb tau npaj daim ntawv loj loj rau Soviet cov ntawv xov xwm "Warsaw tau coj los ntawm Red Heroes."

Lub caij no, Sab Hnub Poob tau nce kev txhawb nqa tub rog rau Poland. Tus de facto tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog Polish yog Fab Kis General Weygand, tus thawj coj ntawm Anglo-French tub rog lub hom phiaj hauv Warsaw. Ntau pua tus tub ceev xwm Fab Kis uas muaj kev paub ntau txog kev ua tsov rog ntiaj teb tau los ua tus pab tswv yim hauv pab tub rog Polish, tsim, tshwj xeeb, xov tooj cua kev txawj ntse, uas txog lub Yim Hli 1920 tau tsim kev cuam tshuam thiab txiav txim siab ntawm xov tooj cua sib tham ntawm Soviet pab tub rog.

Ntawm ib sab ntawm tus Pole, pab tub rog Asmeskas dav hlau, pab nyiaj thiab ua haujlwm los ntawm cov kws tsav dav hlau los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, tau tawm tsam. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1920, cov neeg Amelikas tau ua tiav lub foob pob ua rog ntawm Budyonny.

Cov tub rog Soviet uas tau ua lawv txoj kev mus rau Warsaw thiab Lvov, txawm hais tias muaj kev tawm tsam tsis zoo, pom lawv tus kheej hauv qhov xwm txheej nyuaj heev. Lawv tsoo tawm ntawm cov khoom siv rau ntau pua kilometers, vim muaj kev puas tsuaj nyob tom qab, lawv tsis tuaj yeem xa cov khoom ntxiv thiab khoom siv raws sijhawm. Hmo ua ntej ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab sib ntaus rau cov peev ntawm Polish, ntau Red cov tub rog tau raug txo mus rau 150-200 tus neeg sib ntaus, cov phom loj tsis muaj cov mos txwv, thiab ob peb lub dav hlau uas siv tau tsis tuaj yeem muab kev saib xyuas tau zoo thiab txheeb xyuas qhov siab ntawm cov peev txheej Polish.

Tab sis Soviet cov lus txib tsis suav nrog tsis yog tsuas yog teeb meem tub rog ntawm "phiaj los nqis tes ntawm Vistula", tab sis kuj yog lub teb chaws txoj kev xav ntawm Poles. Raws li nyob hauv Russia, thaum lub tebchaws Polish ntxeem tau, cov lus teb ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev hlub tau tshwm sim, yog li hauv tebchaws Poland, thaum Cov Tub Rog Liab mus txog Warsaw, lub tebchaws tau pib nce. Qhov no tau pab txhawb los ntawm kev tshaj tawm Russophobic, sawv cev rau cov tub rog liab nce qib hauv kev coj ua ntawm Neeg Esxias cov neeg tsis paub tab (txawm hais tias Tus Kws lawv tus kheej hauv kev ua tsov rog ntawd nyob deb ntawm tib neeg).

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Cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb Polish hauv Lviv. Yees duab: althistory.wikia.com

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm txhua qhov laj thawj no yog qhov ua tiav ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Poles, pib hauv ib nrab ntawm lub Yim Hli 1920. Hauv keeb kwm Polish, cov xwm txheej no raug hu ua qhov tsis zoo - "Miracle on the Vistula." Qhov tseeb, qhov no tsuas yog yeej loj rau Polish caj npab hauv 300 xyoo dhau los.

Kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb Riga

Kev ua ntawm Wrangel cov tub rog dawb kuj tau pab txhawb kom tsis muaj zog ntawm Soviet pab tub rog nyob ze Warsaw. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1920, Cov Dawb tsuas yog pib lawv qhov kev tawm tsam zaum kawg los ntawm thaj av ntawm Crimea, txeeb tau thaj chaw dav ntawm Dniep er thiab Hiav Txwv Azov thiab xa cov nyiaj liab liab rau lawv tus kheej. Tom qab ntawd Bolsheviks, txhawm rau tso qee yam ntawm lawv lub zog thiab tiv thaiv lub nraub qaum los ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam kev tawm tsam, txawm tias yuav tsum tau pom zoo rau kev koom tes nrog cov neeg tsis ntseeg ntawm Nestor Makhno.

Yog tias nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1919 Pilsudski txoj cai tau txiav txim siab ua ntej ntawm Cov Neeg Dawb nyob hauv kev tawm tsam Moscow, tom qab ntawd thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1920 nws yog Wrangel lub tshuab uas tau txiav txim siab ua ntej ntawm Reds hauv kev tawm tsam ntawm lub peev Polish. Raws li tus qub tsarist tus kws tshaj lij thiab tub rog theorist Svechin tau sau: "Thaum kawg, Warsaw kev ua haujlwm tsis yog Pilsudski, tab sis los ntawm Wrangel."

Cov tub rog Soviet tua yeej nyob ze Warsaw tau raug ntes ib nrab, thiab qee qhov thim rov qab mus rau thaj chaw German ntawm East Prussia. Tsuas yog nyob ze Warsaw, 60 txhiab tus neeg Lavxias tau raug kaw hauv tsev loj cuj, txhua tus, ntau dua 100 txhiab tus neeg tau xaus rau hauv tebchaws Poland cov neeg raug kaw hauv kev ua rog. Ntawm cov no, tsawg kawg 70 txhiab tus neeg tuag hauv tsawg dua ib xyoos - qhov no qhia meej meej txog kev tswj hwm tsis txaus ntseeg uas cov tub ceev xwm Polish tau tsim los rau cov neeg raug kaw, cia siab tias Nazi cov chaw nyob ntsiag to.

Kev sib ntaus sib tua txuas ntxiv mus txog Lub Kaum Hli 1920. Yog tias thaum lub caij ntuj sov cov tub rog liab tau tawm tsam rau sab hnub poob ntau dua 600 km, tom qab ntawd thaum Lub Yim Hli-Cuaj Hli lub hauv ntej rov dov rov qab ntau dua 300 km rau sab hnub tuaj. Lub Bolsheviks tseem tuaj yeem sib sau ua rog tshiab tawm tsam Cov Tub Rog, tab sis lawv tau xaiv kom tsis txhob pheej hmoo nws - lawv tau cuam tshuam ntau ntxiv los ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam kev tawm tsam uas tau tshwm sim thoob plaws lub tebchaws.

Pilsudski, tom qab kev ua tiav tau zoo nyob ze Warsaw, kuj tseem tsis muaj lub zog txaus rau kev tawm tsam tshiab ntawm Minsk thiab Kiev. Yog li ntawd, kev sib tham kev thaj yeeb tau pib hauv Riga, uas tau xaus kev tsov rog Soviet-Polish. Qhov kev sib haum xeeb zaum kawg tau kos npe tsuas yog thaum Lub Peb Hlis 19, 1921. Thaum xub thawj, Tus Thawj Coj tau thov kom them nyiaj los ntawm Soviet Russia hauv qhov nyiaj ntawm 300 lab tsarist kub rubles, tab sis thaum sib tham lawv yuav tsum txiav lawv cov kev xav tau raws nraim 10 zaug.

Raws li kev ua tsov rog, cov phiaj xwm ntawm Moscow lossis Warsaw tsis tau ua tiav. Bolsheviks ua tsis tau los tsim Tebchaws Poland Poland, thiab Pilsudski cov neeg hauv tebchaws tsis muaj peev xwm rov tsim ciam teb qub ntawm Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, uas suav nrog txhua thaj av Belarusian thiab Ukrainian (cov neeg txhawb siab tshaj plaws ntawm Pilsudski hais txawm tias "rov qab" ntawm Smolensk). Txawm li cas los xij, Tus kav ntev tau rov qab los rau lawv txoj cai thaj av sab hnub poob ntawm Ukraine thiab Belarus. Txog rau xyoo 1939, Soviet-Polish ciam teb tsuas yog 30 km sab hnub poob ntawm Minsk thiab tsis muaj kev thaj yeeb.

Qhov tseeb, Soviet-Polish tsov rog xyoo 1920 hauv ntau txoj kev teeb tsa cov teeb meem uas "tua tawm" thaum lub Cuaj Hlis xyoo 1939, pab txhawb kev tawm tsam Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob.

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