Thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1, Afghanistan tseem nyob nruab nrab. Lub hom phiaj German-Austro-Turkish, uas tau sim xyoo 1915-1916. kom koom nrog Afghanistan hauv kev ua tsov rog, tsis ua tiav, txawm hais tias cov kev sim no tau txhawb nqa los ntawm Young Afghans, Old Afghans thiab cov thawj coj ntawm pab pawg neeg Pashtun, uas xav kom tshaj tawm jihad ntawm Great Britain. Tab sis Emir Khabibullah, uas tau txiav txim siab xyoo 1901-1919, ua tib zoo tsis ua kev pheej hmoo thiab ua rau Afghanistan tsis muaj kev ncaj ncees. [1]
Kev Tawm Tsam Kaum Hli Ntuj hauv tebchaws Russia tau ua rau muaj kev sib haum xeeb nyob rau Afghanistan. Qhov tseeb, ua rau muaj kev ceeb toom hauv Emir tsoomfwv, nws tau txhawb kev pom zoo los ntawm kev tawm tsam British Young Afghans, uas tau khuv leej nrog Bolsheviks hauv lawv txoj kev tawm tsam kev cuam tshuam ntawm European lub zog. Emir Khabibullah txuas ntxiv zam kev ua haujlwm hauv thaj tsam ntawm txoj cai txawv teb chaws, feem ntau sim tiv thaiv kev ua nom ua tswv nrog London. Tshwj xeeb, nws tsis kam txiav txim siab Moscow qhov kev thov kom xaus qhov kev pom zoo ntawm ob tog sib tham thiab tshaj tawm hauv nws qhov tsis raug cai ntawm txhua qhov kev pom zoo tsis sib xws hais txog Afghanistan thiab Persia. Hauv tsev hais plaub lub tsev hais plaub, emir qhov kev txiav txim siab ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov ntawm cov Hluas Afghans. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 20, 1919, Emir Khabibullah raug tua. Tus thawj coj ntawm Young Afghans tau los ua lub zog, muaj kev sib tw muaj zog ntawm kev ywj pheej hauv tebchaws thiab kev hloov pauv, Amanullah Khan (txiav txim txog 1929), uas tshaj tawm txoj kev rov ua tiav ntawm kev ywj pheej tag nrho ntawm Afghanistan. [2]
Amanullah Khan
Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 28, 1919, thaum nkag mus rau lub zwm txwv, Afghan emir Amanullah Khan tau tshaj tawm tias tam sim no nyob rau Afghanistan tsis lees paub lwm lub hwj chim txawv tebchaws thiab suav tias nws yog lub xeev ywj pheej. [3] Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov lus tau xa mus rau Viceroy ntawm Is Nrias teb tshaj tawm kev ywj pheej ntawm Afghanistan. Hauv nws qhov lus teb, Tus Thawj Coj Viceroy tsis tau lees paub kev ywj pheej ntawm lub tebchaws thiab thov kom txhua qhov kev cog lus yav dhau los thiab cov luag num uas tau kwv yees raws li lawv tau hwm.
Txawm tias ua ntej tau txais cov lus xa rov qab no, Amanullah Khan thiab Minister of Foreign Affairs ntawm Afghanistan Mahmud-bek Tarzi tau xa xov mus rau V. I. Lenin, M. I. Kalinin thiab G. V. Chicherin nrog kev thov kom tsim kev phooj ywg nrog Russia. [4] Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 27, 1919, uas yog, twb yog thaum Tsov Rog Anglo-Afghan Thib Peb, V. I. Lenin pom zoo los tsim kev sib raug zoo thiab pauv cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Kabul thiab Moscow. Kev sib pauv lus tau txhais tau tias yog kev lees paub thiab kev pom zoo ntawm kev tsim kev sib raug zoo ntawm ob lub tebchaws. [5] Ib tsab ntawv cais los ntawm Tib Neeg Tus Kws Lij Choj rau Kev Ua Haujlwm Txawv Tebchaws G. V. Chicherin tau ceeb toom rau Afghan Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Txawv Tebchaws tias tsoomfwv Soviet tau rhuav tshem tag nrho cov lus cog tseg uas tau yuam los ntawm kev quab yuam rau lawv cov neeg me thiab tsis muaj zog thiab muaj zog nyob ua zej zog, suav nrog yav dhau los tsoomfwv tsarist. Ntxiv mus, daim ntawv hais txog kev lees paub ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm Afghanistan. [6]
Lub xeev tus chij ntawm RSFSR
Chij ntawm Emirate ntawm Afghanistan
Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 27, 1919, tsoomfwv Soviet yog thawj zaug hauv ntiaj teb kom lees paub kev ywj pheej ntawm Afghanistan. Hauv kev teb, cov thawj coj Afghan tshiab tau xa xov mus rau lawv cov neeg nyob ze sab qaum teb, Soviet Russia. Hauv tsab ntawv xa mus rau M. Tarzi thaum lub Plaub Hlis 7, 1919, G. V. Chicherin qhia kev xav tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog rau thaj av ntawm Soviets.
G. V. Chicherin
Lub Plaub Hlis 21, 1919, Amanullah Khan rov tig mus rau V. I. Lenin nrog cov lus hais tias Ambassador Tshwj Xeeb General Mohammed Wali Khan tau xa mus rau Soviet Russia kom tsim "kev sib raug zoo ntawm ob lub xeev loj." Tej zaum 27, 1919 V. I. Lenin thiab tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm All-Russian Central Executive Committee M. I. Kalinin tau xa tsab ntawv mus rau Amanullah Khan uas lawv tau txais tos lub hom phiaj ntawm tsoomfwv Afghan los tsim kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg Lavxias thiab tau hais kom pauv pauv haujlwm ua haujlwm. [7] Kev sib pauv lus ntawm ob lub taub hau ntawm lub xeev txhais tau tias yog kev lees paub ntawm RSFSR thiab Afghanistan. [8]
Tsis ntev txoj haujlwm ntawm ob lub tebchaws tau tawm mus rau Moscow thiab Kabul. Tus Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws Tshwj Xeeb thiab Plenipotentiary ntawm Afghanistan, General Muhammad Wali Khan, thiab nws cov neeg tuaj txog tuaj txog hauv Moscow thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1919. Lawv tsis ntseeg tias tau muab cov lus los ntawm cov thawj coj Soviet. Yog li, thaum Lub Kaum Hli 14, 1919, teb rau qhov kev cia siab qhia los ntawm lub taub hau ntawm Afghan lub luag haujlwm uas Soviet Russia yuav pab dawb nws tus kheej los ntawm tus quab ntawm European imperialism thoob plaws Sab Hnub Tuaj, V. I. Lenin tau hais tias "tsoomfwv Soviet, tsoomfwv ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg raug tsim txom, siv zog ua raws nraim li tus Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws Afghan tau hais tshwj xeeb."
Thaum lub rooj sib tham ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ob lub tebchaws, sab Afghan, tsis yog tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm Great Britain, tau teeb tsa qhov teeb meem ntawm kev thov thaj av rau Russia. [9]
Thaum txiav txim siab txiav txim siab muab cov khoom siv thiab tub rog pab rau Afghanistan thiab, tejzaum nws, los ua qhov kev pom zoo ntawm qhov teeb meem ib puag ncig, Lavxias kev coj noj coj ua tau txiav txim siab tias qhov xwm txheej nyuaj hauv Central Asia feem ntau thiab hauv Afghanistan tshwj xeeb yog muaj kev phom sij loj heev. Lub ntsiab lus yog tias lo lus nug ntawm kev hloov pauv qhov kev pom zoo ua ntej ntawm Afghanistan thiab Great Britain xaus rau lub Yim Hli 1919 nrog qhov kev pom zoo tas mus li yuav tsum tau tham txog ntawm lub rooj sib tham tshwj xeeb ob tog uas tau npaj rau lub sijhawm ntawd, thiab qhov yuav tshwm sim tsis zoo ntawm British txoj cai rau qhov kev txaus siab ntawm Afghanistan thiab Russia yog nyob deb ntawm kev ua raws.
Tau tshaj tawm txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm Afghanistan, Amanullah Khan tau sau npe txhawb nqa pab tub rog thiab cov pejxeem coob. Kev tshaj tawm ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm Afghanistan tau dhau los ua qhov laj thawj rau Kev Tsov Rog Anglo-Afghan Thib Peb, vim qhov uas cov neeg tawm tsam Askiv tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv qhov xwm txheej hauv lub tebchaws raws li lawv nyiam. Kev tawm tsam pib los ntawm Great Britain thaum lub Tsib Hlis 3, 1919, xaus rau Lub Rau Hli 3 nrog qhov xaus ntawm kev ua tsis ncaj, thiab thaum Lub Yim Hli 8, Rawalpindian kev pom zoo ua ntej kev cog lus tau kos npe, tsim kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb ntawm Great Britain thiab Afghanistan thiab lees paub " Durand Kab ", ntxiv rau kev tshem tawm ntawm kev pab nyiaj Askiv rau emir. [10] Raws li Kev Pom Zoo ntawm 1921, Great Britain tau lees paub kev ywj pheej ntawm Afghanistan. [11]
Mus rau qhov kev tawm tsam nrog Afghanistan, cov neeg Askiv tsis tuaj yeem tab tom txiav txim siab txhim kho kev sib raug zoo ntawm Soviet -Afghan uas txuas ntxiv thaum lub Tsib Hlis - Lub Rau Hli 1919. Thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 25, lub luag haujlwm xwm txheej ceev ntawm Muhammad Wali Khan tuaj txog hauv Bukhara, mus rau Soviet Russia. Nws nqa Bukhara emir tsab ntawv uas Amanullah Khan ceeb toom rau tsoomfwv Bukhara tiv thaiv "cov yeeb ncuab cog lus ntawm cov neeg ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj - cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Askiv." Lub Emir ntawm Afghanistan tau nug Emir ntawm Bukhara kom tsis kam pab Askiv thiab los ntawm txhua txoj hauv kev los txhawb nqa Bolsheviks - "phooj ywg tseeb ntawm cov tebchaws Muslim". [12]
Thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 28, 1919, Lub Xeev Xaj Xaj Xaj Xaj Xaj Xaj Meskas tau coj los ntawm Muhammad Wali Khan tuaj txog hauv Tashkent. Muaj, txawm li cas los xij, nws raug yuam kom nyob twj ywm, tk. txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau txuas nrog Moscow tau cuam tshuam dua.
Hauv kev teb rau kev tuaj txog ntawm Afghan lub luag haujlwm xwm txheej ceev hauv tebchaws Soviet, thaum kawg ntawm lub Tsib Hlis, txoj haujlwm tshaj tawm txoj haujlwm ntawm Turkestan Soviet Republic koom nrog N. Z. Bravin. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 1919, Consulate General of Afghanistan tau tsim nyob hauv Tashkent.
Thaum tuaj txog hauv Kabul, N. Z. Bravin ceeb toom rau tsoomfwv Afghan txog kev npaj ntawm Soviet Turkestan los muab txhua yam kev pab, suav nrog kev pab tub rog. Nyob rau hauv lem, tsoomfwv Afghan tau siv qee qhov kev ntsuas los tiv thaiv cov neeg Askiv los ntawm kev rhuav tshem Bukhara thiab siv nws los tua lub xeev Soviet. Thaum tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hais tias Emir ntawm Bukhara tau npaj rau kev tawm tsam Soviet Turkestan, Amanullah Khan thaum ib nrab Lub Rau Hli 1919 tau xa lus tshwj xeeb mus rau tus tswv xeev ntawm Northern Afghanistan Muhammad Surur Khan: "Xa tam sim ntawd ib lossis ob tus neeg uas koj tuaj yeem ntseeg tau tias lawv Abstained Shah (piv txwv li Emir ntawm Bukhara - AK) los ntawm lub hom phiaj no thiab piav qhia rau nws tias kev ua tsov rog ntawm Bukhara thiab Lavxias koom pheej yuav ua rau Afghanistan nyob rau hauv txoj haujlwm txaus ntshai thiab ua haujlwm rau cov yeeb ncuab ntawm cov neeg sab hnub tuaj, piv txwv li. Askiv, ua tiav lawv lub hom phiaj”[13].
Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb heev thaum kawg lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1919 tsoomfwv Afghan tau thov rau Soviet tus sawv cev sawv cev hauv Kabul NZ. Bravin los koom nrog hauv kev sib tham yav dhau los Anglo-Afghan ua tus tswv cuab ntawm pawg neeg sawv cev Afghan. [14]
Thaum Lub Rau Hli 10, tsoomfwv Afghan, dhau los ntawm Afghan lub luag haujlwm xwm txheej ceev hauv Tashkent, tau txais cov lus teb los ntawm tsoomfwv Soviet rau tsab ntawv ntawm Amanullah Khan thiab M. Tarzi sau rau lub Plaub Hlis 7, 1919. Hauv nws cov lus teb, tsoomfwv Soviet tau hais tawm nws qhov kev pom zoo rau kev tsim kev sib raug zoo nrog Afghanistan thiab rov lees paub qhov lees paub ntawm nws txoj kev ywj pheej.
Tsoomfwv Soviet tau xa ib lub chaw lis haujlwm mus rau Afghanistan los ntawm Ya. Z. Tawm. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 23, 1919, nws tawm hauv Moscow nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm tas mus li. Ntawm lawv, raws li thawj tus tuav ntaub ntawv yog I. M. Reisner. [15]
Tsis ntev tom qab qhov no, Embassy ntawm Mohammed Wali Khan tuaj txog hauv Moscow. Yog li, kev sib tham ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev pom zoo ntawm ob tog tau ua ib txhij hauv Kabul, qhov chaw sawv cev ntawm RSFSR hauv Central Asia Ya. Z. Cov kev ua si, thiab nyob rau hauv Moscow. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 13, 1920, tau pom zoo ua ntej Soviet-Afghan kev cog lus tau kos npe, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb uas yog tshaj tawm kev phooj ywg zoo ntawm cov tebchaws uas koom nrog. Qhov no qhia qhov xav tau ceev rau ob tog kom lees paub kev sib nrig sib paub txhawm rau hloov pauv qhov tsis zoo ntawm txoj cai txawv teb chaws ib puag ncig. [16]
Hauv tsab ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm kev sib tham ntawm All-Russian Central Executive Committee ntawm RSFSR thaum Lub Rau Hli 17, 1920, G. V. Chicherin tau sau tseg tias "cov neeg coob coob ntawm Afghanistan ua rau peb, Soviet Russia, nrog kev khuv leej, pom hauv peb cov neeg tiv thaiv tseem ceeb ntawm kev khaws cia lawv txoj kev ywj pheej, thiab tib lub sijhawm, cov pab pawg hauv roob muaj zog, ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab ntawm txoj cai ntawm Tsoomfwv Afghan, yog li txiav txim siab sawv rau kev sib koom tes nrog peb, thiab Emir nws tus kheej tau paub meej txog kev phom sij ntawm Askiv uas, feem ntau, peb kev sib raug zoo nrog Afghanistan tau dhau los ua ntau dua. Hauv kev hais lus pej xeem tsis ntev los no, emir tau hais meej meej rau kev sib raug zoo nrog tsoomfwv Soviet, tawm tsam txoj cai nruj ntawm Askiv "[17].
Kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm Askiv kev ua haujlwm tau ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev rov pib dua ntawm Anglo-Afghan kev sib tham thaum pib xyoo 1921. Lub taub hau ntawm Askiv lub luag haujlwm, G. Dobbs, yaum kom Afghan cov tub ceev xwm txwv lawv tus kheej tsuas yog ua lag luam kev cog lus nrog Soviet Russia, tso tseg qhov kev pom zoo tau pom zoo thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 13, 1920. Nws kuj tau thov kom Afghanistan tso tseg kev txhawb nqa ntawm pab pawg neeg ciam teb. Rov qab los, Tebchaws Askiv tau cog lus tias yuav tso cai thauj cov khoom Afghan tsis tau hla Is Nrias teb, pauv cov neeg sawv cev kev lis haujlwm (tsis yog los ntawm tsoomfwv Anglo-Indian, zoo li tau hais ua ntej, tabsis ncaj qha ntawm Kabul thiab London), kho tsab xov xwm ntawm Rawalpind Kev cog lus, uas tau muab rau kev tsim ib leeg ib sab ntawm Afghan-Indian ciam teb los ntawm British Commission sab hnub poob ntawm Khyber, muab kev pab nyiaj txiag rau Afghanistan.
Txawm li cas los xij, Askiv tsis ua tiav lawv lub hom phiaj. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1921, kev sib tham nrog Great Britain tau raug ncua.
Lub sijhawm ntawd hauv Moscow, kev npaj zaum kawg rau kev kos npe rau kev pom zoo nrog Afghanistan tau ua tiav. Lub Ob Hlis 25 Plenum ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm RCP (b), tuav nrog kev koom tes ntawm V. I. Lenin, txiav txim siab qhov kev thov ntawm G. V. Chicherin ntawm Afghanistan thiab txiav txim siab "pom zoo nrog Comrade. Chicherin. "[18]
Txawm hais tias muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm Great Britain, qee qhov tsis sib xws ntawm Afghan kev coj noj coj ua, nrog rau cov teeb meem ciam teb tsis tau daws teeb meem, thaum Lub Ob Hlis 28, 1921, Kev Pom Zoo ntawm Kev Phooj Ywg ntawm RSFSR thiab Afghanistan tau kos npe. [19]
Hauv Kev Pom Zoo, ob tog tau lees paub qhov lees paub ntawm ib leeg txoj kev ywj pheej thiab tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo hauv kev sib cog lus, tau cog lus tias "yuav tsis nkag mus rau hauv kev ua tub rog lossis kev pom zoo nom tswv nrog lub zog thib peb uas yuav ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau ib ntawm ob tog kev cog lus." RSFSR tau tso cai rau Afghanistan txoj cai thauj khoom dawb thiab tsis them se ntawm nws thaj chaw, thiab tseem pom zoo muab rau Afghanistan nrog kev pab nyiaj txiag thiab khoom siv. [20]
Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1921, Askiv lub hom phiaj ntawm H. Dobbs, uas tau sib tham nrog tsoomfwv Afghan, txiav txim siab ua lub siab kawg, ua "qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb ntawm (Anglo -Afghan. - AB) kev cog lus zaum kawg ntawm kev tsim tebchaws Askiv tswj hwm Afghanistan txoj kev sib txawv txawv teb chaws nrog Soviet Russia. "[21].
Txawm hais tias tau sim los ntawm Askiv los tiv thaiv kev lees paub ntawm Soviet -Afghan kev cog lus, Emir Amanullah Khan tau sib tham nrog cov neeg sawv cev dav dav - Jirga - txhawm rau txiav txim siab ob qho haujlwm - Soviet thiab Askiv. Lub jirga tsis lees paub UK cov lus pom zoo. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 13, 1921, tsoomfwv Afghan tau pom zoo rau Soviet-Afghan kev cog lus. [22]
Tau ua tiav kev ywj pheej ntawm nom tswv thiab kos npe rau cov lus pom zoo nrog Soviet Russia thiab Great Britain, tau tsim kev sib raug zoo nrog Persia, Qaib Cov Txwv thiab ntau lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe, Emir Amanullah Khan tau pib siv txoj haujlwm tshiab. [23]
Sau ntawv (kho kom raug)
[1] Txheej txheem keeb kwm ntawm kev sib raug zoo thoob ntiaj teb. T. M. M., 2007, p. 201.
[2] Ibid. Yog xav paub ntau ntxiv saib: Cov ntawv sau txog keeb kwm ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm Soviet-Afghan. Tashkent, xyoo 1970; Keeb kwm ntawm Soviet-Afghan kev sib raug zoo (1919-1987). M., 1988.
[3] Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob-Afghan (1878-1880), kev tswj hwm ntawm Afghanistan tau txwv los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lub tebchaws tsis muaj txoj cai ywj pheej sib raug zoo nrog lwm lub xeev yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm Askiv hauv Is Nrias teb
[4] Kev sib raug zoo ntawm Soviet-Afghan. M., 1971, ib. 8-9.
[5] Ibid, p. 12-13.
[6] Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm txoj cai txawv teb chaws ntawm USSR. T. II. M., 1958, ib. 204.
[7] Ib., P. 36.
[8] Keeb kwm ntawm Afghanistan. XX xyoo pua. M., 2004, ib. 59-60.
[9] Soviet Russia thiab cov tebchaws nyob sib ze ntawm Sab Hnub Poob thaum Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Zaum Ob (1918-1920). M., 1964, ib., P. 287.
[10] Yog xav paub ntau ntxiv saib: Kev Ua Tsis Tau Haujlwm ntawm Txoj Cai Lij Choj hauv Central Asia thiab Middle East (1918-1924). M., 1962, ib. 48-52; kuv. Kev Sau Cov Lus Cog Tseg, Kev Koom Tes thiab Kev Ncaj Ncees, Txheeb Ze rau Is Nrias teb thiab Lub Tebchaws Nyob Nyob. Comp. los ntawm C. U. Aitchison. Vol. 13, ib p. 286-288.
[11] Cov ntawv Askiv thiab Txawv Tebchaws Xeev. Vol. 114 Ib., P. 174-179.
[12] Soviet Russia …, p. 279-280.
[13] Cov lus piav qhia. raws li phau ntawv: Soviet Russia …, p. 282.
[14] Ibid, p. 288.
[15] Keeb kwm ntawm Afghanistan. T. M., 1965, p. 392-393.
[16] Keeb kwm ntawm diplomacy. T. III. M., 1965, ib. 221-224.
[17] Kab lus thiab hais lus ntawm kev koom tes thoob ntiaj teb. M., 1961, ib. 168-189.
[18] Soviet kev tshaj lij thiab cov neeg ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj (1921-1927). M., 1968, ib., P. 70.
[19] Lavxias ciam teb nrog Afghanistan. M., 1998, ib. 30-33: kuv.
[20] Cov ntawv sau txog keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias Ministry of Foreign Affairs. T. II. M., 2002, ib. 56.
[21] Daim Ntawv Tshaj Qhia ntawm Tib Neeg Txoj Cai rau Kev Ua Haujlwm Txawv Tebchaws rau IX Congress of Soviets (1920–1921) M., 1922, p. 129. Cov lus hais. raws li phau ntawv: Cov ntawv sau txog keeb kwm …, p. 22.
[22] Qhia txog NKID rau IX Congress of Soviets …, p. 129.
[23] Txheej txheem keeb kwm …, p. 208. Xav paub ntau ntxiv saib: Kaum Xyoo ntawm Afghanistan Txoj Cai Txawv Tebchaws (1919-1928) // Tshiab Sab Hnub Tuaj. 1928, nr 22, s.
