Nyob rau xyoo pua nees nkaum, cov kws tsim qauv ntawm tsuas yog ob lub tebchaws tau nyiam cov phom ntev-ntau yam-Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Soviet Union.
Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 23, 1918, thaum 7.20 teev sawv ntxov hauv plawv nroog Paris, ntawm Place de la République, tau muaj kev tawg hnyav. Parisians hauv kev ntshai tig lawv lub qhov muag mus rau ntuj, tab sis tsis muaj zeppelins lossis dav hlau. Qhov kev xav tias Paris raug foob pob los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab phom loj tsis tau tshwm sim rau leej twg thaum xub thawj, vim tias kab hauv ntej yog 90 km sab hnub poob ntawm lub nroog. Tab sis alas, qhov kev xav tsis thoob txuas ntxiv mus. Txog thaum Lub Yim Hli 7, 1918, Cov Neeg German tau tua 367 lub foob pob, uas 2/3 tsoo hauv plawv nroog, thiab ib feem peb - mus rau hauv nroog.
Thawj thawj zaug hauv ntiaj teb, rab phom ntev 210-mm ntev, hu ua Colossal los ntawm cov neeg German, raug tua nyob thoob plaws Paris. Nws qhov ntau txog 120 km, me ntsis tsawg dua li ntawm lub npe nrov Soviet foob pob hluav taws "Scud" (R-17) thiab ntau dua li ntawm thawj cov foob pob hluav taws "Tochka". Alas, qhov hnyav ntawm rab phom yog 142 tons, qhov hnyav ntawm kev teeb tsa tag nrho yog ntau dua 750 tons, thiab kev muaj sia nyob ntawm lub thoob yog tsawg heev.
Peb yuav taug txoj kev sib txawv
Russia Qhov kawg ntawm xyoo 1918. Kev tsov kev rog tau tawg hauv lub tebchaws. Soviet koom pheej nyob rau hauv lub nplhaib ntawm fronts. Cov pejxeem ntawm Petrograd tau txo tsib zaug, kev tshaib kev nqhis thiab mob npaws tau ua rau lub nroog. Thiab thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1918, Bolshevik Cov Tub Rog Txoj Cai Lij Choj tau txiav txim siab pib ua haujlwm ntawm "riam phom ntev-ntev-ntau." Kuv yuav tsum hais ncaj ncees tias lub tswv yim kev tawm tsam no tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej los ntawm lub taub hau ntawm cov phom loj, General ntawm tsarist pab tub rog V. M. Trofimov. Tab sis cov kws tshaj lij kev tawm tsam tau txhawb nqa kev tawm tsam cov phom loj thiab tsim tsa Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas rau Kev Siv Hluav Taws Xob Tshwj Xeeb (Kosartop).
Lub sijhawm ntawd, nws muaj peev xwm ua tiav kev tua ntev ntev nyob hauv tsuas yog peb txoj hauv kev:
los tsim cov phom loj tshwj xeeb nrog cov phom ntev ntev ntxiv ntawm 100 lossis ntau dua calibers (los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, qhov ntev ntawm rab phom loj hauv av tsis tshaj 30 klb, thiab cov phom loj ntawm naval - 50 klb);
los tsim hluav taws xob, lossis, qhov tseeb dua, riam phom hluav taws xob, nyob rau hauv uas qhov projectile tuaj yeem ua kom nrawm dua siv lub zog ntawm qhov chaw sib nqus;
tsim cov hauv paus tshiab ntawm cov plhaub.
Nws tsis muaj peev xwm ua raws txoj hauv kev German - kev tsim khoom ntawm lub thoob ntev -ntev yog thev naus laus zis nyuaj thiab kim, thiab thaum muaj cov hlua zoo ib yam, txoj kev muaj sia nyob ntawm lub thoob tsis pub dhau 100 txhaj tshuaj. (Txoj siv txoj hlua khi yog qhov projectile nruab nrog txoj siv tooj liab nyias, uas, thaum raug rho tawm, raug nias rau hauv rab phom ntawm rab phom thiab kom ntseeg tau qhov kev sib hloov ntawm cov foob pob.) Txij li 40s ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, tooj liab hauv txoj siv tau hloov los ntawm lwm cov ntaub ntawv, suav nrog cov khoom siv hauv tsev.)
Peb cov kws tshawb fawb twb muaj peev xwm tsim tau rab phom hluav taws xob sib nqus ntev tshaj plaws nyob rau xyoo 1918. Tab sis ntxiv rau cov nqi loj rau kev tsim qauv, tsim khoom, thiab txhim kho cov riam phom zoo li no, nws yuav tsum tau teeb tsa lub zog nruab nrab ntawm ib sab ntawm nws. Txij li xyoo 1918 thiab txog tam sim no, cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev tsim cov phom hluav taws xob tau raug tshaj tawm hauv xov xwm, tab sis, qhov tseeb, tsis yog ib qho kev teeb tsa zoo li no tau nkag mus rau hauv kev pabcuam. Cov neeg tsim khoom hauv tebchaws Soviet tau txiav txim siab los ua txoj hauv kev thib peb thiab tsim qhov tshwj xeeb ultra-ntev-ntau qhov projectiles.
Cov neeg ua haujlwm-peasant super-shells
Lub tswv yim zoo siab rau txhua tus thawj coj tub rog liab, tab sis Marshal Tukhachevsky tau dhau los ua tus tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm kev qhia txog cov phom loj.
Los ntawm 1920 txog 1939, cov peev txheej loj tau nqis peev hauv USSR txhawm rau sim cov zais ntsiag to saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm yam tshiab. Cov riam phom tshiab tsis tau tsim rau lawv, tsuas yog txoj hauv kev ntawm cov kab ke uas twb muaj lawm tau hloov pauv. Txawm li cas los xij, kaum tawm lab lab rubles tau siv rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov riam phom no, ntawm kev tsim qauv thiab tsim ntau txhiab qhov kev sim phom, ntxiv rau ntawm lawv qhov kev sim mus sij hawm ntev. Nws yog qhov xav paub tias yuav luag tag nrho 20 xyoo, kev ua haujlwm tau txuas ntxiv mus rau peb yam ntawm cov phiaj xwm: polygonal, phom ntev thiab phom loj.
Txuj ci ntau yam
Cia peb pib nrog lub plhaub polygonal, uas muaj cov duab ntawm cov duab tsis tu ncua hauv ntu ntu. Hauv nws ib nrab, qhov projectile sib haum rau cov duab ntawm cov channel. Nrog rau cov cuab yeej thiab kev ua tiav tiav, qhov projectile ua raws nws feem ntau mus rau phab ntsa ntawm cov channel, thiab kev sib hloov siab tuaj yeem muab rau nws, txij li nws muaj peev xwm muab qhov tob tob ntawm cov channel sib tw yam tsis ntshai kev tawg qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov projectile. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, nws muaj peev xwm ua kom hnyav thiab qhov ntev ntawm qhov projectile, feem, qhov ntau thiab qhov raug ntawm qhov hluav taws kub yuav zoo dua.
Thaum pib xyoo 1930s, ntau rab phom 76-mm ntawm 1902 tus qauv ntawm lub xyoo tau hloov pauv mus rau ntau tus neeg. Lawv cov channel muaj 10 lub ntsej muag, qhov muaj peev xwm (txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub voj voog sau) - 78 hli. Ntawm kev sim hauv xyoo 1932 … qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb tshwm sim! P-1 polygonal projectile hnyav 9, 2 kg ya ntawm thaj tsam 12, 85 km, thiab P-3 projectile hnyav 11, 43 kg-ntawm 11, 7 km. Txog kev sib piv, cov qauv zoo li hnyav 6.5 kg muaj thaj tsam ntawm 8.5 km. Thiab qhov no yam tsis hloov lub cuab yeej ntawm riam phom, lub thoob tsuas yog dhuav raws li.
Nws tau txiav txim siab tam sim ntawd xa tag nrho cov kev faib tawm, cov tub rog, cov phom loj tiv thaiv dav hlau, nrog rau rab phom loj uas muaj hwj chim loj mus rau cov phom loj. Ntawm qhov chaw qhia, 152-mm B-10 rab phom thiab 76-mm phom tiv thaiv dav hlau ntawm xyoo 1931 ua qauv nrog ntau lub plhaub taum pauv. Lawv tau hloov pauv sai sai rau hauv lub nkoj ntau lub nkoj thiab cov phom phom ntawm ntug hiav txwv ntawm 130, 180, 203 thiab 305 hli.
Ntsia hlau thiab txiv ntseej
Hauv kev sib tw nrog cov kev sib tw polygonal, cov phom phom tau raug sim. Zoo li ntau lub plhaub taum, cov phom ntev tsis muaj txoj siv tooj liab. Sib sib zog nqus grooves los yog protrusions tau ua rau ntawm lawv lub cev, nrog rau qhov projectile nkag mus rau hauv grooves (protrusions) ntawm lub thoob bore, zoo li ntsia hlau rau hauv txiv ntoo. Txij xyoo 1932 txog 1938, ntau lub kaum hom phom ntawm cov phom loj ntawm 37 txog 152 hli tau raug sim.
Active tiv thiab passive
Peb cov kws tsim txuj ci tau ua tiav qhov kev ua tiav zoo tshaj plaws nrog sub-caliber shells (qhov muaj peev xwm uas tsawg dua li lub thoob caliber). Subcaliber projectiles tau hu ua "ua ke", txij li lawv suav nrog lub pallet thiab qhov "nquag" projectile. Lub pallet hais kom txav mus los ntawm qhov projectile raws lub qhov, thiab thaum lub projectile ya tawm ntawm cov channel, nws tau puas lawm.
Txog rau kev tua cov phom subcaliber, ob rab phom 356/50-mm, tsim tawm xyoo 1915-1917 rau Izmail-chav kawm sib ntaus sib tua, tau hloov pauv. Cov neeg caij nkoj lawv tus kheej raug pov tseg los ntawm Bolsheviks.
Thaum pib xyoo 1935, Bolshevik tsob nroj tsim tawm tshiab 220/368-mm sabot projectiles ntawm cov duab 3217 thiab 3218 nrog txoj siv khoom seem, uas tau raug rho tawm thaum Lub Rau Hli-Lub Yim Hli 1935. (Ib txoj siv pallet yog pallet nrog cov tooj tooj liab, zoo li cov khoom siv ib txwm siv.) Qhov hnyav ntawm cov qauv yog 262 kg, thiab qhov hnyav ntawm 220-mm active projectile yog 142 kg, thiab hmoov hmoov yog 255 kg. Thaum lub sijhawm ntsuas, tau txais qhov nrawm ntawm 1254-1265 m / s. Thaum tua thaum Lub Yim Hli 2, 1935, qhov nruab nrab ntawm 88,720 m tau txais nrog lub kaum sab xis nce txog 500.
Txhawm rau ntxiv kev tua ntau ntxiv, kev ua haujlwm pib txo qhov hnyav ntawm lub pallet.
Qhov kawg ntawm xyoo 1935, lub plhaub taum pauv nrog txoj siv tawv ntawm daim duab 6125 tau raug rho tawm. Qhov hnyav ntawm qhov projectile hnyav yog 142 kg, thiab qhov hnyav ntawm pallet yog 120 kg, qhov sib tua yog 97 270 m ntawm qhov siab ntawm 420. Kev ua haujlwm ntxiv tau txuas ntxiv mus raws txoj hauv kev ntawm kev ua kom pom kev hnyav ntawm lub pallet rau 112 kg (cov duab kos 6314).
Los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, kev hloov pauv ntawm rab phom 356-mm thib ob rau hauv 368-mm tau ua tiav. Cov txiaj ntsig tau txais txiaj ntsig tau txais thaum lub sijhawm ntsuas ntawm 368-mm cannon No. 2 hauv xyoo 1936-thaum ntxov xyoo 1937 nrog qhov projectile ntawm kev kos duab 6314, thiab raws li lawv lub hauv paus, thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1937, tua cov rooj nrog cov projectiles no los ntawm 368-mm cannon. Kev tsim ntawm qhov projectile hnyav 254 kg, ntawm uas 112, 1 kg poob rau ntawm txoj siv hlua, thiab 140 kg ntawm qhov projectile nquag. Qhov ntev ntawm 220-mm lub projectile nquag yog 5 clb. Thaum tua nrog them tag nrho ntawm 223 kg, thawj zaug ceev yog 1390 m / s, thiab thaj tsam yog 120.5 km. Yog li, tib yam tau txais raws li ntawm "Parisian Cannon", tab sis nrog lub zog hnyav dua. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog siv rab phom tub rog zoo ib yam, thiab kev muaj sia nyob ntawm lub thoob yog ntau dua li cov neeg German. 368-hli tej kas tham yuav tsum tau muab tso rau ntawm TM-1-14 cov tsheb thauj neeg tsheb ciav hlau.
Nrog kev tos txais los ntawm Baltic
Cov haujlwm rau rab phom tsheb ciav hlau ntev tshaj plaws twb tau teeb tsa-"kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib sau" hauv Baltic lub teb chaws, uas yog, muab yooj yim, TM-1-14 kev teeb tsa kev tsheb ciav hlau tau xav kom tua hluav taws sub-caliber zoo li ntawm Baltic lub nroog
Xyoo 1931, kev ua haujlwm pib ntawm qhov hu ua "lub hnub qub" pallet rau kev sib xyaw ua ke. Cov cuab yeej nrog lub hnub qub zoo li lub pallets muaj tsawg tus lej sib sib zog nqus (feem ntau yog 3-4). Cov ntu ntawm cov tais plhaub yog tib yam li ntu ntawm cov channel. Cov phom no tuaj yeem raug cais ua cov phom nrog cov phom loj.
Txhawm rau pib nrog, lub hnub qub zoo li lub pallets tau raug kuaj ntawm 76-hli phom tiv thaiv dav hlau ntawm xyoo 1931 tus qauv thiab 152-mm Br-2 rab phom. Thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd Barrikady tsob ntoo pib txiav rab phom 356/50-mm siv CEA system. Lub peev xwm ntawm rab phom tau dhau los ua 380/250 mm (phom / teb), thiab tsuas yog plaub rab phom loj. Cov phom zoo li no yuav tsum tau teeb tsa ntawm TM-1-14 kev teeb tsa kev tsheb ciav hlau. Nws tsis tuaj yeem sim CEA rab phom loj ntawm qhov ntau, tab sis raws li kev suav nws yuav tsum tau tshaj 150 km.
Artillerymen los ntawm Lubyanka
Thiab tom qab ntawd xob quaj tau tsoo! Qhov kawg ntawm xyoo 1938, ntau tus phooj ywg ceev faj tau sau tsab ntawv ceeb toom loj "Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sim phom thiab cov phom ntau xyoo hauv xyoo 1932-1938", uas qhia meej meej tias qhov kev sim ntsuas tau zoo li cas, cov tsim qauv ntawm cov phiaj xwm no tau cim lub sijhawm li cas.. Txhua qhov kev dag ntxias tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, thiab qhov kev ntsuas ntsuas, hauv paus ntsiab lus, sib raug rau cov uas tau txais ntawm Volkovo Ncej hauv 1856-1870 thaum sim phom ntawm Whitworth, Blackley, thiab lwm yam.
Daim ntawv tshaj tawm tau xa mus rau Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Liaj Ua Teb ntawm Red Army, qhov uas lawv paub qhov xwm txheej thiab, qhov zoo tshaj plaws, tig qhov muag tsis pom rau nws. Thiab daim ntawv theej ntawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm tau mus rau NKVD, qhov uas tsis muaj leej twg paub txog nws.
Denunciations yog undeniably qias neeg. Tab sis hauv Cov Ntawv Pov Thawj ntawm Cov Tub Rog Soviet, Kuv ua tib zoo nyeem cov lus hais tawm, thiab hauv Cov Tub Rog Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm, tshaj tawm txog kev tua Whitworth lub 12-ko taw, 32-pounder thiab rab phom 9-nti. Thiab, alas, txhua yam tuaj ua ke. Qhov tseeb, raws li kev xav, cov phiaj xwm sib txawv tau muab qhov hnyav nce hauv qhov hnyav thiab tua ntau yam, tab sis nyob rau qhov kev tua ntev lawv tau pib ntog, kom thauj khoom lawv yuav tsum tau, yog tias tsis yog cov kws tsim txuj ci, tom qab ntawd ua tau zoo los ntawm cov pab pawg sib txawv, cov phiaj xwm cuam tshuam hauv cov channel, thiab lwm yam. Cov tub rog Lavxias, ntawm qhov kev taw qhia ntawm lawv cov thawj coj, tau sim ntau rab phom ntau haiv neeg, thiab txhua lub sijhawm lawv tsis suav nrog qhov muaj peev xwm saws lawv rau kev pabcuam hauv tebchaws Russia. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sim phom polygonal hauv xyoo 1928-1938 ua ke ib qho rau ib qho nrog cov txiaj ntsig tau los ntawm Volkovo Ncej. Cov duab tib yam yog nrog cov phom phom.
Tsis tas yuav hais, xyoo 1938-1939, ntau tus neeg tsim khoom ntawm "cov txuj ci zoo nkauj" tau raug thawb, thiab xyoo 1956-1960 lawv tau rov kho dua. Ua haujlwm ntawm "cov txuj ci tseem ceeb" hauv USSR tau nres, thiab tsis muaj ib qho ntawm lawv tau siv thaum Tsov Rog Loj Loj.
Dab tsi tuag yog rau Lavxias yog qhov zoo rau German
Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1940, German rab phom ntev-ntev tau qhib hluav taws rau tebchaws Askiv hla Askiv Channel. Kev tua phom loj ntawm sab qab teb ntawm Askiv tau nres tsuas yog thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1944, tom qab kev ntes ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Fab Kis los ntawm kev sib koom ua rog.
Cov neeg Germans raug tua los ntawm cov phom ntev tshwj xeeb uas siv phom loj nrog ob lub foob pob zoo li thiab cov foob pob nrog npaj ua ntej. Yog li, 210-mm ultra-ntev-ntau txoj kev tsheb nqaj hlau teeb tsa K12 (E) muaj qhov ntev ntawm 159 klb. Xyoo 1935 lub foob pob tawg hnyav hnyav 107.5 kg muaj qhov pib ceev ntawm 1625 m / s thiab thaj tsam li 120 km. Thaum pib ua tsov rog, ib rab phom zoo nkauj thiab rab phom loj uas hnyav 140 kg tau ua rau rab phom no, nrog rau qhov pib ceev ntawm 1850 m / s thiab thaj tsam li 250 km.
Lwm qhov kev teeb tsa kev tsheb ciav hlau ntev tshaj plaws, 278-mm K5E, tau tua 28-cm lub plhaub nrog kev npaj ua tiav, uas muaj 12 qhov tob tob (qhov tob 6, 75 hli). Los ntawm cov thooj av no, 28-cm Gr. 35 lub foob pob hluav taws raug tua nrog qhov ntev ntawm 1276/4, 5 mm / clb thiab qhov hnyav ntawm 255 kg. Lub plhaub muaj 12 qhov kev npaj ua tiav ntawm lub hull. Nrog rau qhov hnyav 175 kg, qhov pib ceev yog 1130 m / s, thiab thaj tsam yog 62.4 km. Cov neeg German tau tswj hwm kom cov pej xeem ntawm sab qab teb Askiv nyob deb. Tab sis, ntawm chav kawm, raws li tus txheej txheem "ua tau zoo / raug nqi", German kev siv riam phom ntev-ntev yog qhov ua tsis tau zoo rau kev ya dav hlau thiab submarines.
Txog xyoo 1941, Cov Neeg German tau mus txog qhov txwv ntawm kev muaj peev xwm ntawm ob qho tib si (siv txoj siv sia) thiab lub plhaub nrog npaj ua tiav. Txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Thiab lawv tau dhau los ua qhov projective reactive projectiles, kev txhim kho uas tau pib hauv Tebchaws Yelemees rov qab rau xyoo 1938. Rau tib rab phom K5 (E) tsheb ciav hlau, Raketen-Granate 4341 cov foob pob ua haujlwm hnyav 245 kg tau tsim. Qhov nrawm ntawm qhov ncauj ntawm qhov projectile yog 1120 m / s. Tom qab qhov projectile ya tawm ntawm lub thoob, lub dav hlau cav tau qhib, uas ua haujlwm rau 2 vib nas this. Qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov projectile yog 2100 kg. Lub cav muaj 19.5 kg ntawm diglycol hmoov ua roj. Kev tua ntau ntawm Raketen-Granate 4341 qhov projectile yog 87 km.
Xyoo 1944, kev txhim kho ntawm German ntev-ntau-ntau lub foob pob hluav taws-rab phom loj rau tua RAG projectiles pib. RAG foob pob hluav taws hnyav 1158 kg. Tus nqi me me - tsuas yog 29.6 kg, qhov nrawm ntawm qhov ncauj - 250 m / s, tab sis qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv cov channel kuj tseem me me - tsuas yog 600 kg / cm2, uas ua rau nws ua tau kom ua rau ob lub thoob thiab tag nrho lub zog teeb.
Nyob deb li ntawm 100 metres los ntawm rab phom rab phom, lub tshuab dav hlau uas muaj zog tau qhib. Rau 5 feeb ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, kwv yees li 478 kg ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws tau hlawv, thiab qhov projectile ceev nce mus rau 1200-1510 m / s. Qhov kev tua yuav tsum yog kwv yees li 100 kilometers.
Curiously, ua haujlwm ntawm RAG system tsis tau xaus nrog kev swb ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 1945, pab pawg tsim qauv German ua haujlwm ntawm RAG tau txais tus thawj coj tshiab - tus kws tshaj lij -tus thawj coj A. S. Butakov. Rau ib nrab ib puas xyoo, kev npau suav ntawm rab phom liab liab yeej tsis tau tawm ntawm lub taub hau ntawm cov thawj coj tub rog Soviet.
Tom qab qhov kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, kev txaus siab rau kev siv rab phom ntev heev tau pib ploj mus. Cov tub rog tsim qauv tau nqa mus los ntawm qhov kev hloov tshiab - rocketry. Cov foob pob hluav taws tau pib nkag mus txawm tias ib txwm muaj kev fiefdom ntawm cov phom loj loj -Cov. Nyeem txog kev txhim kho ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws Lavxias hauv cov ntawv tom ntej ntawm peb cov ntawv xov xwm.
