630 xyoo dhau los, thaum Lub Rau Hli 15, 1389, Tsov Rog Kosovo tau tshwm sim. Qhov kev txiav txim siab sib ntaus sib tua ntawm pab tub rog sib koom ntawm Serbs thiab pab tub rog Ottoman. Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau hnyav heev - Ottoman Sultan Murad thiab Serbian tus tub huabtais Lazar, feem ntau ntawm cov tub rog sib ntaus, tuag hauv nws. Serbia yuav dhau los ua vassal ntawm Turkey, thiab tom qab ntawd yog ib feem ntawm Tebchaws Ottoman.
Qhov pib ntawm Ottoman ntxeem tau ntawm Balkans
Lub Ottoman Turks pib lawv nthuav mus rau Balkans txawm tias ua ntej lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Byzantine Empire. Nrog kev ntes ntawm cov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm Byzantium, cov Turks tau pib nkag mus rau Balkan Peninsula. Xyoo 1330 Cov Turks coj Nicaea, xyoo 1337 - Nicomedia. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Cov Turks tau tuav yuav luag txhua thaj av sab qaum teb ntawm Izmit Bay mus txog rau Bosphorus. Izmit (raws li cov neeg Ottomans hu ua Nicomedia) tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev pib ua rog Ottoman. Kev tawm ntawm Turks mus rau ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Marmara thiab Bosphorus tau qhib txoj hauv kev rau lawv mus tua Thrace (thaj tsam keeb kwm nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Balkans). Twb tau nyob hauv 1338, cov tub rog Ottoman tau pib ua phem rau thaj av Thracian.
Xyoo 1352, cov neeg Ottomans tau ua rau yeej ntawm Greek, Serbian thiab Bulgarian pab tub rog uas tawm tsam rau Byzantine tus huab tais. Xyoo 1354, cov Ottomans tau siv lub nroog Gallipoli (Turkish Gelibola), uas nws cov phab ntsa raug puas tsuaj los ntawm av qeeg. Xyoo 1356, tub rog Ottoman nyob hauv qab tus tub ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm Oman Beylik Orhan, Suleiman, hla Dardanelles. Thaum tau ntes ntau lub nroog, cov Turks pib tawm tsam Adrianople (ncig saib. Edirne). Txawm li cas los xij, xyoo 1357, Suleiman tuag ua ntej nws tuaj yeem ua tiav txoj haujlwm.
Tsis ntev qhov kev tawm tsam Turkish hauv Balkans tau rov pib los ntawm lwm tus tub ntawm Orhan - Murad. Cov Turks coj Adrianople tom qab Orhan tuag, thaum Murad los ua tus kav. Qhov no tau tshwm sim, raws li ntau qhov chaw, nruab nrab ntawm 1361 thiab 1363. Kev ntes ntawm Adrianople tsis tau nrog kev tiv thaiv ntev. Cov Turks yeej cov tub rog Byzantine nyob sab nrauv ntawm lub nroog thiab nws tau tawm mus yam tsis muaj tub rog. Xyoo 1365, Murad tau tsiv nws qhov chaw nyob ntawm no los ntawm Bursa rau qee lub sijhawm. Adrianople tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus txheej txheem rau Turks rau kev tawm tsam ntxiv hauv Balkans.
Murad tau txais lub npe ntawm Sultan, thiab thaum nws kav lub tebchaws Ottoman Beylik thaum kawg tau hloov pauv (thiab nws tus tub Bayazid) rau hauv lub xeev loj thiab muaj zog ua tub rog. Thaum lub sijhawm kov yeej, ib qho kev faib cov av rau cov neeg ntseeg thiab cov tub rog rau kev pabcuam tau tshwm sim. Cov khoom plig no tau hu ua timars. Nws tau dhau los ua ib hom kev ua tub rog-fief system thiab lub ntsiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub xeev Ottoman. Thaum qee qhov kev ua tub rog tau ua tiav, Timar cov neeg tuav, Timarions, tuaj yeem xa lawv mus rau lawv cov qub txeeg qub teg. Hauv tus neeg ntawm Timarion cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe, cov sultans tau txais kev pab tub rog thiab kev noj qab haus huv hauv zej zog.
Kev kov yeej tub rog tau dhau los ua thawj thiab tseem ceeb ntawm cov nyiaj tau los rau lub zog Ottoman. Txij li lub sijhawm Murad, nws tau dhau los ua kev cai lij choj kom txiav tawm ib feem tsib ntawm cov tub rog nyiag khoom, suav nrog cov neeg raug kaw, mus rau hauv txhab nyiaj. Cov khoom plig los ntawm cov neeg tau kov yeej, cov nroog thiab kev ua tsov rog tas mus li tau ntxiv rau Sultan cov txhab nyiaj, thiab kev lag luam kev lag luam ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm thaj av uas tau kov yeej maj mam pib txhawb rau Ottoman cov neeg muaj peev xwm - cov neeg muaj koob npe, cov thawj coj, cov txiv plig thiab beys.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm tsoomfwv ntawm lub xeev Ottoman tab tom hloov pauv. Hauv Murad, ntau yam teeb meem tau tham los ntawm viziers (viziers) - cov thawj coj, los ntawm lawv cov vizier loj tau txawv, uas yog tus saib xyuas txhua yam teeb meem, tub rog thiab pej xeem. Lub tsev haujlwm ntawm tus vizier loj tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm kev tswj hwm Ottoman rau ntau pua xyoo. Sultan pawg sab laj tau saib xyuas cov haujlwm tseem ceeb raws li pawg kws tshaj lij tshaj lij. Ib qho kev tswj hwm tau tshwm sim - lub xeev tau muab faib ua sanjaks (txhais ua "chij"). Lawv tau coj los ntawm sanjak-beys, uas muaj lub zog thiab kev ua tub rog. Cov txheej txheem kev txiav txim siab tau nyob hauv tes ntawm ulema (theologians).
Hauv xeev Ottoman, uas nthuav dav thiab tsim los ntawm kev kov yeej tub rog, pab tub rog yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj. Nyob rau hauv Murad, muaj cov tub rog caij nkoj raws li cov tswv xeev feudal-timarions thiab cov tub rog los ntawm cov tub rog tub rog. Cov tub rog tau txais kev pabcuam tsuas yog thaum ua tsov rog thiab lub sijhawm no lawv tau txais nyiaj hli, nyob rau lub sijhawm muaj kev thaj yeeb lawv tau nyob ntawm kev cog qoob loo ntawm lawv thaj av, muaj kev nplij siab hauv kev them se. Nyob rau hauv Murad, cov tub ceev xwm tau pib tsim (los ntawm "eni cheri" - "pab tub rog tshiab"), uas tom qab dhau los ua lub zog ntawm cov tub rog Turkish thiab Sultan tus saib xyuas. Lub cev tau nrhiav los ntawm kev yuam cov tub hluas los ntawm cov tsev neeg ntawm cov tib neeg kov yeej. Lawv tau hloov pauv mus rau Islam thiab tau kawm hauv tsev kawm tub rog tshwj xeeb. Cov Janissaries tau ua tus kheej rau Sultan thiab tau txais nyiaj hli los ntawm lub txhab nyiaj. Me ntsis tom qab, cov tub ceev xwm ntawm cov janissaries tau tsim los ntawm cov tub rog sib cais ntawm Sipahi, uas tseem nyob ntawm Sultan cov nyiaj hli. Tsis tas li, cov neeg Ottomans muaj peev xwm tsim lub nkoj muaj zog. Txhua yam tau ua kom cov tub rog ruaj khov ua tiav ntawm lub xeev Ottoman.
Yog li, los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm XIV xyoo pua, lub hauv paus ntawm lub zog loj yav tom ntej tau tsim, uas yog lub hom phiaj kom dhau los ua ib lub tebchaws loj tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej, muaj hwj chim ua tub rog muaj zog, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm luv subjugated ntau haiv neeg ntawm Asia thiab Europe. Kev nthuav dav ntawm Ottomans tau yooj yim los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov neeg sib tw tseem ceeb ntawm Turks - Byzantium, Serbs thiab Bulgarians tau poob qis, tau ua yeeb ncuab rau ib leeg. Lub xeev Balkan Slavic tau tawg thiab Ottomans tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tau zoo ntawm kev faib thiab txoj cai txoj cai. Venice thiab Genoa tau txhawj xeeb tsis yog nrog kev nthuav dav ntawm Turks, tab sis nrog lawv cov kev tawm tsam rau kev tswj hwm kev lag luam nyob sab hnub tuaj. Loos tau sim siv qhov xwm txheej yuam kom Constantinople, lub Koom Txoos Greek, los hle hauv qab Pope.
Conquest ntawm Balkans
Thaum tig ntawm 50-60s ntawm XIV xyoo pua. Kev tawm tsam ntawm Ottoman Turks ntawm Balkan Peninsula yog rau qee lub sijhawm nres los ntawm kev tawm tsam rau lub zog hauv Ottoman dynasty thiab ua rau kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg nyob sib ze beylik hauv Asia Me Me. Yog li ntawd, xyoo 1366, Amadeus ntawm Savoy (tus txiv ntxawm ntawm tus Byzantine tus huab tais) tau rov qab los ntawm Gallipoli ceg av qab teb los ntawm Ottomans, uas ua rau nws nyuaj rau Turks sib txuas lus ntawm European thiab Esxias thaj tsam.
Sai li Murad tau ua nrog nws cov neeg sib tw, tshem tawm cov kwv tij Ibrahim thiab Khalil, nws muaj peev xwm txuas ntxiv kev kov yeej. Nws swb cov beys ntawm cov nyob sib ze Turkic beyliks, uas tau sim tawm tsam qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Ottomans hauv Asia Me Me. Murad phiaj xwm tawm tsam Karaman bey xaus nrog kev ntes Ankara. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Murad txoj kev tuav tau nce ntau ntawm qhov kev siv nyiaj hauv cheeb tsam Ankara.
Tau tsim kev txheeb ze txheeb ze nyob tom qab thiab sab hnub tuaj, Murad rov tig nws cov tub rog mus rau sab hnub poob. Nws tau xa rov qab cov av uas ploj lawm yav dhau los hauv Thrace. Cov Turks txeeb tau lub nroog Bulgarian Bulgarian loj ntawm Philippopolis (Plovdiv). Tus huab tais Bulgarian Shishman tau dhau los ua tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Turkish sultan thiab muab nws tus viv ncaus rau Murad's harem. Lub peev ntawm lub xeev Ottoman tau hloov mus rau Adrianople-Edirne. Cov Turks yeej Serbs thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1371 ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Maritsa. Cov Turks muaj peev xwm ntes cov yeeb ncuab los ntawm kev xav tsis thoob thiab pib tua neeg. Kwv tij Mrniavchevichi, Tus Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Prilep Vukashin thiab despot Seres Ugles, uas coj kev tawm tsam rau kev tawm tsam Ottoman, raug tua. Lawv cov tub dhau los ua neeg saib xyuas ntawm Murad. Kev kov yeej Macedonia pib, ntau tus Serbian, Bulgarian thiab Greek feudal lords dhau los ua vassals ntawm Ottoman Sultan. Txij lub sijhawm ntawd, Serbian tub rog tub rog pib tawm tsam ntawm Sultan sab hauv nws kev tsov rog hauv Asia Me Me.
Txawm li cas los xij, kev tawm tsam tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm Ottomans hauv Balkans tau raug ncua dua los ntawm kev sib cav sab hauv. Tus tub ntawm Murad, Savji hauv 1373 tau tawm tsam Sultan. Nws tau koom ua ke nrog tus txais cuab tam rau Byzantine lub zwm txwv Andronicus, uas tawm tsam nws txiv lub hwj chim, Basileus John V. Savji, thaum nws txiv nyob hauv Europe, tsa kev tawm tsam hauv Bursa thiab tshaj tawm nws tus kheej. Cov thawj coj ntxeev siab tuav Constantinople thiab tso John, Andronicus tshaj tawm nws tus kheej huab tais. Murad tus kheej tau coj pab tub rog los tawm tsam kev tawm tsam. Cov thawj coj tau swb, cov neeg Greek tau khiav mus rau Constantinople. Savji tau nyob ib puag ncig ntawm ib lub fortresses thiab sai capitulated. Lawv tsim txom nws, muab nws lub qhov muag tawm, thiab tom qab ntawd txiav nws lub taub hau. John, nrog kev pab los ntawm Sultan cov tub rog, tau xa rov qab Constantinople. Murad xaj kom pov Savji cov neeg Greek ua tiav los ntawm cov phab ntsa fortress, thiab Byzantine tus huab tais yuav tsum dig muag nws tus tub nyob rau hauv siab los ntawm Sultan. Lub zog ntawm Byzantine tus huab tais nyob rau lub sijhawm no tsis muaj zog heev uas nws yog de facto yog ib feem ntawm Sultan. Tus ntxhais huab tais cov ntxhais tau koom nrog hare ntawm Murad thiab nws cov tub.
Muaj tseeb tiag, tus tub huab tais ntxeev siab tsis tau ua kom sov siab thiab sai sai no, nrog kev pab los ntawm Murad thiab Genoa, tau rhuav tshem nws txiv dua. Tus Sultan npau taws heev uas John pom zoo los muag cov kob Tenedos rau Venice, uas ua rau muaj kev koom tes ntawm Genoa nrog Ottomans. Raws li kev them nyiaj rau kev pab, Andronicus tau xa cov kob Tenedos rau Genoese, thiab Gallipoli rau Turks. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov neeg Ottomans tau ntxiv dag zog rau lawv txoj haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam sib zog thiab kev sib txuas ntawm lawv thaj chaw European thiab Asian. Xyoo 1379, Sultan rov txiav txim siab siv Yauhas, tso nws dim thiab muab nws rov qab los rau ntawm lub zwm txwv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Byzantium dhau los ua vassal ntawm Ottoman sultan. Cov tub rog Turkish tau ntes Thessaloniki thiab lwm yam khoom ntawm Byzantium hauv Balkans. Constantinople tau tos txog kev ntes lub sijhawm twg los tau.
Lub caij no, Murad cov rog tau rov txav mus rau sab hnub tuaj. Thaum Ottomans tau nce qib hauv Balkans, Karaman's bey Alaeddin nthuav nws cov khoom hauv Asia Me Me. Karamansky Bey pib tawm tsam qhov kev pom zoo los ntawm Murad los ntawm Hamidids, uas muag lawv cov khoom rau Sultan. Alaeddin nws tus kheej thov cov khoom no. Voadetel Karaman txiav txim siab tias lub sijhawm zoo rau kev ua tsov rog. Murad cov tub rog hauv Balkans, thiab tsis muaj zog los ntawm kev sib cav tsis ntev los no. Alaeddin tau pib ua phem thiab ntes ntau yam khoom ntiag tug. Txawm li cas los xij, Murad tau qhia txog kev ua tiav kev tsim tub rog thiab muaj peev xwm hloov pauv cov tub rog mus rau lwm lub hauv ntej hauv Asia Me Me. Sultan cov tub rog nyob rau xyoo 1386 yeej swb cov tub rog ntawm bey ntawm Konya tiaj. Sultan cov tub rog nyob ruaj khov tau qhia kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua li kev ua tub rog tub rog ntawm Karaman bey. Murad tso kev thaiv rau Konya, thiab Alaeddin thov kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. Cov neeg Ottomans nthuav lawv cov tuav hauv Anatolia.
Turkish tawm tsam
Murad rov qab nrog pab tub rog mus rau Balkans. Txog lub sijhawm no, cais cov tub rog Turkish twb tau tawm tsam Epirus thiab Albania. Cov Serbs, swb los ntawm cov Turks hauv 1382, raug yuam kom lees paub txoj haujlwm vam khom thiab kos npe rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, tau cog lus tias yuav muab Sultan nrog lawv cov tub rog. Txawm li cas los xij, Cov Turks tau npaj rau qhov kev tawm tsam tshiab, thiab Serbs tau ua lub nra hnyav los ntawm kev cia siab. Tsis ntev Ottomans tau ua rog Bulgaria thiab Serbia, ntes Sofia thiab Nis. Tus huab tais Bulgarian Shishman tau tso siab rau txoj kev hlub tshua ntawm cov yeej thiab dhau los ua neeg saib xyuas ntawm Sultan.
Kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam Ottoman hauv Balkans tau coj los ntawm Serbian tus tub huabtais Lazar Hrebeljanovic thiab tus huab tais ntawm Bosnia Tvrtko I Kotromanich. Lazar, nyob rau hauv kev hem thawj ntawm kev tawm tsam Turkish, tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke thaj tsam sab qaum teb thiab nruab nrab ntawm Serbia, sim sib sau ua ke loj feudal lords, thiab xaus lawv kev sib cav. Nws muaj peev xwm ntxiv dag zog rau txoj haujlwm sab hauv ntawm Serbia ib pliag. Lazar tau txais Machva thiab Belgrade los ntawm Hungarians. Tvrtko Kuv tau tshem ntawm kev vam khom ntawm Hungary, swb nws cov neeg sib tw thiab yog xyoo 1377 lees txais lub npe ntawm King of Serbs, Bosnia thiab ntug dej hiav txwv. Xyoo 1386 (raws li lwm qhov chaw nyob rau lub sijhawm 1387 - 1388), Serbian pab tub rog raws li kev hais kom ua ntawm Lazar thiab Milos Obilic, nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Bosnians, ua rau yeej cov tub rog Turkish raws li cov lus txib ntawm Shahin Bey hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Pločnik nyob rau sab qab teb Serbia. Cov Serbs muaj peev xwm ntes cov yeeb ncuab los ntawm kev xav tsis thoob, Ottomans, tsis pom tus yeeb ncuab, pib tawg mus rau plunder ib puag ncig. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Serbian hnyav thiab lub teeb cavalry tau rhuav tshem feem ntau ntawm cov tub rog Turkish. Qhov kev yeej no luv luv ua ntej ntawm Ottomans hauv Serbia. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 1388, Cov Neeg Bosnians nyob rau hauv kev hais kom ua ntawm tus tswv xeev Vlatko Vukovic tau kov yeej cov neeg Ottomans raws li cov lus txib ntawm Shahin Pasha ntawm Tsov Rog Bilech, ib ntus txwv tsis pub Turkish tua hauv Bosnia.
Thaum Lub Rau Hli 1389, Sultan Murad, ntawm lub taub hau ntawm pab tub rog loj (30-40 txhiab tus tub rog), nkag mus rau tebchaws Serbian. Cov tub rog Turkish suav nrog ntau txhiab tus tub ceev xwm, Sultan tus saib xyuas nees, 6 txhiab tus sipahs (hnyav li niaj zaus cavalry), mus txog 20 txhiab tus tub rog thiab lub teeb tsis xwm yeem cavalry, thiab ntau txhiab tus tub rog los ntawm vassal kav. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tub rog Turkish yog muaj cov phom - rab phom thiab rab phom. Nyob rau hauv sultan yog nws cov tub Bayazid (nws twb tau sau tseg tias yog tus thawj coj zoo) thiab Yakub, tus thawj coj Turkish zoo tshaj plaws - Evrenos, Shahin, Ali Pasha thiab lwm tus nyob ntawm Kosovo teb. Nws yog lub tiaj ntawm ciam teb ntawm Bosnia, Serbia thiab Albania, nws tseem raug hu ua Drozdova Valley.
Ib pab tub rog Slavic tau tawm los ntsib cov yeeb ncuab, lub zog tseem ceeb uas suav nrog Serbs thiab Bosnians. Nws, raws li ntau qhov chaw, suav los ntawm 15 txog 30 txhiab tus tub rog. Ib nrab ntawm cov tub rog yog Lazar cov tub rog, cov tub rog seem tau teeb tsa los ntawm tus kav tebchaws hauv Kosovo (Vukova av) thiab North Macedonia Vuk Brankovic thiab Bosnian voivode Vlatko Vukovic, uas yog Vajntxwv Tvrtko xa tuaj. Nrog cov neeg Bosnians tuaj me me ntawm Knights Hospitaller. Tsis tas li ntawm sab ntawm Serbs tau cais me me ntawm Albanians, Ncej, Hungarians, Bulgarians thiab Vlachs. Qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm Serbian pab tub rog yog qhov tsis muaj kev hais kom ua ua ke - peb feem ntawm cov tub rog muaj lawv tus kheej cov thawj coj. Qhov chaw ntawm pab tub rog Slavic tau hais kom Tub Vaj Ntxwv Lazar nws tus kheej, Vuk Brankovic tau hais kom lub tis sab xis, Vlatko Vukovich - sab laug. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov Serbs thiab Bosnians tau los ntawm cov tub rog hnyav, cov tub rog me me. Ntawd yog, thaum thawj zaug tsis ua tiav ntawm cov tub rog, nws tsis tuaj yeem thim rov qab los ntawm cov tub rog ua haujlwm, thiab hauv qab nws npog, so, rov sib sau ua ke thiab mus rau qhov kev tawm tsam tshiab.
Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kosovo teb thiab nws cov txiaj ntsig
Ua ntej ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, thaum Lub Rau Hli 14, pawg tub rog tau nyob hauv ob lub tebchaws Ottoman thiab Serbian. Qee tus thawj coj hauv tebchaws Turkish tau hais kom muab cov neeg caij ntxhuav tso rau pem hauv ntej txhawm rau ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov ntawm cov yeeb ncuab. Txawm li cas los xij, Bayezid tau tawm tsam, vim tias kev dag ntxias txhais tau tias tsis ntseeg hauv lub zog ntawm pab tub rog thiab ntxhuav, thaum tawm tsam los ntawm Serbian hnyav cavalry, tuaj yeem ua rau cov qib ntawm pab tub rog Ottoman nws tus kheej. Grand Vizier Ali Pasha txhawb nws hauv qhov teeb meem no. Ntawm cov lus qhia ntawm cov phooj ywg ntawm Slavs, nws tau thov kom pib sib ntaus sib tua thaum hmo ntuj. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev xav thoob plaws yog tias muaj lub zog txaus los yeej yav tav su. Cov phoojywg kuj tau sib cav - Vuk Brankovich liam Milos Obilich ntawm kev ntxeev siab.
Ntawm cov Turks, txoj cai tis tau hais los ntawm Evrenos thiab Bayazid, sab laug - los ntawm Yakub, nyob hauv nruab nrab yog Sultan nws tus kheej. Tsis muaj daim duab meej ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Nws tau paub tias kev sib ntaus sib tua pib nrog kev tua tus hneev taw. Tom qab ntawd cov tub rog Serbian hnyav tau mus rau qhov ua phem raws tag nrho pem hauv ntej. Cov Serbs muaj peev xwm hla dhau sab laug ntawm cov tub rog Ottoman raws li cov lus txib ntawm Yakub, cov Turks raug thawb rov qab. Ntawm no cov Turks raug kev txom nyem hnyav. Hauv nruab nrab thiab ntawm sab xis, cov neeg Ottomans tau tawm mus. Txawm hais tias nyob hauv nruab nrab, Lazarus cov tub rog tseem nias tus yeeb ncuab. Tom qab ntawd Serbian hnyav cavalry poob nws lub peev xwm poob siab thiab tau bogged hauv tus yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv. Cov tub rog Turkish thiab cov tub rog caij nees pib hla mus rau qhov tsis txaus siab, thawb cov yeeb ncuab tsis sib haum. Ntawm sab xis, Bayezid tau tawm tsam kev tawm tsam, thawb rov qab cov tub rog Serb thiab rov tua lawv cov tub rog tsis muaj zog. Txoj haujlwm ntawm cov tub rog Serbian tau tawg dhau, thiab lawv tau khiav tawm.
Vuk Brankovich, sim cawm nws cov tub rog, tawm hauv tshav rog. Nws coj nws cov neeg tawm mus hla tus dej. Sitnitsa. Tom qab ntawd, tib neeg tau foom Vuk Brankovic, liam nws ntawm kev ntxeev siab. Cov neeg Bosnians, tau tawm tsam los ntawm Bayezid, kuj tau caum qab nws. Cov tub rog Serbian tau swb lawm. Tub Vaj Ntxwv Lazar raug ntes thiab tua.
Nws yog qhov txaus siab thaum lub sijhawm sib ntaus sib tua qhov xwm txheej tsis zoo tshwm sim hauv lub yeej rog ntawm pab tub rog Turkish. Sultan Murad raug tua nyob ntawd. Tsis muaj lus qhia meej txog qhov xwm txheej no. Raws li ib qho ntaub ntawv, thaum pib ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, Serb defector npe Milos Obilic tau raug coj tuaj rau nws. Nws cog lus tias yuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb txog Slavic pab tub rog. Thaum Milos raug coj mus rau Murad, nws tua tus kav Ottoman nrog qhov tsis tau xav txog ntawm rab riam. Serb tau raug hacked tam sim ntawd los ntawm cov neeg zov. Raws li lwm tsab ntawv, tus neeg Sultan tau nyob hauv tshav rog, ntawm cov tub rog uas swb, thiab tsis paub cov ntseeg, ua piv txwv tias yuav tuag, tsis tau xav txog kev tawm tsam Murad thiab tua nws. Lwm tsab ntawv tshaj tawm hais txog pab pawg tub rog uas, nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, tsoo dhau los ntawm Ottoman qib thiab tua Murad.
Ua qhov zoo li nws yuav ua tau, kev ua phem rau tus kheej ntawm Serbian tub rog tsis cuam tshuam qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Cov Turks yeej ua tiav yeej. Muaj tseeb, kev tua hluav taws xob tau tshwm sim hauv kev coj ntawm Ottoman. Bayazid tam sim ntawd thaum sib ntaus sib tua xaj kom tua nws tus tij laug Yakub txhawm rau zam kev tawm tsam rau lub zwm txwv.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm thaj av Kosovo txiav txim siab txoj hmoo ntawm Serbia. Kev ua tub rog, yeej tsis tiav. Cov neeg Ottomans tau raug kev puas tsuaj li no uas lawv tsis tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv ua phem thiab thim rov qab. Tus Sultan Bayazid tshiab tsis tau sim txoj hmoo thiab maj rov qab los txhawb nws txoj haujlwm hauv lub xeev. Vuk Brankovic, tus kav Kosovo, lees paub lub zog ntawm Sultan tsuas yog thaum xyoo 1390s. Thiab Bosnian tus huab tais Tvrtko feem ntau tshaj tawm tias yeej ntawm cov ntseeg. Kev tuag ntawm Murad thiab nws tus tub Yakub hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tau lees paub nws cov lus; kev kov yeej Turks tau tshaj tawm hauv Byzantium thiab lwm lub tebchaws ntseeg.
Txawm li cas los xij, txoj hauv kev nws yog qhov yeej rau pab tub rog Ottoman. Tom qab Lazarus tuag, Serbia tsis tuaj yeem koom ua ke thiab sib sau ua rog rau kev sib ntaus sib tua tshiab, thiab muaj kev tawm tsam ntev ntawm nws cov ciam teb. Cov Ottomans yooj yim muaj txoj sia nyob ntawm qhov kev poob hnyav ntawm pab tub rog. Lawv lub tshuab ua tsov rog yooj yim ua rau poob thiab txuas ntxiv lawv qhov kev nthuav dav. Tsis ntev Stefan Lazarevich, tus tub hluas thiab tus qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Lazar, uas txog thaum nws cov neeg laus yog tus thawj coj ntawm nws niam Milits, raug yuam kom lees paub nws tus kheej li Bayezid tus tub qhe. Serbia pib them nyiaj se, thiab muab Sultan nrog pab tub rog ntawm nws thawj qhov kev thov. Stephen yog Bayezid tus neeg ncaj ncees thiab tawm tsam rau nws. Stephen tus viv ncaus thiab Lazarus tus ntxhais, Oliver, tau muab rau hauv Bayezid's harem. Txog thaum nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 15th, Serbia yog vassal ntawm Turkey, tom qab ntawd nws tau dhau los ua ib lub xeev ntawm Ottoman Empire. Bosnia, qhov twg tom qab Tvrtko tuag hauv 1391, nws cov tub tsis muaj kev sib cav txog kev ua pej xeem, kuj dhau los ua neeg yooj yim rau cov Turks.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm thaj av Kosovo ua rau Bayezid Xob laim tus tswv ntawm Balkans. Tus huab tais Byzantine xav tias tsis muaj zog tias, qhov tseeb, nws tau dhau los ua tub qhe ntawm Sultan. Cov Byzantines tseem tau pab Ottomans coj Fildelphia, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Smyrna, qhov kawg Greek muaj nyob rau sab hnub poob Asia Me. Xyoo 1393 cov Turks tau ntes Bulgarian peev Tarnovo. Los ntawm 1395 qhov kawg ntawm Bulgarians poob - Vidin. Bulgaria tau kov yeej los ntawm Turks. Cov tub rog Ottoman tau nyob hauv Peloponnese, Greek cov thawj coj los ua vassals ntawm Sultan. Kev sib cav ntawm Turkey thiab Hungary pib. Yog li, thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua, Ottomans tau kov yeej ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm Balkan Peninsula.
