Teeb meem. 1919 xyoo. Thaum lub sijhawm tawm tsam ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob, cov tub rog ntawm Red Army tau ua rau muaj kev swb hnyav ntawm cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb, thiab thaum kawg tau faus cov phiaj xwm rau kev tawm tsam ntawm All-Soviet Union tawm tsam Moscow. Cov Neeg Tiv Thaiv Dawb tau tsav rov qab 165 km, Reds tau tso Oryol, Voronezh, Chernigov thiab Kursk. Cov Tub Rog Liab tau tuav lub tswv yim ua thawj coj.
Oryol-Kromskoe sib ntaus
Txog rau thaum nruab nrab Lub Kaum Hli 1919, txoj haujlwm ntawm Denikin cov tub rog tsis zoo. Qhov xwm txheej nyob tom qab tsis txaus siab. Nws tus kheej kev ua tsov rog tau tawm tsam nyob rau sab qaum teb Caucasus, Kuban tau txhawj xeeb, qhov twg cov neeg ywj pheej tau coj los. Hauv New Russia thiab Me Russia, kev tawm tsam tau tshwm sim ib qho zuj zus. Makhno qhov kev tawm tsam muaj zog hloov pauv cov peev txheej, txhawb ntxiv, thiab txawm tias cov tub rog los ntawm sab xub ntiag. Nws tsis muaj peev xwm ua tiav qhov kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov neeg hauv Little Russia. Cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tau txhawb nqa Makhnovists thiab lwm tus thawj coj. Qhov kev cia siab ntawm kev txhawb nqa lub nroog kuj tsis ua tiav. Txawm tias Kiev, lub nroog loj uas muaj cov neeg tawg rog, yuav luag tsis muaj neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws sab laug rau cov neeg dawb rov qab rau xyoo 1918, qhov seem tseem nyob nruab nrab. Red Moscow xaus qhov kev sib cav nrog Poland thiab Petliurites, uas tau nce mus rau Warsaw. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm hloov pauv ntxiv mus rau Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob los ntawm Sab Hnub Poob. Thiab 12th Pawg Tub Rog Liab tau pib tawm tsam rau Tus Saib Xyuas Dawb los ntawm sab hnub poob.
Lub tshuab tseem ceeb ntawm Red Army tau tsom mus rau qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws-npaj ua tub rog ntawm Denikin. Red Command tau kos qhov kev txiav txim siab raug los ntawm kev swb yav dhau los - kev swb ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Cov Tub Rog Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb yuav ua rau muaj kev txiav txim siab hloov pauv hauv kev ua rog. Thaum sawv ntxov ntawm Lub Kaum Hli 11, 1919, Martusevich cov pab pawg poob siab, cov tub rog ntawm 13th thiab 14th tau tsoo hauv Oryol-Kursk cov lus qhia. Estonian thiab 9th Infantry Division tau nce lub taub hau, thaum Latvian Division tau tawm tsam los ntawm flank, los ntawm Bryansk. 1st Army Corps ntawm Kutepov tau ntsib qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Red Southern Front hauv lub xeev tsis muaj zog. Yim qhov kev coj noj coj ua yav dhau los tau pauv mus rau Kiev thiab tawm tsam Makhno. Hauv thaj tsam Dmitrovsk, Drozdovskaya faib ua haujlwm tiv thaiv, Kornilovsk faib ua ntej ze Orel, thiab faib Markovskaya ze Livny. Hauv cheeb tsam Oryol, muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav, qhov uas cov xim liab thiab dawb sib xyaw sai.
Hauv nruab nrab, Tus Saib Xyuas Dawb tseem tab tom maj nrawm. Cov Kornilovites swb txoj cai sab xis ntawm Pab Pawg Liab 13 thiab coj Oryol thaum Lub Kaum Hli 13, 1919. Lawv cov chav siab tau mus txog Mtsensk. Ib feem ntawm qhov kev faib phom thib 9 thiab 55th ntawm pab tub rog 13 tau raug tsoo thiab swb, qhov thib 3 tau rov qab los. Cov Tub Rog Liab 13 tau raug kev txom nyem hnyav thiab tsis muaj kev sib haum xeeb. Muaj kev hem thawj ntawm kev poob ntawm Tula. Hauv qhov no, Pawg Shock tau pauv los ntawm pab tub rog 13 mus rau 14th thiab tau ua lub luag haujlwm tshem tawm cov yeeb ncuab kev kov yeej hauv cheeb tsam Orel thiab Novosil. Ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm Pawg Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm RCP (b) thaum Lub Kaum Hli 15, ntau qhov kev ntsuas ntxiv tau ua los ntxiv dag zog rau Yav Qab Teb. Tshwj xeeb, nws tau txiav txim siab los lees paub Yav Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob raws li lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Soviet thiab ntxiv rau nws ntxiv dag zog ntawm kev siv nyiaj ntawm ib feem ntawm Sab Hnub Poob, Turkestan thiab Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Tuaj.
Lub caij no, Pab Pawg Tawm Tsam tsoo thiab thawb rov qab rau Samur Regiment. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 15, Reds coj Kromy. Cov Drozdovites raug yuam kom thim rov qab mus rau Orel, koom nrog Kornilovites, uas ua tiav tiv thaiv kev ua phem ntawm Estonian faib. Kev faib Latvian, tom qab ntes Krom, tseem tig mus rau sab qaum teb, mus txog Orel los ntawm sab qab teb. Cov lus txib ntawm Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb, vim tias tsis muaj zog ntawm sab xis, tau mob siab rau nws lub zog tseem ceeb hauv Bryansk cov lus qhia (Drozdovites, Samurians, 5th Cavalry Corps) thiab ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau cov pab pawg poob siab ntawm 14th Army nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Sevsk thiab Dmitrievsk. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Cov Neeg Ntseeg tau ua tiav qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Pawg Tub Rog Liab 13 hauv thaj av Orel.
Rau ob lub lis piam, kev sib ntaus sib tua tsis sib haum raged raws tag nrho cov kab hauv ntej. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 16, Kornilovites tua yeej Cov Phiaj Xwm Sib Cais Sib cais los ntawm Pab Pawg Shock, tab sis cov neeg Latvians, nrog kev txhawb nqa rab phom loj, tau tawm tsam thiab ua rau Cov Tiv Thaiv Dawb rov qab los. Hnub tim 17 lub Kornilovites rov tawm tsam thiab yuav luag mus txog rau Kroms, tab sis lawv tau rov thim rov qab. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov pab pawg ntawm Shock Group tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav txoj haujlwm uas tau muab, tab sis yuam kom Pawg Tub Rog Tub Rog thib 1 ntawm cov yeeb ncuab kom tsis txhob ua phem rau Tula, kom mob siab rau txhua lub zog ntawm kev tawm tsam Reds. Qhov no tso cai cov lus txib liab kom rov ua tiav thiab rov ua txoj cai ntawm Pawg Tub Rog 13, thiab rov pov cov tub rog mus rau qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Oryol. Lub caij no, cov tub rog ntawm pab tub rog 14 tau coj Sevsk thaum Lub Kaum Hli 18 thiab pib tawm tsam Dmitrovsk. Ntxiv dag zog rau lawv sab laug, cov Denikinites tau pib tawm tsam, tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab kev tawm tsam Dmitrievsk thiab thaum Lub Kaum Hli 29 rov coj Sevsk. Ntawm sab xis, Alekseevsky cov tub rog tau coj Novosil thaum Lub Kaum Hli 17-18, thiab Markovites tau mus txog Yelets, qhov uas lawv tau khiav mus rau cov yeeb ncuab loj thiab tsis tuaj yeem nqa lub nroog.
Cov Denikinites tau maj mam poob qhov kev pib ua, thiab cov lus txib ntawm 1st Infantry Division, ntshai kev nyob ib puag ncig, txiav txim siab tawm ntawm Oryol. Hmo ntuj ntawm Lub Kaum Hli 19-20, Kornilovites tsoo los ntawm kev thaiv thiab pib thim raws txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau Oryol-Kursk. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 20, Reds nyob hauv Oryol. Cov Denikinites thim rov qab mus rau Eropkino chaw nres tsheb. Nov yog qhov hloov pauv ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Txij lub sijhawm ntawd, txawm hais tias muaj tus lej tshwj xeeb ua tiav thiab yeej ntawm White Guards, lawv tsuas yog thim rov qab. Yog li ntawd thaum Lub Kaum Hli 24 - 24, Dawb rov coj Kromy, tab sis hnub tim 27 lawv tseem tshuav, zoo li Dmitrovsk. Ntawm sab xis, pab tub rog Liab 13 tau tawm tsam. Kev faib Markov, nyob rau hauv siab los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, sab laug Livny.
Yog li, Cov Tub Rog Liab tsis tuaj yeem hla tus yeeb ncuab lub hauv ntej thiab rhuav tshem cov tub rog npaj ua rog (Volunteer Army) (Kutepov lub cev). Txawm li cas los xij, Reds tau tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb, thiab phiaj xwm tawm tsam Moscow ntawm Denikin cov tub rog tau dhau mus. Cov Reds tau tso lub dav dawb hau, Cov Dawb tau thim rov qab, txawm hais tias lawv tau khawm hnyav. Ob tog tau raug kev puas tsuaj loj. Piv txwv li, kev poob ntawm Latvian faib mus txog 40-50%, Kev Sib cais ntawm Cavalry Brigade ntawm Red Cossacks poob ib feem peb ntawm nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Kutepov tshaj tawm rau Tsib Hlis-Mayevsky: "Nyob rau hauv kev tawm tsam ntawm cov yeeb ncuab zoo tshaj plaws, peb cov koog tau thim tawm hauv txhua qhov kev qhia. Hauv qee qhov kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Kornilovites thiab Drozdovites, 200 tus xov tooj cua txhua tus nyob twj ywm. Kev poob los ntawm peb sab mus txog 80 feem pua … ". Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntshav, 1st Army Corps (cov tub rog tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm AFSR) tau tso ntshav tawm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov liab tuaj yeem rov ua lawv qhov poob sai, tab sis cov dawb tsis tuaj yeem ua.
Kev loj hlob ntawm kev ua phem ntawm Sab Qab Teb thiab Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Tuaj
Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 27, 1919, Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb tau hla mus rau qhov kev tiv thaiv, npaj kom nres cov yeeb ncuab tawm tsam ntawm Sevsk - Dmitrovsk - Eropkino - Yelets kab. Tom qab ntawd mus rau qhov tsis txaus siab dua. Cov tub rog liab 13 thiab 14 tau tsim lawv qhov kev tawm tsam. Dawb maj mam thim rov qab, ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam zoo. Yog li, Kutepov cov tub rog tau txais kev txhawb nqa thiab thaum pib lub Kaum Ib Hlis tau ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau Latvian faib. Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, nyob rau lwm qhov chaw, sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Dmitrovsk, ob txoj kev sib cais ntawm Uborevich's 13th Army tau tsoo rau hauv kev tiv thaiv tus yeeb ncuab thiab 8th Cavalry Division of Red Army tau pib tua tom qab ntawm Cov Neeg Dawb. Cov tub rog liab tau ntes Ponyri thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 4, thiab tsim kev hem thawj rau Fatezh. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tawm tsam, Tus Tiv Thaiv Dawb tiv thaiv kab ke tau tawg.
Kev hem thawj loj kuj tau tshwm sim ntawm sab xis ntawm Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb. Cov tub rog tub rog ntawm Budyonny tau mus rau txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau loj ntawm Kastornaya. Ib qho ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Markov faib tau rub los ntawm no los txhawb nqa Shkuro lub cev. Kev tawm tsam tawv ncauj tau tawg rau Castorna. Pawg Tub Rog Liab 13, hla dhau thiab hla txoj kab nqaim tiv thaiv ntawm Markov Division, nyob hauv Maloarkhangelsk.
Kutepov dua yuav tsum thim cov tub rog rov qab. Cov tub rog pab dawb tau thim rov qab rau kab Glukhov - Dmitriev - Fatezh - Kastornoye. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm nyob ntawm no Tus Saib Xyuas Dawb tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus. Thaum ib nrab Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1919, tom qab tau sib sau ua rog thiab tau txais kev txhawb zog tshiab, Red Army rov ua nws txoj kev tawm tsam tag nrho Denikin pem hauv ntej. Nyob rau sab hnub poob, cov tub rog ntawm cheeb tsam Kiev ntawm General Dragomirov tsis tshua muaj kev tuav pov hwm rov qab los ntawm Reds. Cov neeg dawb tuav Kiev, txawm hais tias lawv txoj haujlwm tsuas yog 40-60 km ntawm lub nroog, ze Fastov thiab ntawm tus dej. Irpin. Tab sis mus rau sab qaum teb, cov tub rog ntawm 12th Soviet Army tau nyob hauv Chernigov, tsoo rau sab laug Bank, ua txhaum kev sib txuas ntawm pawg Dragomir thiab May-Mayevsky. Txog thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 18, Reds tau tuav Bakhmach thiab pib ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau sab laug ntawm Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb. Lub hauv ntej kuj tau tawg dhau ntawm sab xis ntawm Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb. Tom qab kev tawm tsam nyuaj rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 15, Reds coj Kastornaya. Yog li, pab pawg poob siab ntawm Budyonny, tso cov tub rog ntawm Shkuro, coj Kastornaya, mus rau tom qab ntawm Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb.
Cov kab tiv thaiv kuj tau tawg dhau los hauv cov haujlwm tseem ceeb. Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 14, chav nyob ntawm Uborevich's 14th Army tau tawm tsam Fatezh. Cov tub rog liab tau rov coj los rau hauv kev kov yeej. Qhov kev faib tub rog thib 8, ua kom muaj zog cua daj cua dub, nkag mus rau tom qab ntawm Denikin, thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 14 coj Fatezh, nyob rau hnub tim 16 - Lgov, qhov chaw ua haujlwm hauv paus ntawm May -Mayevsky thiab lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm ntawm Alekseevsk faib. Cov lus txib dawb tau tuaj yeem khiav tawm lub tshuab. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Pab Tub Rog Pab Dawb tau tawg. Drozdovskaya faib, uas sawv ze Dmitriev, raug txiav tawm ntawm nws tus kheej thiab pib thim rov qab, tsoo los ntawm Lgov nyob nrog liab. Cov Drozdovites tsoo los ntawm lawv tus kheej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, chav nyob ntawm pab tub rog thib 13 tau coj lub nroog Shchigry. Kursk tau puag ncig ntawm peb sab. Kev sib ntaus rau lub nroog pib. Cov tsheb ciav hlau tiv thaiv dawb qhia los ntawm Kursk tau ntog ntawm txoj kev tawg, tom qab ntawd cov liab tau rhuav tshem daim ntaub ntawm lawv nraub qaum. Cov tub rog liab tau puag ncig cov yeeb ncuab. Tom qab kev tawm tsam tawv ncauj, cov neeg ua haujlwm tau tawg cov tsheb ciav hlau thiab, hla kev ncig, mus rau sab qab teb. Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 18, 1919, Estonian thiab 9th Infantry Division tau nyob hauv Kursk. Cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb tau mus rau Sumy - Belgorod - Novy Oskol kab. Yog li, Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb tau xyaum ua ke ua ntej nrog Don Army hauv cheeb tsam Liska.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Red Army 9 ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob rov ua nws qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Don Front. Yuav luag txhua qhov chaw Cossacks tau tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab kev tawm tsam. Txawm li cas los xij, Dumenko's 2nd Cavalry Corps tsoo los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv thiab coj Uryupinskaya thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 11. Tom qab ntawd cov tub rog liab sib sib zog nqus ntawm 1st thiab 2nd Don corps. Kev tiv thaiv ntawm Cossacks Dawb raws Khopru tau tawg.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Pawg Tub Rog Liab thib 10 tau sim coj Tsaritsyn, tabsis tsis ua tiav. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov xwm txheej ntawm sab xis ntawm Pawg Tub Rog tau nyuaj. Cov tub rog Caucasian, uas feem ntau ntawm cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog tau thim rov qab, uas tau mus rau lwm qhov kev qhia, tau qaug zog heev. Vim yog tus lej me me, tag nrho cov seem uas tau rub mus rau thaj tsam Tsaritsyn fortified. Lub zog tsis tseem ceeb uas dhau ntawm Volga kuj tau pauv mus rau lub txhab nyiaj raug cai, mus rau hauv nroog, yog li ntawd lawv yuav tsis raug txiav thiab muab pov tseg. Lawv qhov chaw raug tam sim ntawd los ntawm 50th Taman Rifle Division of Kovtyukh, uas yog ib feem ntawm pab tub rog 11. Txij li lub sijhawm ntawd, Tsaritsyn tau raug foob pob tas li los ntawm lwm sab ntawm Volga. Los ntawm sab qab teb thiab sab qaum teb, Reds tau npaj rau kev txiav txim siab ua phem.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua
Thaum lub sijhawm tawm tsam ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob, cov tub rog ntawm Red Army tau ua rau muaj kev swb hnyav ntawm cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb, thiab thaum kawg tau faus cov phiaj xwm rau kev tawm tsam ntawm All-Soviet Union tawm tsam Moscow. Cov Neeg Tiv Thaiv Dawb tau tsav rov qab 165 km, Reds tau tso Oryol, Voronezh, Chernigov thiab Kursk. Cov Tub Rog Liab tau cuam tshuam txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab tsim cov xwm txheej rau kev txhim kho kev tawm tsam kom dim Belgorod, Kharkov, Poltava, Kiev thiab Don cheeb tsam.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov lus txib dawb. Tom qab kev ua tsis tiav hauv ib nrab ntawm lub Kaum Hli thiab Kaum Ib Hlis, raws li qhov qhia tawm ntawm tus kheej qhov tsis txaus (qaug cawv), General May-Mayevsky raug tso tawm. Baron Wrangel tau raug xaiv los ntawm nws qhov chaw. General Pokrovsky tau txais cov tub rog Caucasian.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau pom tseeb tias May-Mayevsky qhov yuam kev tsis yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau kev yeej ntawm Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb. Qhov yeej yog ntuj. Denikin tseem lees paub qhov no, hauv nws phau ntawv sau tseg nws tau sau tseg: "… qhov tseeb ntawm kev thim rov qab ntawm pab tub rog pab dawb los ntawm Orel mus rau Kharkov, muab qhov sib npaug ntawm cov rog thiab qhov xwm txheej dav dav, tsis tuaj yeem raug liam rau ntawm pab tub rog lossis tus thawj coj.. Vajtswv yuav txiav txim rau nws! " Wrangel xyoo 1920 rov qab los Tsib Hlis-Mayevsky rau cov tub rog. Thaum lub sijhawm tiv thaiv ntawm Crimea, nws tau coj cov tsheb tom qab thiab cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias. Tsib Hlis-Mayevsky, raws li ib tsab ntawv, tau tua tus kheej thaum lub sij hawm khiav tawm ntawm Cov Tiv Thaiv Dawb los ntawm Sevastopol thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1920, raws li lwm qhov, nws tuag ntawm lub plawv tsis ua haujlwm hauv ib ntawm Sevastopol tsev kho mob lossis thaum tsiv mus rau kev khiav tawm.
