Tej zaum Tuam Tshoj thiab Albania tau raug liam liam Khrushchev tus thawj coj ntawm kev hloov Stalin cov tshauv tom qab nws tshem tawm?
Thawj qhov kev qhia ntawm qhov tau ua tiav tau muaj nyob hauv cov lus ntawm Lub Suab ntawm Asmeskas, BBC thiab Xov Tooj Cua Liberty rov qab rau lub Peb Hlis-Plaub Hlis 1953, thiab nrog rau kev xa mus rau Vasily Stalin, tus tub ntawm tus thawj coj. Xyoo 1959, yav tom ntej tus neeg tau txais khoom plig Nobel, tus kws tshaj xov xwm Gabriel García Márquez, uas tau mus ntsib Mausoleum ntawm Red Square hauv 1957, hais lus ib yam hauv Venezuelan magazine Cromos. Nws yog qhov nthuav uas hauv USSR qhov kev xav ntawm Marquez, twb tau lees paub los ntawm txhua tus neeg raws li tus kws sau ntawv zoo, tau txiav txim siab thawj zaug luam tawm tsuas yog xyoo 1988, hauv lub sijhawm perestroika thiab glasnost.
Qhov kev xav ntawm Garcia Márquez, tom qab ntawd tseem yog ib tug tub hluas, tom qab tag nrho, nws tsis muaj hnub nyoog 30 xyoo, los ntawm kev mus ntsib Mausoleum thaum Lub Yim Hli 1957 yog tus yam ntxwv zoo heev: "Stalin tsaug zog nws zaum kawg. … Qhov kev qhia ntawm lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj, qhia qhov kev xav. Cov plaub hau me ntsis, cov plaub hau, tsis zoo li Stalin. Tab sis tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam rau kuv ntau dua qhov kev tshav ntuj ntawm nws txhais tes nrog cov ntsia hlau ntev, pob tshab. Cov no yog poj niam txhais tes "(" Latin America ". M., Institute of Latin America, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1988, No. 3).
Nws tsis tshua muaj nqis hais tias nyob rau ntawm G. G. Marquez tsis muaj lus nug txog kev tsim kho Stalin thiab Stalinist lub sijhawm. Tus sau ntawm nto moo "Pua pua Xyoo ntawm Solitude" nws tus kheej yog tus txhawb nqa kev ywj pheej thiab tus yeeb ncuab ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm txhua yam. Thiab qhov no txawm tias qhov tseeb tias tag nrho nws lub neej nws yog phooj ywg nrog Cuban tus thawj coj Fidel Castro, uas lub zej zog kev ywj pheej tsis tau hu lwm yam uas yog tus tswj hwm. Cov duab ntawm Stalin lig cuam tshuam rau tus kws sau ntawv kom nws siv nws tag nrho thaum sau lwm qhov kev ntseeg tshiab, Lub Caij Nplooj Ntoos Zeeg ntawm yawg suab, qhov chaw uas muaj cov duab zoo nkauj ntawm Latin Asmeskas tus tswj hwm tau tsim.
Tsis ntev, Khrushchev nws tus kheej tsis meej pem txog kev tua Stalin, hais thaum Lub Xya Hli 19, 1964 ntawm kev txais tos hauv Kremlin qhuas tus thawj coj Hungarian Janos Kadar: "Koj tsis tuaj yeem ntxuav ib tus dev dub dub. Muaj ntau tus neeg ua phem nyob hauv keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg, tab sis lawv txhua tus tau tuag ib yam nkaus los ntawm rab hmuv, vim lawv tus kheej txhawb lawv lub zog nrog rab hmuv. " Xov Tooj Cua Liberty hauv nws txoj haujlwm hauv Lavxias tsis ua siab tsis ncaj, hais lus saib tsis taus lub npe: "Khrushchev lees paub dab tsi?", Lub Xya Hli 19, 1964, 14: 30 Moscow sijhawm). Txawm li cas los xij, nyob hauv Soviet thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj Europe cov xov xwm, tshwj tsis yog rau Albanian, Romanian thiab Yugoslavian, qhov tawg no, rau qhov laj thawj pom tseeb, xaiv tsis tshaj tawm.
Twb tau hais cov lus hais tseg (ntawm Soviet tus thawj coj tog thiab tus kws sau ntawv zoo), ua ke ua ke, ua rau cov lus nug: muaj dab tsi tshwm sim rau Stalin lub tshauv? Txoj hmoo tom qab qhia tias muaj kev thuam thuam loj hauv Stalin lub cev sai tom qab nws tuag, lossis theej, tua neeg. Nws yog qhov hloov pauv ntawm Stalin qhov kev tuag uas tus sau tau xaiv los ntawm qhov tsis yog los ntawm lub sijhawm, meej vim yog qhov tshwj tseg ntawm Khrushchev.
Ib xyoo caum thiab ib nrab tom qab, thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 18, 1978, Albania tus sawv cev rau UN, Ali Veta, tau xa mus rau nws Romanian UN tus npoj yaig Alton Faryan cov lus teb ntawm Enver Hoxha, tus thawj coj ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Nruab Nrab ntawm Albanian Party of Labor, rau Sab Soviet cov lus thov kom rov txhim kho kev sib raug zoo uas tau cuam tshuam thaum Khrushchev lub sijhawm xyoo 1962. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Soviet sab tau thov kom xaus kev sib cav tswv yim kev xav. Tab sis cov lus teb luv luv los ntawm Tirana nyeem: "Qhia qhov tseeb txog hnub kawg ntawm Stalin, txog txoj hmoo ntawm nws cov hmoov tshauv, tshem tawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm XX thiab XXII Congresses ntawm CPSU, dag cov haujlwm ntawm Comrade. Stalin. Tom qab ntawd kev sib tham tuaj yeem ua tau."
Tab sis hauv Moscow, rau qhov laj thawj pom tseeb, lawv tsis txaus siab ua cov kauj ruam no. Cia peb rov qab hais tias Albania ua raws nws txoj haujlwm orthodox hais txog Stalin thiab Stalinist lub sijhawm hauv keeb kwm ntawm USSR thiab CPSU txog rau xyoo 1990 kev tawm tsam. Tib lub sijhawm, txawm tias muaj kev hloov pauv li cas, Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Lenin thiab Stalin tseem nyob hauv Tirana txog niaj hnub no (qhib rau lub Tsib Hlis 1, 1952, thaum lub sijhawm "tus thawj coj ntawm cov neeg." Txij thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 mus rau 70s ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Tseem muaj qhov sau tsis sib xws ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia txog Stalin kev mob thiab kev tuag, txog txoj hmoo tom qab ntawm nws cov tshauv, txog nws tus tub Vasily Stalin, thiab lwm yam.
Tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb yog kev sib tham hauv xov tooj ntawm Tub Rog Tub Rog Tub Rog General Vasily Stalin thiab nws tus thawj coj Alexander Fevralev, kaw los ntawm MGB thaum yav tsaus ntuj ntawm Lub Peb Hlis 9, 1953, piv txwv li. Tsis ntev tom qab lub ntees tuag ntawm I. V. Stalin.
Vasily Stalin hais tias: "Muaj pes tsawg tus neeg raug tshem tawm, nws txaus ntshai! Lawv puas tau npaj nws lub hom phiaj?!, Mikoyan, Bulganin yog tus saib xyuas kev hwm nyob ze. Dab tsi tshwm sim rau nws?"
Muaj ntau tus kws tshaj lij uas sib cav tias nws yog Kev Ua Haujlwm Mozart, tsim los ntawm Asmeskas CIA, uas xav txog kev tshem tawm Stalin los ntawm nws "phooj ywg-hauv-caj npab", lossis tawg ntawm dacha hauv Nemchinovka, qhov twg Stalin tau yuav luag tas li txij li Lub Ob Hlis 1953 (kom paub meej ntxiv, saib, piv txwv li, Enver Hoxha, "The Khrushchevites and They Heirs", Tirana, in Russian, 1977). Vasily Stalin hais lus tas li thiab txawm qw tias "leej txiv raug tua", "lawv twb raug tua lawm." Qhov kawg, nrog kev quaj, nws rov hais dua hauv Tsev Sab Hauv Tsev ntawm Kev Koom Tes thaum Lub Peb Hlis 6-8, ntxiv rau hnub ua kev pam tuag thiab tom qab. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm, qhov no tau hnov los ntawm qee cov neeg sawv cev txawv teb chaws, muab kev qhuas kawg rau Stalin nyob rau hnub ntawd. Vasily kuj tau sib cav hais tias Mausoleum tsis muaj nws txiv lub cev, tab sis yog khoom cuav. Stalin nws tus kheej tau raug hlawv tsis ntev tom qab nws tuag, vim yog tshuaj lom, lub ntsej muag ntawm Joseph Vissarionovich tau hloov pauv ntau heev. Tus kws sau keeb kwm nto moo Anatoly Utkin sau tseg: "Kuv xav tias nrog kev tshem tawm ntawm Vasily xyoo 1962, lawv tuaj yeem npog qhov cim tseg ntawm qhov nws tau ua rau Stalin nws tus kheej."
Thaum lub Peb Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1953, Stalin tus tub tau xa thawj tsab ntawv mus rau CPC Lub Rooj Sab Laj Loj, hais tias nws txiv tau raug tua. Raws li koj paub, Mao Zedong, ntxiv rau Kim Il Sung, Ho Chi Minh, Enver Hoxha tsis tuaj rau Stalin lub ntees tuag, tej zaum tau lees paub cov ntaub ntawv. Raws li cov ntawv ceeb toom, zoo li ob tsab ntawv, tab sis kuj nrog kev iab liam ntawm kev hlawv nws tus txiv sai sai tom qab nws tuag, nrog rau kev thov kom nyob nraim yeej ncuab nom tswv lossis tsawg kawg rau kev kho mob, Vasily tau xa mus rau Beijing xyoo 1960. Thiab PRC cov tub ceev xwm twb tau hais ua ntej pawg thawj coj ntawm USSR cov lus nug ntawm nws tawm mus rau ntawd lossis mus rau Albania rau kev kho mob. Tab sis nyob rau hauv vain.
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Thiab thaum Lub Peb Hlis 19, 1962, Vasily Stalin tuag tam sim ntawd hauv Kazan. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv raug cai, los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev haus cawv ntev. Tab sis tsis yooj yim, vim tias KGB cov tub ceev xwm tshawb nrhiav yuav luag ib lub lim tiam hauv nws chav tsev, raws li cov lus pov thawj ntawm nws cov neeg nyob ze thiab tus poj niam, Kapitolina Vasilyeva (1918-2006), cov ntawv theej lossis cov ntawv sau ntawm cov ntawv no tseem nyob hauv PRC. Thiab hauv Tirana thiab Pyongyang, Khrushchev tus tub txib pom tias Enver Hoxha thiab Kim Il Sung tau txais tib tsab ntawv. Tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv vain. Ntxiv mus, txhua qhov xwm txheej no tau pom hauv kev tshaj xov xwm ntawm Tuam Tshoj thiab Albania thaum ib nrab xyoo 60, thaum, peb nco qab, Moscow yuav luag ib nrab ntawm kev ua tsov rog nrog Suav thiab Albania.
Muaj pov thawj tias Vasily Stalin tau tswj hwm xa cov ntawv sau ntawm nws cov ntawv sau tseg, suav nrog cov ntawv hais los saum no, mus rau Suav Xab Tham Thuj. Hauv nws lub neej, lawv tsis tau tshaj tawm, vim tseem muaj kev cia siab tias nws yuav muaj peev xwm raug coj mus rau Tuam Tshoj. Kev tshaj tawm ntawm cov ntawv sau cia ncaj ncees thaum lub neej ntawm V. Stalin tsuas yog ua kom nws tuag.
Cov memoirs tau luam tawm ua lus Suav los ntawm Renmin Chubanpe (Tib Neeg Publishing House) tshaj tawm lub tsev nyob hauv CPC Lub Rooj Sab Laj thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1962 raws li lub npe: "Ua siab ncaj: zaj dab neeg ntawm Vasily Stalin."Thiab cov lus taw qhia rau lawv tau sau los ntawm Marshal Ye Jianying, Tus Lwm Thawj Coj ntawm National Defense Council thiab Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Academy of Military Sciences ntawm PRC. Cov lus hais ua ntej hais tias Vasily Stalin, "tus tub ntawm nws txiv zoo, nws tus kheej tau ntsib nrog Thawj Tswj Hwm Mao (lawv tau ntsib thaum kawg xyoo 1949 thaum Mao mus ntsib USSR. Tus thawj tub rog hu ua Vasily tuag "qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua phem." Thiab "qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm PRC thiab USSR yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm txoj cai ntawm Khrushchev qhov tsis txaus ntseeg."
Thaum xyoo 1962 cov pej xeem muaj kev sib cav pib ntawm CPSU thiab CPC, ib tsab ntawv ntawm Pawg Neeg Suav Hauv Nroog (xyoo 1963) tau sau tseg tias: "Soviet kev coj noj coj Stalin lub cev tawm ntawm Mausoleum thiab hlawv nws." Thaum xub thawj, qhov kev hais lus tsis sib haum, suav nrog tsab ntawv tau hais tseg, tau luam tawm yam tsis muaj kev txiav hauv Pravda thiab Tib Neeg Txhua Hnub (xyoo 1963-64). Tab sis Soviet cov neeg sau xov xwm, hais los ntawm Khrushchev, ua siab ntev tsis quav ntsej txog qhov kev iab liam ncaj qha ntawm kev dag ntxias dag phem hauv lawv cov ntawv xov xwm.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus no, lwm cov lus pov thawj kuj tseem ceeb-Chin Pena (1924-2013), tus thawj coj ntawm Malay Communist Party los ntawm nruab nrab xyoo 1940s txog rau thaum ntxov 1990s. Raws li koj paub, pawg neeg no tau tshem tawm kev sib raug zoo nrog CPSU hauv kev txuas nrog tshem tawm Stalinist sarcophagus los ntawm Mausoleum thaum Lub Kaum Hli 31, 1961. Thiab cov ntaub ntawv "Tus Kawg Kawg" los ntawm Malay tus thawj coj Amir Muhammad txog Chin Pen (2006) tseem raug txwv hauv Malaysia.
Los ntawm Chin Pena kev tos txais rau VII Congress ntawm Albanian Party of Labor (Tirana, Kaum Ib Hlis 3, 1976):
Raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, Beijing thiab Tirana thaum ntxov 60s ob zaug muab Khrushchev xa lawv sarcophagus nrog Stalin, uas yuav txhais tau tias ua tiav kev xav thiab kev nom kev tswv tawg ntawm Tirana thiab Beijing los ntawm USSR, uas tau pib sai tom qab xyoo 1956. Hauv ntxiv, hauv USSR xyoo 1960 -61 biennium cov ntawv tau faib tawm uas Albanian-Suav lub tsev faus neeg rau Stalin yuav ua sai sai hauv Beijing. Tsis muaj ib qho kev lees paub tseeb txog qhov no, tab sis kev coj mus rau hauv tus account cov lus thov tau hais rau Khrushchev, ib tus tuaj yeem xav tias qhov tseeb ntawm qhov haujlwm no.
Ib txoj hauv kev lossis lwm qhov, tab sis, raws li cov lus pov thawj ntawm Kang Sheng (tus thawj coj ntawm PRC Ministry of Security) thiab Enver Hoxha, Khrushchev npau taws ua phem thuam Stalin cov hmoov tshauv hauv kev sib tham nrog Suav tus sawv cev nyob rau hmo ua ntej ntawm XXII Congress ntawm CPSU: "Koj thiab Albanians xav tau qhov nag nag no tiag?! Coj nws yog tias koj xav tau. " Tab sis qhov "hloov pauv" no yuav tau lees paub qhov hloov pauv hauv Moscow Mausoleum, uas, pom tseeb, kuj tseem yog ib feem ntawm Sino-Albanian cov phiaj xwm. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis tau tshwm sim: Khrushchev cov phooj ywg sib koom tes, hais txog Nikita Sergeevich txoj kev mob siab rau, tsis kam ua qhov xwm txheej no. Hais tias, txoj hmoo ntawm Stalin cov tshauv yog qhov tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm USSR thiab CPSU.
Tab sis Suav tus sawv cev ntawm XXII Congress ntawm CPSU (xaus rau Lub Kaum Hli 1961), coj los ntawm Premier Zhou, nrog kev pab los ntawm Mao Zedong, tau txais kev tso cai tsis yog tsuas yog mus ntsib Stalin qhov chaw so tshiab, tab sis kuj tso paj ntoo paj tshiab. nyob ntawd nrog cov ntawv sau rau ntawm nws daim kab xev (ua ob yam lus): “Mus rau Marxist Comrade tus yawg I. Stalin. Raws li lub cim qhia tias CPC tsis qhia txoj haujlwm ntawm N. Khrushchev qhia tawm tsam I. Stalin”(Xinhua, Beijing, 16.10.2009, 03.11.1961).
PRC ua raws tib txoj haujlwm niaj hnub no. Raws li Washington Post tau sau tseg rau 2017-17-10, "Xi Jinping rov hais dua Tuam Tshoj txoj kev ncaj ncees rau kev tawm tsam kev xav ntawm tus txiv neej uas Mao tau hu ntau dua ib zaug hu nws" tus kws qhia ntawv zoo thiab tus tij laug ": Joseph Stalin. Thaum 18th CPC Congress thawj zaug lees paub nws hauv chaw ua haujlwm tsib xyoos dhau los, Comrade Xi tshaj tawm: "Txhawm rau tsis quav ntsej keeb kwm ntawm USSR thiab CPSU, tsis quav ntsej Lenin thiab Stalin yog qhov zoo ib yam li keeb kwm tsis zoo nihilism. Nws cuam tshuam peb cov kev xav thiab ua rau cov tog neeg tsis zoo ntawm txhua qib."
Hmo ua ntej 65th hnub tseem ceeb (2018) ntawm "kev ua haujlwm" tuag ntawm Stalin, tus thawj coj ntawm CPC Lub Rooj Sab Laj tau hais tawm lus hnyav dua: "Kuv ntseeg tias rau cov neeg tawm tsam tiag I. V. Stalin tsis tseem ceeb dua V. I. Lenin. Thiab hais txog qhov feem pua ntawm kev txiav txim siab raug, nws tsis muaj qhov sib npaug hauv keeb kwm ntiaj teb. "Nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas Stalin txoj hauv kev thiab txoj kev nyob hauv PRC txog niaj hnub no: hauv Harbin thiab Dalian (Dalny), Lushun (Port Arthur) thiab Urumqi, Jilin thiab Kulja. Thiab tseem, piv txwv li, muaj Stalin Park hauv Harbin (kwv yees li 400 hectares), tau teeb tsa ib daim duab loj loj thiab ua tib zoo khaws cia hauv lub zos Nanjie, lub nroog kawg hauv Suav teb, qhov twg yog txoj kev ib txwm muaj ntawm thawj xyoo ntawm kev tsim socialism thiab communism tseem raug khaws cia.
Qhov kawg ntawm qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem nco qab Winston Churchill cov lus hais, ua sai tom qab Khrushchev qhov kev tawm haujlwm (Lub Kaum Hli 1964): "… qhov no tsuas yog tus kasmoos hauv keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg uas tau tshaj tawm ua tsov rog tag nrho cov neeg tuag. Tab sis tsis tsuas yog qhov ntawd: nws tswj kom plam nws."
Thiab lub cim xeeb ntawm tus thawj coj Soviet tau khaws tseg niaj hnub no tsis yog nyob hauv Suav teb, North Kauslim lossis Albania.
Plaque Memorial hauv Vienna (Austria) ntawm lub tsev uas Stalin xyoo 1913 ua haujlwm ntawm kab lus "Marxism thiab Cov Lus Nug Tebchaws"
Txoj kev Stalin hauv zej zog Framery (Belgium)
Txoj Kev Stalin, Colchester (Askiv)
