Kev npau taws uas tau tshwm sim hauv Soviet kev tshawb fawb xyoo 1930 thiab 1950 yog qhov nyuaj to taub. Nws nyuaj rau ntsuas txhua qhov nws tshwm sim. Cov noob caj noob ces tau los ntawm kev nyuaj siab, cybernetics thiab kev coj noj coj ua tau raug hu ua "pseudoscience", hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kab mob kev qhia ntawm Nobel laureate Ivan Pavlov tau tshaj tawm tias tsuas yog qhov tseeb thiab kev tshawb fawb, thiab hauv kev puas siab ntsws lawv tsis xav paub txog Freud txoj kev xav. Hauv av tau npaj rau kev tawm tsam ntawm "kev xav zoo" thiab "tiv thaiv Marxist" quantum txoj kev xav ntawm Niels Bohr thiab txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm Albert Einstein. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog ntawm txhua tus nqi los rau txim rau "monopoly ntawm cov neeg Yudais physicists", tab sis lawv tau hloov lawv lub siab nyob rau lub sijhawm, txij li cov kev coj tsis zoo ua rau lub atomic project ntawm USSR!
Txawm li cas los xij, noob caj noob ces tsis muaj txoj hauv kev khi rau lub tebchaws kev tiv thaiv, yog li nws tuaj yeem raug xa hauv qab riam. Ib tiam neeg tag nrho hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab tsev kawm qib siab tau nqus ntau qhov pseudoscientific qhov tseeb uas tau nkag mus rau hauv lub siab ntawm cov neeg ib txwm nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev. Piv txwv li, "noob" hauv ntu thib ob ntawm Great Soviet Encyclopedia tau ua tus yam ntxwv "pseudoscientific idealistic particle". Qhov kev tshwm sim tseem ceeb no hauv Lavxias kev tshawb fawb tau rov qab los rau 40s lig - thaum ntxov 50s, thiab twb yog xyoo 1953, James Watson thiab Francis Crick tau tshawb pom tus qauv ntawm DNA los ntawm kev xoo hluav taws xob sib txawv.
Nikolay Vavilov, tus thawj coj
Trofim Lysenko: 3 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk!
Cov neeg ua txhaum loj ntawm qhov xwm txheej no hauv noob caj noob ces (thiab hauv kev tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm USSR) yog txhua yam muaj hwj chim Yauxej Stalin thiab lub siab xav ua haujlwm tawm haujlwm agronomist Trofim Lysenko. Kev suav rov qab los ntawm kev kov yeej cov noob caj noob ces yuav tsum pib nrog cov tib neeg no.
"Michurin biology", uas Lysenko tshaj tawm tsuas yog qhov tseeb, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov noob caj noob ces. Cov noob hauv pseudo-scientific tau raug tsis lees paub raws li lub tswv yim, thiab txhua cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, raws li Lysenko cov neeg, tau khaws cia hauv cov qauv ntawm tes. Dab tsi raws nraim tsis tau teev tseg. Chromosomes hauv cov cell nucleus, raws li kws tshawb fawb txog biologist los ntawm Michurin thiab Lysenko, tau tawm ntawm qhov kev ua si. Ntxiv mus, "Michurin biology" tau hais tias lub cev tuaj yeem hloov pauv hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm ib puag ncig sab nraud, thaum xa cov yam ntxwv tshiab rau lwm tiam. Lysenko thiab nws cov thwjtim tsis tuaj nrog ib yam tshiab ntawm no - Jean -Baptiste Lamarck tau nthuav tawm cov tswv yim zoo li no thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. Qhov tseeb, tag nrho txoj kev xav ntawm Lysenko tuaj yeem piav qhia nrog lo lus "neo-Lamarckism". Lysenko tsis xav hnov tias muaj kev hloov pauv uas tsis yog qhov lus teb txaus ntawm lub cev mus rau kev txhawb sab nraud (kev hloov pauv), tab sis tau txais txiaj ntsig. Pom tseeb, nws nyuaj dhau rau kev kawm nrog ob qib kawm ntawv thiab kawm nyeem thiab sau thaum muaj hnub nyoog 13 xyoos. Tsis tas li, Lysenko tsis ua raws li kev sib cav ntawm Darwin txoj kev hloov pauv kev xav, uas nws tau lees paub tiag.
Los ntawm 30s, nws tau paub thoob plaws ntiaj teb tau ntev (thiab tau sim ua pov thawj) tias Lamarck qhov kev xav yog qhov xav tsis thoob, tab sis tsis yog hauv USSR. Lysenko txoj kev xav txog kev tawm tsam tshwj xeeb, uas nws tsis pom zoo cais, yog tus yam ntxwv zoo heev. Tus kws sau ntawv sau rau lub sijhawm no:
"Tsis muaj leej twg tseem ua tiav thiab yuav tsis muaj peev xwm pom nws tus kheej lossis lwm tus los qhia qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib tw siab tshaj plaws hauv ib hom … Tsis muaj kev tawm tsam tshwj xeeb hauv xwm, thiab tsis muaj dab tsi los tsim nws.. Tus hma noj tus luav, tab sis tus luav tsis noj luav, nws noj nyom …"
Ua tim khawv ntawm qhov tsis zoo VASKhNIL ntu thaum Lub Yim Hli 1948
Thawj cov neeg raug tsim txom
Nikolai Vavilov, yog ib tus kws tshaj lij caj ces zoo tshaj plaws, tau raug ntes nyob rau xyoo 1940 rau nws cov lus hais txog kev siv Lopenism ntawm Lysenko lub tswv yim. Cov tub ceev xwm tsis muaj lub siab tawv tam sim tua tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo hauv ntiaj teb tam sim (lawv tau muab tsuas yog 20 xyoo), thiab nws tau tuag hauv tsev loj cuj Saratov xyoo 1943 los ntawm qhov xwm txheej phem ntawm kev raug kaw. Ua ke nrog nws, ntau tus ntawm nws cov thwjtim raug ntes, qee leej raug tua tam sim ntawd, thiab qee leej tuag hauv cov chaw pw hav zoov.
Kev tshoov siab los ntawm kev tshem tawm ntawm tus neeg sib tw tseem ceeb, Lysenko thaum Lub Yim Hli 1948, nrog kev pom zoo los ntawm Stalin, tau teeb tsa kev sib tham ntawm All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences npe tom qab V. I. Lenin. Ntawm nws, cov neeg ntxub "Weismanists, Mendelists thiab Morganists" tau poob rau hauv qhov kev sib tw ntawm kev tswj hwm, uas yog tus coj tag nrho Lavxias biology mus rau hauv qhov tob. Thiab qhov kev yeej tau ua kev zoo siab los ntawm Michurin biology, txhim kho los ntawm kev qhia ntawm Marx - Engels - Lenin - Stalin. Qhov no txawm hais tias tsis pom zoo los ntawm Yuri Zhdanov nws tus kheej, Stalin tus yawm yij thiab tus thawj coj ntawm lub chaw haujlwm tshawb fawb ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm CPSU (b), leej twg yog thawj tus nyob rau qib zoo los txhawb qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tsis zoo ntawm Lysenko txoj kev xav. Ntawm qhov kev sib tham no, lub suab ntawm lwm tus neeg tawm tsam los ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau hnov lub sijhawm kawg - tus kws tshaj lij ntawm Moscow State University Sos Alikhanyan, tus neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Cytology, Histology thiab Embryology ntawm USSR Academy of Sciences Iosif Rapoport, nrog rau Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Belarusian Academy of Sciences Anton Zhebrak. Lawv tau sim ua pov thawj tias noob caj noob ces yuav tsum dhau los ua cov cuab yeej muaj zog hauv txhais tes ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb Soviet, vam khom rau kev ua tiav ntawm ntiaj teb thiab kev tshawb fawb hauv tsev. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov neeg koom nrog Kev Tsov Rog Zoo Tshaj Plaws, Sos Alikhanyan thiab Joseph Rapoport, raug rho tawm haujlwm los ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm thiab hu rau pej xeem hloov siab lees txim. Zhebrak kuj tseem raug tshem tawm los ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Academy of Sciences ntawm BSSR. Alikhanyan thiab Zhebrak tom qab txawm li cas los xij lees paub qhov tseeb ntawm Trofim Lysenko cov lus qhia, uas lawv muaj peev xwm kawm txog biology (tab sis tsis yog noob caj noob ces!).
Tsov rog tus yeeb ncuab thiab tus kws tshaj lij caj ces Joseph Rapoport
Tab sis Yauxej Rapoport tau zoo ib yam, tsis tso nws cov lus tseg, raug ntiab tawm ntawm tog neeg thiab txij xyoo 1949 txog 1957 raug yuam ua haujlwm hauv kev tshawb fawb geological. Tom qab kev sib tham ntawm All-Union Agricultural Academy, ntau pua tus kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Academy of Sciences thiab cov tsev kawm qib siab hauv tebchaws tau raug rho tawm haujlwm, thiab cov phau ntawv thiab phau ntawv kawm ntawm cov noob caj noob ces raug puas tsuaj thoob plaws hauv Union. Nws tau tso cai rov qab mus ua haujlwm nkaus xwb tsis yog tshwj xeeb; yav dhau los geneticists retrained rau botanists, chemists, kws muag tshuaj. Ntxiv mus, ntau tus raug ntiab tawm ntawm Moscow mus rau ib puag ncig ntawm lub tebchaws, mus txog rau Yakutia. VASKHNIL, ntawm qhov tod tes, tam sim no yuav luag 100% puv nrog Trofim Lysenko tus henchmen.
Teeb meem
Lub Yim Hli sib tham ntawm VASKhNIL tau thaiv txhua txoj kev tshawb fawb txog kev tsim noob caj noob ces hauv lub tebchaws tau 8 xyoo. Ib me ntsis tom qab, tau rov pib ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv qab tis ntawm Igor Kurchatov hauv lub moj khaum ntawm txoj haujlwm atomic, tab sis qhov no yog kev tshawb fawb ib nrab-clandestine ntawm kev hloov pauv hluav taws xob. Qee qhov kev cia siab tau ua tiav ntawm Tus Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws tshiab Khrushchev, tab sis nws kuj tau dhau los ua tus coj ntawm Lysenko. Txog rau xyoo 1965, noob caj noob ces hauv USSR tau raug txim rau pej xeem, thiab kev tshawb fawb tau ua nyob hauv ob peb lub tebchaws uas muaj kev nkag siab zoo.
Xyoo 1962, James Watson, Francis Crick thiab Maurice Wilkins tau txais khoom plig Nobel hauv Physiology lossis Tshuaj rau nrhiav pom tus qauv ntawm DNA molecule. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, raws li Tus Neeg Koom Tes ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb, Tus Kws Kho Mob ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb Ilya Artemyevich Zakharov-Gezehus, Soviet Union tau poob qis hauv ntiaj teb cov noob caj noob ces yam tsawg 15-20 xyoo. Lub teb chaws pom nws tus kheej raug cais los ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntiaj teb, tsis tuaj yeem yug menyuam ntawm biotechnology thiab molecular biology. Lawv tau sawv los tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo 80, thaum lub xeev txoj haujlwm los txhawb nqa cov noob caj noob ces hauv tsev, tab sis nrog qhov pib ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua 90s, kev pib, raws li xav tau, tuag tawm.
[nruab nrab] Cov quav hniav nco hauv ib lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm niaj hnub Russia
Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb thiab tu siab uas nyob rau niaj hnub Russia "Lysenkoism" tsis tau raug tshem tawm kiag li. Hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv, koj tuaj yeem pom cov duab ntawm Trofim Lysenko hauv qhov chaw muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws, thiab cov ntawv tau luam tawm uas rov kho dua "zoo tshaj plaws agronomist". Piv txwv li, V. I. Pyzhenkov tau sau txoj haujlwm "Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov - Botanist, Tus Kws Tshaj Lij, Neeg Xam Xaj ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb", uas nws tau qhib siab tsis lees paub qhov zoo ntawm cov kws muaj caj ces zoo. Koj tuaj yeem pom hauv cov pej xeem sau phau ntawv "Trofim Denisovich Lysenko - Soviet agronomist, kws paub txog tsiaj txhu, kws yug tsiaj" (tus sau tseem ceeb N. V. Ovchinnikov), uas yog sau los ntawm cov lus qhuas qhuas hais txog tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb. Tshwj xeeb, koj tuaj yeem pom hauv phau ntawv no cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev tsim caj ces nyob hauv lub npe "Fly-lovers-misanthropists" sau los ntawm Alexander Studitsky los ntawm 1949. Yuri Mukhin tau tshaj tawm "Tus Poj Niam Tsis Ncaj Ncees Genetics: Kev Paub Txog Lub Ntiaj Teb lossis Tus Pub?" nrog kev tshaj tawm 4,000 daim ntawv. Thiab twb dhau los ua qhov tsis sib xws zoo li phau ntawv nthuav tawm ntawm lub tsev tshaj tawm "Samobrazovanie" nyob rau hauv lub npe "Kev Koom Tes ntawm TD Lysenko kom yeej hauv Great Patriotic War", luam tawm hauv kev luam me me ntawm 250 luam hauv xyoo 2010.
Nws yog qhov pom tseeb tias kev ua yeeb yam uas tau ua hauv xyoo 1930s-1940s hauv peb lub tebchaws tau raug cog lus kom tsis nco qab, thiab qhov kev txiav txim keeb kwm tau muab rau Trofim Lysenko zoo li tsis ncaj ncees rau ntau tus.
