Kev lag luam encryption ntawm Soviet Union. Tshooj 1

Kev lag luam encryption ntawm Soviet Union. Tshooj 1
Kev lag luam encryption ntawm Soviet Union. Tshooj 1

Video: Kev lag luam encryption ntawm Soviet Union. Tshooj 1

Video: Kev lag luam encryption ntawm Soviet Union. Tshooj 1
Video: Cov Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Nruab Nrog Cev Cov Ncauj Lus Tiv Taiv Tau :15 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Anonim

Thawj qhov kev txhim kho hauv USSR hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hnub rov qab mus rau thaum pib ntawm 20s. Lawv tau tsom mus rau encrypting lub teeb liab hais lus. Kev tsim kho tau ua raws cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv ib leeg-sab tes hloov ntawm cov suab hluav taws xob, hloov pauv hloov pauv heterodyne, kaw cov lus hais tawm ntawm qhov nruab nrab sib nqus, piv txwv li, xaim, thiab lwm yam kev tsim tawm zoo sib xws.

Tus kws tshawb fawb Soviet, tus tswv cuab sib raug zoo ntawm USSR Academy of Sciences Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bonch-Bruevich xyoo 1920 tau thov kho dua tshiab ntawm kev hloov pauv ib ntus. Nws yog dab tsi? Xav txog tias qhov kev hais lus yuav tsum tau cais yog kaw ntawm daim kab xev sib nqus. Tom qab kaw, daim kab xev raug txiav mus rau hauv qhov tawg me me, uas tom qab ntawd ua ke ua ke raws li kev txiav txim siab ua ntej kev txiav txim siab. Hauv cov ntawv sib xyaw ua ke, cov ntaub ntawv ntws tau xa mus rau cov channel ntawm kab xov tooj. Cov hauv paus ntsiab lus yooj yim ntawm kev xa cov ntaub ntawv audio ntws tau thov rov qab rau xyoo 1900 los ntawm Danish engineer Waldemar Poulsen thiab raug hu ua lub sijhawm inversion. Kaum yim xyoo tom qab, Scandinavian kws tsim txuj ci Eric Magnus Campbell Tigerstedt ua kom zoo Poulson lub tswv yim los ntawm kev thov tso cai ib ntus. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, tus txais-xov tooj tsuas yog xav paub txog qhov txheej txheem qub (tus yuam sij) rau rov kho cov khoom tawg thiab rov ua cov ntaub ntawv suab. Bonch-Bruevich tau ua tej yam nyuaj dua los ntawm kev tawm tswv yim tias txhua ntu ntawm ob peb ntu tau rov kho dua raws li lub voj voog tshwj xeeb.

Kev lag luam encryption ntawm Soviet Union. Tshooj 1
Kev lag luam encryption ntawm Soviet Union. Tshooj 1

Mikhail Alexandrovich Bonch-Bruevich

Qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev txhim kho hauv tsev tau ua tiav ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Lub Koom Haum ntawm Kev Sib Txuas ntawm Cov Tub Rog Liab, thaum, thaum xyoo 1927-28, 6 lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob cov cuab yeej tsim los ntawm NG Suetin tau tsim rau OGPU thiab tus tiv thaiv ciam teb. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub tsev haujlwm tau ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm lub xov tooj zais cia rau tus qauv ntawm GES-4. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ncauj lus ntawm kev sib tham hauv xov tooj hauv USSR tau ua pov thawj los ntawm qhov tseeb tias tag nrho pawg ntawm pawg tau koom nrog hauv qhov teeb meem no: Cov Neeg Commissariat ntawm Kev Tshaj Tawm thiab Xov Tooj, hais txog Lub Tsev Haujlwm Sib Txuas Lus ntawm Cov Tub Rog Liab, Comintern Plant, Kev Tshawb Fawb Lub Koom Haum ntawm Kev Sib Txuas Lus thiab Telemechanics ntawm Navy, Kev Tshawb Fawb Lub Koom Haum No. 20 ntawm Cov Neeg Koom Tes ntawm Kev Lag Luam Hluav Taws Xob thiab chav kuaj tshwj xeeb NKVD. Twb tau nyob hauv 30s, kev sib txuas lus tseem ceeb ntawm tsoomfwv tau muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Moscow thiab Leningrad, nrog rau Moscow thiab Kharkov. Krasnaya Zarya cog tau tsim cov khoom lag luam ntawm peb-channel high-zaus cov cuab yeej siv xov tooj SMT-34 (thaj tsam 10, 4-38, 4 kHz), uas ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau hais lus meej ntawm qhov deb ntawm 2000 km. Los ntawm nruab nrab xyoo 1931, nws muaj peev xwm tsim kom muaj kev sib txuas lus HF ntau dua lossis tsawg dua ntawm Moscow thiab cov peev ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov koomhaum koomhaum koomhaum, cov tub rog hauv nroog thiab cov chaw hauv cheeb tsam.

Tab sis txawm tias muaj kev sib txuas zoo li no, muab qib kom raug ntawm kev tshaj lij ntawm cov neeg soj xyuas, tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tau yooj yim, vim tias nws tiv thaiv tsuas yog los ntawm kev nkag ncaj qha. Qhov tseeb, qhov tam sim no muaj ntau zaus dhau los ntawm cov xov hlau, uas tsis tau hnov los ntawm ib tus neeg lub pob ntseg yam tsis ua tshwj xeeb. Ib tus neeg txais lub cim ntawm qhov yooj yim tsim daws qhov teeb meem no, thiab kev sib tham hauv xov tooj ntawm qib siab tshaj plaws tuaj yeem siv tau yam tsis muaj teeb meem. Qhov txaus siab, yav dhau los Tus Thawj Fwm Saib Xyuas Tib Neeg ntawm Yagoda tau lees paub thaum lub sijhawm nug tias nws txhob txwm cuam tshuam kev tsim cov cuab yeej tshiab rau kev tiv thaiv kab kev sib txuas lus, txij li nws tsis nkag siab yuav ua li cas txuas tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm kev sib tham hauv xov tooj nrog cov thev naus laus zis tshiab zais cia.

Lub tebchaws Soviet, ntxiv rau txhua yam, tau xav txog nws tus kheej lag hauv kev txhim kho kev sib tham hauv xov tooj tsis siv neeg, uas yuav tsum tau yuav los ntawm German Telefunken. Cov txheej txheem rau kev xa cov khoom siv no mus rau hauv Union tau txaus siab: txhua daim ntawv lo tau raug tshem tawm ntawm cov cuab yeej thiab hauv lub qhov muag huv lawv tau nthuav tawm nws nrog lawv tus kheej kev txhim kho. Kev kos npe ntawm daim ntawv cog lus tsis ua phem ntawm USSR thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees xyoo 1939 yog qhov qhia tau. Stalin tau ua txhua qhov kev sib tham nrog Hitler los ntawm Siemens xov tooj scrambler thiab Enigma encryption tshuab nqa los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees. USSR tsis muaj nws cov cuab yeej siv hauv chav kawm no. Tom qab ua tiav kev sib tham, Stalin tau caw Ribbentrop, Molotov thiab nws lub tuam txhab rau nws qhov chaw thiab tshaj tawm hais tias: "Hitler pom zoo nrog cov lus cog tseg!" Tom qab ntawd, txhua tus neeg, hauv ib txoj kev lossis lwm qhov, ua kom muaj kev sib txuas lus ncaj qha ntawm Stalin thiab Fuhrer, txawm tias tuag hauv qhov xwm txheej tsis meej, lossis ploj hauv tsev loj cuj.

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Molotov kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus thaum Lub Yim Hli 23, 1939

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Molotov thiab Ribbentrop tom qab kos npe ntawm Soviet-German Kev Pom Zoo ntawm Kev Phooj Ywg thiab Ciam Tebchaws ntawm USSR thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees

Qhov muaj peev xwm ua tsis tau zoo ntawm tsoomfwv HF kev sib txuas lus tau tshaj tawm thawj zaug hauv tsab ntawv ceeb toom los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij kws tshaj lij M. Ilyinsky thaum Lub Yim Hli 8, 1936. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov kev pabcuam tshwj xeeb txawv tebchaws hauv cov neeg ua haujlwm pabcuam kev sib txuas lus tau suav tias yog cov neeg nyiam ua haujlwm. Xyoo 1936, kev tshuaj xyuas tshwj xeeb tau ua tiav nyob ze Minsk, thaum lub xov tooj cua yoj ntev tau cuam tshuam kev sib tham hauv xov tooj ntawm qhov deb ntawm 50 metres ntawm kab kev sib txuas lus. Xyoo 1937, cov neeg sawv cev tau tshaj tawm tias tsis muaj kev tso cai txuas ntawm kab Moscow-Warsaw hauv tebchaws Poland. Ib xyoos tom qab, tus thawj coj ntawm tseem hwv tseem fwv sib txuas lus, I. Vorobyov, tau sau tsab ntawv ceeb toom uas nws tau ceeb toom txog qhov tsis muaj kev zais cia hauv Kremlin qhov kev sib tham nyob deb. Lawv tau tawm tsam sai thiab tso ib txoj hlua tshwj xeeb los txuas HF-kev sib txuas lus nrog kev sib tham hauv xov tooj ntawm Kremlin. Tab sis seem ntawm cov tsev ntawm tsoomfwv USSR txuas ntxiv siv lub nroog xov tooj sib txuas.

Tom qab ntawv ceeb toom ntau txog kev lees paub qhov tsis pub lwm tus paub ntawm kev sib tham, Cov Tib Neeg Cov Thawj Coj ntawm Kev Sib Txuas tau pib tsim cov lim tshwj xeeb tiv thaiv rau kev siv xov tooj nyob deb. Thaum pib xyoo 1941, tau siv lub cuab yeej tshwj xeeb los ua haujlwm hauv Tallinn - "lub suab nrov", uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau kev cuam tshuam ntawm HF kev sib txuas lus los ntawm cov cuab yeej siv xov tooj cua. Tom qab ntawd, qhov kev paub no tau pib siv dav hauv tsoomfwv cov chaw haujlwm ntawm Moscow thiab Leningrad. Rau txhua qhov kev tsis txaus ntseeg kev txhawj xeeb nrog cov teeb meem ntawm Western espionage ntawm thaj chaw ntawm USSR, teeb meem ntawm kev tswj hwm HF cov kab kev sib txuas lus tau qee yam tsis raug. Tsuas yog thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 5, 1941, tsab cai tau tshwm sim, hloov tag nrho cov kev sib txuas lus sib cais mus rau pawg ntawm tsoomfwv.

Nrog qhov pom kev sab hauv tsis txaus ntawm nws tus kheej cov khoom siv cais, kev tswj hwm yuav tsum tig mus rau cov tuam txhab txawv teb chaws kom tau txais kev pab. Cov neeg Asmeskas tau muab USSR nrog ib lub tshuab siv hluav taws xob rau Moscow lub chaw siv xov tooj cua hauv Moscow, thiab cov neeg German los ntawm Siemens xyoo 1936 tau sim lawv cov lej nkag ntawm kab Moscow-Leningrad. Tab sis rau qhov laj thawj pom tseeb, nws tsis muaj peev xwm cia siab rau qhov kev ntseeg tau ntawm cov xov tooj sib txuas.

Txog xyoo 1937, kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov tuam tsev muaj feem cuam tshuam ncaj ncees rau cov neeg tsim khoom sab hnub poob: yuav tsum tau siv lub cuab yeej me me uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev txiav txim siab siv lub xov tooj cua txais. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv decryption ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv cov txheej txheem ntawm qhov nyuaj sib xws tsis tau hais txog. Kev thov mus rau Switzerland (Hasler), Sweden (Ericsson), Great Britain (Standart Telephone and Cables), Belgium (Automatik Electric), Germany (Lorenz, Siemens & Halske) thiab USA (Tswb Xov Tooj). Tab sis txhua yam nws tau xaus tsis zoo - feem ntau ntawm cov tuam txhab tsis kam, thiab tus so tau thov kom tsis txaus ntseeg 40-45 txhiab daus las rau cov sijhawm ntawd tsuas yog rau kev txhim kho.

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Lub tsev ntawm lub xov tooj Hoobkas "Krasnaya Zarya" (lig 19th - thaum ntxov 20th xyoo pua)

Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov cuab yeej siv rau kev zais tsis siv neeg ntawm kev sib tham hauv xov tooj, hu ua EU inverters, tau mus ua ntu ntawm Krasnaya Zarya cog. Cov ntawv luv yog muab los ntawm cov npe ntawm cov tsim tawm tseem ceeb - KP Egorov thiab GV Staritsyn. Lawv tsis tau tso tseg ntawd, thiab xyoo 1938 lawv tau ua tiav cov cuab yeej nyuaj dua ES -2, uas muaj qhov tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev muaj peev xwm xa tawm tsis ntau dua 30% ntawm txhua cov ntawv nyeem tau rau tus neeg siv khoom - txhua yam tau ploj lawm. Tab sis encryption mus tag nrho yam tsis poob. Peb tau sim EC -2 ntawm Moscow - Sochi kab thaum Lub Yim Hli 36th thiab tuaj txog qhov xaus tias cov cuab yeej xav tau kev sib txuas lus zoo.

Txawm hais tias tag nrho cov teeb meem ntawm kev siv, thaum Lub Ib Hlis 5, 1938, tau tshaj tawm tsab cai lij choj ntawm kev tshaj tawm rau kev tsim khoom ntawm thawj lub cuab yeej siv hauv tsev rau kev cais kev sib tham hauv xov tooj. Nws tau kwv yees tias NKVD yuav tau txais kaum ob ib nrab ntawm cov khoom racks los ntawm Tsib Hlis 1 txhawm rau muab tsoomfwv kev sib txuas lus nrog lawv.

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