Cov tua hluav taws ntawm Ancient Rome. Tshooj 1

Cov tua hluav taws ntawm Ancient Rome. Tshooj 1
Cov tua hluav taws ntawm Ancient Rome. Tshooj 1

Video: Cov tua hluav taws ntawm Ancient Rome. Tshooj 1

Video: Cov tua hluav taws ntawm Ancient Rome. Tshooj 1
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Rome, nrhiav tau hauv 754 BC e., tau tsim los ntawm av nplaum, tom qab ntawd los ntawm ntoo thiab twb tau nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm nws lub caij ntuj nag - los ntawm cib thiab marble. Txoj kev hauv Rome tau nqaim vim muaj cov tsev tuab, yog li hluav taws tau ua kev puas tsuaj tiag rau cov neeg hauv nroog. Txhua leej txhua tus tau sim npaj vaj tsev nyob sab nrauv tiv thaiv phab ntsa ntawm lub nroog - tsis muaj leej twg xav nyob sab nraum lub fortress. Vim li ntawd, xyoo 213 BC. NS. lwm qhov hluav taws tau dhau los ua kev puas tsuaj loj thiab ua rau lub nroog puas tsuaj mus rau hauv av. Qhov hluav taws tau kis los ntawm ib lub tsev mus rau ib lub tsev raws lub sam thiaj ntoo, cov ntawv txuas thiab lub ru tsev. Cov neeg Loos nyob rau hnub ntawd tsis tsim lub qhov cub hauv lawv lub tsev, tab sis ua kom sov lawv tus kheej thaum yav tsaus ntuj los ntawm cov nplaim taws loj, cov pa luam yeeb uas nkag mus rau hauv qab nthab. Tsuas yog cov tsev ntawm cov neeg nplua nuj hauv nroog tau muaj cua sov kav dej. Qhov pheej hmoo ntawm kev tswj tsis tau hluav taws tau ntxiv los ntawm chav ua noj nrog qhib lub qhov cub, nrog rau lub teeb pom kev zoo ntawm cov tais roj thiab lub teeb.

Cov tua hluav taws ntawm Ancient Rome. Tshooj 1
Cov tua hluav taws ntawm Ancient Rome. Tshooj 1

Hluav Taws hauv Rome

Raws li kws lij choj Roman thiab kws sau keeb kwm Ulpian, ntau qhov hluav taws kub ntawm qhov sib txawv sib txawv tau tawg hauv lub nroog hauv ib hnub. Nyob rau tiam 1. BC NS. cov neeg nplua nuj ntawm Rome tiv thaiv lawv lub tsev nrog kev pab ntawm pab pawg tua hluav taws nrhiav los ntawm qhev. Qhov txaus siab, txhawm rau kom tau txais koob meej thiab pov npav ntawm cov pej xeem hauv kev xaiv tsa, cov tswv tsev muaj nyiaj nrog lawv pab pawg tau koom nrog kev tua hluav taws hauv nroog. Cov kws sau keeb kwm hais txog lub nroog Roman oligarch Marcus Licinius Crassus, uas tau teeb tsa nws tus kheej pab pawg tua hluav taws los ntawm Gauls. Cov neeg tua hluav taws no tseem muaj cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb rau kev xyaum ua haujlwm tua hluav taws. Crassus tau poob qis hauv keeb kwm los ntawm qhov tseeb tias, ua ntej tua hluav taws, nws tau yuav hlawv thiab cov tsev nyob sib ze kom them nyiaj. Tom qab qhov hluav taws kub tau tas, cov khoom raug kho thiab muag tau txiaj ntsig zoo. Cov neeg tua hluav taws ntawm Crassus tau ua tub rog nrog cov thoob, cov ntaiv, cov hlua thiab cov ntaub pua chaw ntub hauv cov kua txiv. Qhov hluav taws tsis tuaj yeem npog cov nplaim taws nrog cov kua qaub uas nws tau siv tau ntev ua ntej cov neeg tua hluav taws Roman nyob rau tim Nkij teb chaws thaum ub. Thawj tus tua hluav taws ntawm Rome tau muaj lawv tus kheej lub npe - "Sparteoli", lossis cov tub rog hemp, vim tias ob qho tib si hnav khaub ncaws thiab hlua ntawm Gauls raug ntes tau ua los ntawm hemp.

Cov tub ceev xwm tua hluav taws ntawm Rome tau teeb tsa los ntawm Emperor Augustus hauv 21 BC. Cov qauv suav nrog lub xeev qhev ntawm lub peev ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman - lawv tus lej ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawv tuaj yeem tshaj rau rau puas. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas lub chaw haujlwm tseem ceeb no yuav tsum yog tus thawj coj uas, ntxiv rau, tau ua lub luag haujlwm los npaj zaub mov, kev cai lij choj thiab kev txiav txim, tsim kho vaj tsev thiab txawm tias lom zem rau cov neeg hauv nroog. Ib qho ntxiv, ib tus neeg ua haujlwm tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tau zoo tua cov neeg tua hluav taws nrog rau qhov kev ua haujlwm dav. Tag nrho lub koom haum ntawm cov tua hluav taws qhev tau muab faib ua pawg ntawm 20-30 tus neeg txhua tus, uas tau nyob ruaj khov nyob rau ntau qhov chaw ntawm Rome. Cov cuab yeej ua rog, ntxiv rau ntau yam nqes, cov ntaiv thiab cov thoob, yog cov pam pam loj loj, uas tau siv los npog lub tsev uas nyob ib sab ntawm qhov hluav taws kub, ua ntej lawv ntub lawv. Cov ntaub thaiv npog "ntub" no tau ua hauv cov tsev tshwj xeeb hauv Rome.

Muab qee zaum muaj kev phom sij txaus ntshai ntawm kev tua hluav taws, cov tub ceev xwm tau saib xyuas kev qhuab qhia zoo hauv cov tub ceev xwm tua hluav taws. Kev tsis saib xyuas thaum saib xyuas yog raug nplua nplua. Ib tus thawj coj ntawm cov neeg tshem tawm (tus tswv) tau raug nplua qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tso tawm lub khw muag cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thaum lub sijhawm tsis raug.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev ntsuas no tsis ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb - Rome tau kub hnyiab tas li, rov tsim dua thiab hlawv dua. Los ntawm lub xyoo txhiab thib ob, Rome yog lub nroog muaj neeg nyob coob tshaj plaws nyob hauv Europe thiab yog lub chaw tswj hwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub tebchaws. Yog li ntawd, qhov poob los ntawm hluav taws tuaj yeem tsoo tag nrho lub xeev. Hauv 6 BC. NS. nplaim taws tau rov ua dua lub nroog, thiab huab tais Augustus tau sib sau los tshem tawm tag nrho cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg tua hluav taws, nrog rau ntau tus neeg nyob hauv. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tua hluav taws tau qhia meej rau tus tswv ntawm lub tebchaws uas 600 tus neeg tsis txaus los tiv thaiv lub nroog, thiab cov qhev tsis tau mob siab rau tua hluav taws. Qhov no yog li cas cov pab pawg ntawm cov neeg tua hluav taws raug tso tawm, suav nrog xya pawg ntawm 7 txhiab tus neeg. Sij hawm dhau los, nws tau nthuav dav mus rau 16 txhiab, tab sis kev ua haujlwm ntawm tub ceev xwm tau ntxiv - kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv tub sab, nrog rau kev tswj hwm txoj kev teeb pom kev zoo. Hauv tiam neeg no, qhov kev pabcuam tua hluav taws ntawm Ancient Rome twb yog cov tub rog ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv ib lub chaw haujlwm. Cov hnub nyoog ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm no muaj hnub nyoog 18 txog 47 xyoos, thiab coj ob tus neeg ywj pheej thiab qhev uas tau tso tawm hauv lub tebchaws. Cov pab pawg tau hais los ntawm pawg neeg uas muaj kev paub txog tub rog, tab sis tsis yog koom nrog cov thawj coj. Hauv qhov kev pabcuam no, lawv raug ntaus, thiab rau qee qhov kev ua txhaum lawv tuaj yeem xa los ntawm lub peev mus rau ib puag ncig ntawm lub tebchaws. Txawm li cas los xij, kuj tseem muaj cov nyiaj tshwj xeeb - tom qab rau xyoo kev pabcuam, cov neeg tua hluav taws tuaj yeem suav rau kev ua neeg xam xaj Loos, thiab tom qab lub sijhawm no tau txo mus rau peb xyoos. Ntawm lub taub hau ntawm pab tub rog yog "tus thawj ntawm kev tsaug zog" - yog ib tus neeg muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws ntawm Rome los ntawm chav kawm ntawm equestrians, uas tau nyob hauv qhov chaw thib plaub hauv cov thawj tswj hwm.

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Ancient Rome

Lub nroog Loos nyob rau hnub ntawd tau muab faib ua plaub lub nroog - ob qhov rau ib pab pawg tua hluav taws. Thaum muaj hluav taws loj, cov nyob ib puag ncig tau pab kev tua hluav taws. Kev tiv thaiv lub nroog los ntawm hluav taws tau teeb tsa los ntawm ko taw thiab nees saib xyuas, nrog rau cov ntawv nyob ruaj ruaj ntawm tus yees. Ib qho ntxiv, Roman kev coj noj coj ua tau saib xyuas cov khoom siv dej, uas xya xya puas lub pas dej (qhov dej) tau khawb hauv nroog ib zaug. Cov neeg tua hluav taws raug kaw nyob rau hauv Loos tau muaj cov chav dav, nyob nrog cov pob zeb ci thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov mlom nrog kab. Cov neeg tua hluav taws lawv tus kheej tau pw hauv chav uas qhib rau hauv chav. Nws tau nyob hauv qhov kev pabcuam tua hluav taws ntawm Rome uas thawj qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov chaw tua hluav taws tau tshwm sim. Muaj cov neeg koom nrog kho thiab kho cov twj siv tes (siphonaries), nrog rau kev mus ncig hauv nroog thiab tuaj yeem nrhiav dej sai rau tua (aquaria). Ib feem ntawm cov tub ceev xwm tua hluav taws yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev rhuav tshem cov txheej txheem hlawv thiab rub tawm cov cav kub (kryuchniks thiab sickles). Cov neeg tua hluav taws hauv Roman kuj tseem muaj cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig nrog daim ntaub thiab xav tias cov ntaub pua chaw ntub nrog cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, pov rau saum cov hluav taws. Ib chav cais yog ib puas (ib puas xyoo) cov neeg cawm seej uas yog lub luag haujlwm tshem neeg tawm ntawm thaj chaw hlawv. Thiab thaum lub sijhawm hluav taws kub, ballistaria tau koom nrog pov pob zeb los ntawm lawv cov ballistas ntawm cov tsev uas muaj nplaim taws txhawm rau txo cov nplaim taws.

Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm Roman cov tub rog tua hluav taws yog lub kaus mom hlau, tsis txawv ntau los ntawm lub taub hau zoo ib yam ntawm cov tub rog hauv Rome. Yav tom ntej, nws yog "style" ntawm lub kaus mom hlau uas yuav dhau los ua lub hom phiaj rau kev coj ua ntawm txhua qhov kev pabcuam tua hluav taws hauv ntiaj teb.

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Ancient Rome cov neeg tua hluav taws lub kaus mom hlau

Dab tsi yog ntu ntawm kev ua ntawm cov tub ceev xwm tua hluav taws thaum ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev? Tus thawj coj, uas yog pawg neeg, tau teeb tsa cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib cais hauv cov saw los ntawm lub pas dej, uas tau qhia los ntawm "navigator" ntawm thoob dej yug ntses. Nrog cov thoob, cov neeg tua rog tau hla cov dej ib leeg mus rau qhov chaw tua hluav taws. Lub twj tso kua mis ua haujlwm, tso dej los ntawm cov qhov dej nyob ze lossis chaw tso dej. Lub hauv paus tau ua haujlwm ncaj qha nrog hluav taws, ntuav khaub ncaws nrog kua txiv ntau dhau ntawm cov nplaim taws, thiab cov nqaj nrog cov laum tau rhuav tshem lub tsev hlawv. Qee lub sij hawm nws tsim nyog los rhuav tshem cov tsev nyob ze kom hluav taws tsis tuaj yeem kis mus rau thaj chaw loj - rau qhov no, siv cov pob zeb pov pob nrog cov neeg ntaus pob ntaus pob. Feem ntau, txoj hauv kev feem ntau ntawm kev tua hluav taws loj tsis tau tso tseg, tab sis tshem qhov chaw ib puag ncig lub tsev uas hlawv.

Qhov teeb meem ntawm kev lav phib xaub rau teeb meem phom sij tau hais nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 5. BC NS. nyob rau hauv lub monument ntawm Roman txoj cai thaum ub "Txoj Cai ntawm Kaum Ob Lub Rooj". Tus neeg tua hluav taws, raws li daim ntawv no, yuav tsum "raug muab pov tseg thiab, tom qab nplawm, muab tus neeg uas tau tua hluav taws rau cov tsev lossis cov qhob cij sib sau ua ke nyob ze lub tsev, yog tias nws tau txhob txwm ua." Cov thawj coj tau tshuaj xyuas chav ua noj, saib xyuas qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov qhov cub, tshuaj xyuas qhov muaj dej rau tua hluav taws, thiab tseem tuaj yeem raug foob, suav nrog kev ua txhaum cai. Raws li ib txwm muaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tswv tsev tsis zoo raug ntaus. Yog li, hauv ib qho ntawm cov lus qhia ntawm Huab Tais ntawm Sab Qaum Teb mus rau cov neeg saib xyuas hmo ntuj, nws tau hais tias: "Cov neeg xauj tsev thiab cov neeg uas tsis saib xyuas lawv cov hluav taws tuaj yeem raug nplua nrog pas nrig lossis nplawm ntawm koj qhov kev xaj. Yog tias nws muaj pov thawj tias lawv txhob txwm ua rau hluav taws, tom qab ntawd muab lawv xa mus rau Fabius Iilon, tus thawj coj hauv nroog thiab peb tus phooj ywg. " Dab tsi Fabius Iilon tuaj yeem ua nrog cov neeg tua hluav taws yog ib tus neeg kwv yees.

Yuav tsum txuas ntxiv….

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