Kev kawm tshuaj lom neeg
Hlau, manganese, chromium, roj, roj hmab, txhuas, txhuas, npib tsib xee, cobalt, antimony, arsenic, mercury, molybdenum, tungsten, pob zeb diamond, sulfur, sulfuric acid, graphite thiab phosphates yog ntawm cov khoom siv tsis tau hloov pauv uas cov phiaj xwm kev vam meej vam khom kev sib ntaus hauv Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II. Cov ntsiab lus no ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv kev siv tshuab. Tus kws tshaj lij Alexander Evgenievich Fersman tau hais ib zaug tias tsawg kawg peb caug lub ntsiab lus yuav tsum tau ua rau lub tank, thiab txhua lub dav hlau sib ntaus ya mus yuav luag tsib caug lub ntsiab lus. Ntxiv nrog rau qhov xav tau ntau ntawm txhuas thiab tooj liab, "cov vitamins" tiag tiag ntawm kev lag luam tub rog yog npib tsib xee nrog molybdenum ("hlau ntawm cov cuab yeej tso tsheb hlau luam"), ua nrog antimony (roj teeb, chrome tiv thaiv xim, menyuam yaus, mos txwv, thiab lwm yam), tungsten nrog cobalt (cores ntawm sub-caliber shells, cuab yeej hlau) thiab mercury nrog zirconium (primers, cov tshuaj tua hluav taws, cov hmoov uas tsis haus luam yeeb). Tsawg paub, tab sis tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb tsawg dua yog lithium (kev txhawb nqa lub neej hauv cov nkoj submarines), titanium thiab cov ntsev ntsev (cov ntxaij vab tshaus), bismuth (tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tshuaj kho kom zoo), thiab vanadium thiab platinum, siv los ua catalysts hauv kev lag luam roj ntawm Soviet Union.
Cov hlau tsis muaj hlau nyob hauv ntau txoj hauv kev lub cev pob txha tiag ntawm kev ua rog (raws li koj paub, roj yog ntshav). Piv txwv li, xyoo 1914, kev tawm tsam ntawm pab tub rog German poob los, raws li tus kws sau keeb kwm McNeill, yog qhov tseeb vim tias muaj tooj liab tsis txaus, uas yog ib feem ntawm cov hlau phom rau cov ntaub ntawv. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas tsarist Russia, twb tau ua tiav xyoo 1916, tau ua tiav txhua qhov ntawm nws qhov kev tshawb nrhiav cov hlau tsis muaj hlau hauv Siberia, Urals thiab Caucasus. Thiab los ntawm xyoo 1917, lwm qhov teeb meem tau tshwm sim - qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov khoom lag luam, uas ua rau tuag tes tuag taw hla kev hla cov hlau mus rau cov ntxhuav hauv Moscow thiab St. Petersburg.
Txhawm rau nkag siab txog qib ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau rau kev tsim cov khoom lag luam tub rog, Kuv yuav hais tawm cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 1941, kev faib cov khoom lag luam rau Red Army hauv cov qauv ntawm Cov Tib Neeg Txoj Cai rau Cov Hlau Tsis Muaj Hlau yog cov ntaub ntawv 60%. Txawm tias Tib Neeg Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm ntawm Hnyav Engineering, tsuas yog ib nrab ntawm kev tsim khoom mus rau pab tub rog. Thiab twb nyob rau lub Xya Hli 1941, kev faib khoom ntawm cov khoom lag luam tub rog los ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm ntawm Cov Hlau Tsis Hlau Hlau tau dhia los ntawm 15%. Thiab yav tom ntej, tsoomfwv tau ua txhua yam ua tau kom ntseeg tau tias tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov hlau uas tsis yog hlau tsis zoo. Yog li ntawd, twb dhau lub Xya Hli 28, 1941, USSR Cov Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm Cov Kws Tiv Thaiv tau qhia kom xa 10 tus tub rog tsim kho los pab cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm Ural aluminium cog. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, lub peev xwm ntawm ib ntawm ob peb lub lag luam txhuas tau nce sai dua.
Kuj tseem muaj qhov tsis txaus nyob hauv Soviet Union nyob rau lub sijhawm ua ntej ua tsov rog, nrog rau kev lag luam nkag mus rau Great Patriotic War. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, qhov no yog qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau, uas ua rau ob qho kev npaj rau kev tsim khoom siv rau pej xeem thiab cov khoom lag luam tub rog raug kev txom nyem. Kev tsim cov cartridges raug kev txom nyem: qhov nruab nrab, txij xyoo 1930 txog 1933, feem pua ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv sib txawv los ntawm 38.8 txog 57. Lub sijhawm no, cov phom loj tsis tau tua txawm tias ib nrab ntawm qhov xav tau - xyoo 1932 qhov kev txiav txim tau ua tiav. los ntawm 16.7%. Thiab yav tom ntej, qhov xwm txheej no tsis tau thim rov qab kiag li. Qhov teeb meem thib ob hauv kev tsim riam phom thiab, raws li, kev siv cov hlau tsis muaj hlau kim, yog qhov feem ntau ntawm cov pov tseg. Yog li, hauv thawj tsib xyoos kev npaj, hauv kev tsim cov foob pob hluav taws, txog li 60% ntawm cov hlau tau pov tseg, hauv kev tsim cov tshuab siv phom loj - txog li 70%. Txog kev sib piv, hauv tebchaws Askiv, cov nqi pov tseg ntau dua li ib nrab.
Aluminium tshaib plab
Qhov pib ntawm Great Patriotic War tau ua rau muaj kev poob siab loj rau cov hlau tsis muaj hlau - kev tsim cov hlau ntxig tau poob 430 zaug. Hauv qab Cov Neeg German yog cov chaw tsim khoom uas muab cov npib tsib xee, tooj liab, magnesium, zinc, lub teb chaws poob mus txog 60% ntawm txhuas tseem ceeb. Muaj teeb meem loj nrog txhuas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Thaum xub thawj, ua ntej tsov rog, nws muaj peev xwm tsim ntau lub tuam txhab rau kev zom cov hlau uas muaj txiaj ntsig no. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 1930, kev tsim kho tau pib ntawm Volkhov Aluminium Smelter, uas tau cim los ntawm thawj qhov tawg hauv xyoo 1932. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas cov neeg txom nyem Tikhvin bauxite tsis yog thawj lub hom phiaj yuav siv rau Volkhov Kev Sib Koom - cov kws tshaj lij ntawm American Aluminium Company ALCOA tsis tuaj yeem pab cov kws hlau hlau hauv Soviet li. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws siv tshuaj lom neeg hauv tsev-thev naus laus zis tau daws qhov teeb meem no. Lub tuam txhab muaj zog tshaj plaws rau kev tsim cov txhuas hauv USSR yog Dneprovsky Combine, uas xyoo 1937 suav txog li 70% ntawm tag nrho cov hlau hauv lub tebchaws. Los ntawm txoj kev, ib xyoos ua ntej lub tebchaws tau txais qhov chaw thib ob hauv Tebchaws Europe (tom qab Nazi Lub Tebchaws Yelemees) hauv txhuas txhuam hniav. Qhov no yog kev faib tawm ntawm Ural Aluminium Smelter, uas tau mus txog nws lub peev xwm tsim xyoo 1939. Tab sis txawm tias qhov no tsis txaus rau kev lag luam ntawm Soviet Union. Yog li, hauv kev ua rog ua ntej xyoo 1940 (IV lub hlis twg), kev xa cov khoom lag luam txhuas tau ua tiav los ntawm 81 feem pua. "Aluminium tshaib plab" muaj qhov tsis zoo rau kev tsim cov dav hlau tub rog - xyoo 1941 nws tau npaj tseg, zoo tshaj plaws, rau tag nrho lub tebchaws kom tau txais 90 txhiab tons ntawm "tis hlau" thaum xav tau kev lag luam dav hlau ib leeg yog 87 txhiab. tons. Qhov twg kom tau txais lwm 20 txhiab tons rau lwm qhov kev xav tau, nws tsis meej. Kev lag luam aviation tsis tsuas yog raug kev poob ntau - qhov zoo ntawm lub dav hlau hauv 30s poob qis dua cov qauv ntiaj teb. Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuab tis tau feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw: ntoo fuselages thiab hlau tis, ntxiv rau ntoo tis thiab lub cev fuselage hlau los ntawm trusses npog nrog canvas. Qhov tseeb, tsuas yog cov foob pob ntawm TB-3, SB thiab IL-4 hom tuaj yeem ua tiav ntawm duralumin.
Txog kev sib piv, peb nthuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, uas los ntawm 1937 txog 1939 tau nce tag nrho cov khoom siv txhuas los ntawm 120 txhiab tons mus rau 192 txhiab tons. Thiab xyoo 1941, Cov neeg German feem ntau tswj tau yaj cov ntaub ntawv 324 txhiab tons! Qhov no yog ib qho zais cia ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm kev tsav dav hlau German - tsuas yog muaj txhuas ntau. USSR tsis tau pab ntau npaum li cov khoom siv txhuas los ntawm txawv teb chaws - txij xyoo 1938 txog 1940, kev xa khoom poob los ntawm 7652 tons mus rau qhov tsis txaus 513 tons. Ntau qhov txo cov khoom siv vim yog kev ua tsov rog (Fabkis thiab Norway), thiab Asmeskas txiav cov khoom xa tawm vim yog kev ua tub rog ntawm Soviet Union kev lag luam.
Ntawm ntau qhov phiaj xwm ntawm Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Lag Luam nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1940 yog kev tsim kho ob lub tshuab milling uas muaj peev xwm ntawm 20 txhiab tons txhua. Txawm tias tom qab ntawd tau nkag siab tias los ntawm 1943 kev lag luam yuav xav tau txog 120 txhiab tons ntawm txhuas txhua xyoo. Nws tau npaj los faib ntau txog ib nrab lab nyiaj rau kev tsim kho, thiab ntxiv 63, 5 lab tau xav tias yuav siv rau hauv cov kav xa dej-nias lub tsev thiab rov tsim kho tsob ntoo No. 95, uas koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov duralumin.. Kuj tseem muaj phiaj xwm yuav ib chav Junghaus txuas ntxiv los ntawm cov neeg German rau 3 lab rubles. Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, cov nroj tsuag txhuas tau tsim nyob hauv Kandalaksha tuaj yeem pab tau, tab sis ua ntej kev tawm tsam ntawm kev ua tsov rog nws tsis tau ua haujlwm. Xyoo 1941, cov phiaj xwm tau rov kho dua. Txog xyoo 1942, 175 txhiab tons ntawm cov hlau uas muaj tis yuav tsum tau yaj. Muaj kev kub taub hau txhawm rau caum nrog German tub rog-kev ua haujlwm nyuaj hauv txhuas tsim khoom, lossis tsawg kawg kaw qhov sib txawv. Txawm tias kev txawj ntse tau pab txuag hlau hauv lub sijhawm "aluminium tshaib plab". Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 15, 1940, los ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm Loj rau Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Tib Neeg, tau txhais cov lus txiav txim No. 39 thiab No. 47 ntawm German Reich Tus Thawj Coj raws li cov ntaub ntawv tau txais. Lawv tau tham txog qhov laj thawj thiab qhov muaj peev xwm txuag tau cov hlau tsis muaj hlau, nrog rau kev txwv tsis pub siv lawv hauv ntau cov khoom.
Cov neeg German xav tias yuav pab Soviet Russia nrog cov khoom lag luam txhuas hauv xyoo 1941. Tom qab Tebchaws Europe tau nyob, thiab cov neeg Asmeskas tau "chim siab" rau peb, lub tebchaws kev coj noj coj ua tsis muaj kev xaiv tab sis tig mus rau qhov muaj peev xwm ua yeeb ncuab rau kev pab. Raws li kev pom zoo ntawm kev sib koom khoom siv txij lub Tsib Hlis 11, 1941 txog rau Lub Yim Hli 1, 1942, tsawg kawg 20 txhiab tons ntawm txhuas tau tuaj rau USSR los ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Keeb kwm, raws li koj paub, tau hloov pauv txhua yam. Nrog qhov pib ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm Barbarossa txoj phiaj xwm, ob lub tuam txhab txhuas loj - Dneprovsky thiab Volkhovsky cov nroj tsuag - nyob hauv qab tus yeeb ncuab. Tsuas muaj ib tsob ntoo sab laug uas koom nrog hauv kev zom cov hlau uas muaj tis - Ural txhuas cog.
Thaum kawg, Kuv yuav hais cov lus ntawm ib tus neeg tim khawv pom qhov kev kaw ntawm Dneprovsky aluminium cog, uas tau luam tawm hauv phau ntawv "Cov hlau tsis muaj hlau nyob rau lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Loj Patriotic":
"Nws yog qhov txias me ntsis, pom tseeb, tshav ntuj thaum sawv ntxov. Cov dav hlau yeeb ncuab hla mus rau Sab Hnub Poob. Cov phom loj hnyav ntawm qhov kev sib hais thib rau pib los ntawm sab xis. Lub Yim Hli 18, 1941, tus xa xov hluav taws xob tau xaj lub chaw hloov hluav taws xob kom tua hluav taws. Lub tsheb npav qhov hluav taws xob poob rau xoom; txhua lub tshuab hluav taws xob tau nres, thiab tom qab ob peb feeb muaj qhov tsis meej nyob hauv qhov chaw hloov chaw. Tag nrho peb cov nroj tsuag ntawm Glavaluminium tau nres ntawm qhov nrawm nrog lub qhov cub tawg, cov khoom siv nrog cov kev daws teeb meem, cov tshuab hluav taws xob nrog molten electrolyte thiab txhuas."
Lub tebchaws tau nkag mus rau hauv kev ua tsov rog ntev, thiab "kev tshaib nqhis txhuas" tau hnov tshwj xeeb.
Qhov kawg ua raws …
