Polish chivalry. Los ntawm Boleslav Brave mus rau Vladislav Jagiellon

Cov txheej txheem:

Polish chivalry. Los ntawm Boleslav Brave mus rau Vladislav Jagiellon
Polish chivalry. Los ntawm Boleslav Brave mus rau Vladislav Jagiellon

Video: Polish chivalry. Los ntawm Boleslav Brave mus rau Vladislav Jagiellon

Video: Polish chivalry. Los ntawm Boleslav Brave mus rau Vladislav Jagiellon
Video: Nkauj kho siab : NIAM TXIV TSIS KOOM SIAB hu tau kho siab heev li 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Anonim

"Thaum Poland tseem tsis tau tuag …"

Cov ntshav ntshav dai hla Poland, Thiab cov dej liab tau hlawv lub nroog.

Tab sis lub hnub qub ci hauv qhov ci ntawm ib puas xyoo dhau los.

Hauv qab nthwv dej liab, nce, Vistula tab tom quaj.

Sergey Yesenin, tus thawj coj. Sonnet "Poland")

Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Niaj hnub no peb tseem txiav txim siab txog kev ua tub rog ntawm Tebchaws Europe los ntawm 1050 txog 1350, uas cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm txawv teb chaws niaj hnub no xav txog "lub sijhawm xa ntawv." Niaj hnub no peb lub ntsiab lus yuav yog lub hauv paus ntawm Poland. Zoo, cia peb pib nrog nws zaj dab neeg …

Duab
Duab

Los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Prince Meshko …

Lub xeev Polish tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 10th nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Mieszko los ntawm Piast tsev neeg, leej twg nyob rau xyoo 966 txiav txim siab hloov mus ua kev ntseeg raws li kev cai Catholic. Tub Vaj Ntxwv Boleslav Lub Siab Loj (kav 992-1025) thaum kawg tau koom nrog tebchaws Poland, yog li los ntawm 1100 Poland yog tus tswv yuav luag tib thaj chaw ib yam li niaj hnub no, tshwj tsis yog Pomerania ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Baltic thiab thaj av Prussian yav qab teb. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm no hauv tebchaws Poland lub sijhawm muaj kev sib cav sib ceg tsis ncaj ncees (1138-1320) thiab kev sib cav sib cav pib. Thiab feem ntau tau tshwm sim hauv lwm thaj av, kev thov rov hais dua ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vladislav Kev Tawm Tsam xyoo 1157 rau Frederick I Barbarossa kom tau txais kev pab, coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias Tebchaws Poland tom qab ntawd poob rau hauv kev fief vam khom los ntawm Lub Tebchaws German rau ib puas xyoo. Cov neeg Polish nyob nruab nrab nruab nrab tau hais lus thuam cov neeg German rau lawv txoj kev khav theeb, thiab tseem liam lawv ntawm ntau yam kev xav. Cov neeg German tau hu ua "kooj" thiab raug rau txim rau "kev siab phem". Tus kws kho mob Gall Anonymous liam Chekhov ntawm "kev ntxeev siab" thiab "kev ua tub sab". Russia kuj tau txais nws los ntawm nws. Nws suav nrog nws cov yam ntxwv tsis ncaj ncees xws li "kev ua phem" thiab "kev nqhis dej". Tsuas yog nyob hauv Casimir III the Great nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th puas tau Poland thaum kawg tswj kom rov los ua lub tebchaws, thiab tom qab ntawd xyoo 1349 Casimir III tuaj yeem ntes Galich thiab Lvov. Tom qab ntau qhov kev sib tw ntawm Chervonnaya Rus hauv 1366, nws kuj tau tswj kom ntes Volhynia thiab Podolia, ntxiv lub yeeb koob thiab lub zog rau nws tus kheej.

Cov phooj ywg uas tau dhau los ua yeeb ncuab

Cov xwm txheej hauv qab no tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb rau keeb kwm ntawm Poland: xyoo 1226, cov neeg Prussians tsis ntseeg tau tawm tsam Mazovia, lub xeev nruab nrab ntawm Poland. Duke Konrad Mazowiecki tig mus rau Teutonic Order, uas dhau los ua lub npe nrov thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, thov kev pab. Cov tub rog, txawm li cas los xij, tsis tsuas yog kov yeej cov pab pawg neeg tsis ntseeg no, tabsis tseem ua "zoo li tus dev uas tom tes uas pub nws": pib tsim cov tsev fuabtais ntawm cov av Polish, lawv tau kov yeej lub nroog chaw nres nkoj ntawm Gdansk, thiab tom qab ntawd tag nrho sab qaum teb Poland, tshaj tawm lawv thaj av. Muaj zog nyob hauv lub tsev fuabtais loj ntawm Malbork thiab tswj hwm Baltic herring thiab amber kev lag luam, Kev txiav txim sai sai dhau los ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog lub zog hauv cheeb tsam.

Duab
Duab

Kev lig kev cai ntawm peb tus kheej thiab kev coj ua ntawm lwm tus

Raws li kev ua tub rog, cov kws sau keeb kwm sau tseg qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog hla cov tub rog rau lub sijhawm tsim los ntawm lub xeev Polish ntawm sab qaum teb sab hnub poob Slavs. Cov tub rog caij nees yog cov tub rog feudal, uas yog ib txwm nyob sab Europe sab hnub tuaj, thiab cov tub rog yog cov tub rog ntawm cov nroog. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th, cov ntug dej hiav txwv Slavs kuj muaj ntau lub nkoj, nyob rau qhov twg, muaj neeg coob coob, lawv tau raided txhua txoj kev mus rau Norway. Cov tub rog tau dhau los ua ntau dua, tab sis lub teeb, thiab nws tau siv cov tswv yim ntawm cov neeg nyob sib ze Prussians thiab Lithuanians. Ntawd yog, cov neeg caij tsheb tau tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab nyob rau hauv tag nrho gallop, cuam pob tw thiab hmuv luv, thiab rov qab sai. D. Nicole suav tias nws nyob ze rau cov neeg tsis muaj npe, thiab tsis yog cov neeg nyob ntsiag to. Qhov sib txawv tsuas yog tias cov neeg caij tsheb no tsis tua hneev los ntawm lub eeb. Lawv yuav tsum tawm tsam cov neeg tsis ntseeg Prussians, Lithuanians, Samogitians ob qho tib si thaum lub caij ntuj sov thiab lub caij ntuj no, vim tias nyob rau lub caij ntuj no lawv feem ntau ua rau lawv raug ntes, coj tib neeg mus rau hauv kev poob cev qhev. Tom qab ntawd tib lub tswv yim tau txais los ntawm lawv los ntawm cov tub rog-cov neeg tawg rog, uas tua cov txiv neej, tab sis sim ntes ntau tus poj niam thiab menyuam yaus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, twb tau nyob rau xyoo pua 13th, ntau tus thawj coj ntawm Slavic uas tam sim no yog cov xeev Baltic ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees dhau los ua cov tswv cuab ntawm cov ntseeg German tub rog. Ib qho ntxiv, nws tsis tuaj yeem tab sis kov cov tub rog Polish lub tswv yim ntawm kev tso Dawb Huv Sepulcher. Yog li, cov neeg tawg rog Polish tau hais hauv 1147, thaum tus tub huabtais Polish Vladislav mus rau Outremer. Xya xyoo tom qab, uas yog xyoo 1154, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Henryk ntawm Sandomierz tuaj txog ntawd, uas, nrog nws cov tub rog, koom nrog hauv kev tiv thaiv Ascolon. Rov qab los rau Tebchaws Poland, nws tau caw Knights ntawm Qhov Kev Txiav Txim ntawm Hospitallers rau Malopolska, uas tau tsim lawv komturia ntawm no. Xyoo 1162 Serbian-Luzhitsky tub huabtais Jaksa los ntawm Kopanitsa tau caw Knights ntawm Templar Order rau Poland. Thiab qee tus neeg tub rog Polish muaj Gerland, thaum nyob hauv Palestine, tsis yog koom nrog Hospitaller Order, tab sis tau mus txog txoj haujlwm hwm hauv nws. Ntau tus tub rog tau mus rau Sab Hnub Tuaj ntawm lawv tus kheej. Yog li, xyoo 1347, tus kws tshaj lij Fab Kis Philippe de Masere tau ntsib hauv Yeluxalees tus tub rog Polish Voychech ntawm Pakhost, uas ua tus coj txawv txawv, tab sis muaj lub siab xav zoo, cog lus tias yuav sawv mus txog thaum Saracens raug ntiab tawm ntawm thaj av Dawb Huv.

Polish chivalry. Los ntawm Boleslav Brave mus rau Vladislav Jagiellon
Polish chivalry. Los ntawm Boleslav Brave mus rau Vladislav Jagiellon

Tau kawg, Cov neeg Slavs Polish yeej tsis tau "Germanized" ntau heev, tab sis qhov tseeb tias, pib xyoo 1226, lawv tau nyob hauv German muaj zog thiab lawv cov koom haum ua tub rog tau ua lawv qhov piv txwv tseem ceeb. Thiab tom qab ntawd los txog xyoo 1241, yeej ntawm Legnica, uas qhia pom tias muaj peev xwm tua hneev taw los ntawm tus nees txhais li cas rau tus neeg caij tsheb. Tab sis, nws tsis hloov dab tsi! Kev lig kev cai yog kev lig kev cai. Cov kab lis kev cai ntawm nomads los ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj yog neeg txawv tebchaws mus rau Poles. Yog li ntawd, hneev, txawm hais tias lawv tau siv los ntawm lawv txij li lub xyoo pua X, tseem yog riam phom tsuas yog rau cov tub rog Polish, tab sis tsis yog rau cov neeg caij nees! Hauv tib lub xyoo X, kev ua tub rog ntawm Poles tau nyob ze rau German ib yam li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lawv cov neeg nyob sib ze, piv txwv li, hauv tib Pannonia. Ib qho ntxiv, nws yog los ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees uas feem ntau ntaj tau xa mus rau Tebchaws Poland, nrog rau lub taub hau thiab lwm yam riam phom. Muaj tseeb, qee hom riam phom, xws li rab riam ntev thiab lub kaus mom hlau ntawm cov yam ntxwv qhia, tseem yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lawv cov khoom siv Slavic.

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Hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th, Lub Tebchaws Poland tau pib tawg mus rau ntau lub hauv paus loj, tab sis qhov no tsis tso tseg txoj kev ntawm "Westernization". Cov hneev taw pib hloov hneev ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog, thiab cov cuab yeej siv tub rog tau dhau los zoo ib yam li hauv Tebchaws Yelemees lossis Bohemia, txawm hais tias qee qhov qub dhau los. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tub rog caij tsheb kuj tseem muaj, cov tswv yim uas tseem pom qee qhov tshwj xeeb sab hnub tuaj. Ntxiv mus, Mongol ntxeem tau ntawm Poland coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias, thaum tswj hwm lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog hnyav, lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub teeb cavalry pib loj hlob ib yam. Cov tub huabtais Polish pib nrhiav cov tub rog caij nees los ntawm Golden Horde, thiab siv lawv lub zog los tua cov yeeb ncuab.

Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias tus tub ceev xwm Polish - tus neeg siab zoo, tau qiv nyiaj sai heev rau txhua tus neeg sab hnub poob kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev coj noj coj ua, thiab nws yog tub rog kev coj noj coj ua uas muaj kev sib xyaw zoo heev. Cov ntawv sau tshiab hauv tsev hais plaub hauv tebchaws hais txog Walzezh Udal, txog Peter Vlast tau tshwm sim, thiab tus ntsuj plig ntawm kev taug kev thiab nqhis dej rau kev taug txuj kev nyuaj tau coj mus rau qhov tseeb uas twb tau nyob hauv XII-XIII ib puas xyoo lawm. muaj ntawv ceeb toom txog cov tub rog Polish uas tau ua haujlwm hauv tsev hais plaub ntawm cov thawj coj txawv teb chaws, piv txwv li, hauv Bavaria, Austria, Hungary, ntxiv rau hauv Czech koom pheej, Saxony, Serbia, hauv Russia thiab txawm tias yog pagan Lithuania. Piv txwv li, Knight Boleslav Vysoky, tau koom nrog hauv kev sib tw ntawm Frederick Barbarossa hauv Ltalis thiab hauv kev sib tw, tau teeb tsa txoj cai hauv qab phab ntsa ntawm ib puag ncig Milan, thiab ua tiav kom nws yeej qhov kev pom zoo ntawm huab tais nws tus kheej. Lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab hauv tebchaws Poland, raws li cov cim ntawm lub meej mom ncaj ncees, tau tshwm sim me ntsis tom qab hauv Tebchaws Europe Sab Hnub Poob, qhov uas lawv tau paub txij thaum xyoo pua 12th. Txawm li cas los xij, twb tau nyob hauv lub xyoo pua 13th, thawj cov duab ntawm lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab hauv tebchaws Poland tau pom ntawm cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj ntawm cov thawj coj, thiab nyob rau xyoo pua 14th, cov tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab uas yog cov tub rog Polish tuaj yeem pom nyob hauv ntau lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm Western Europe. Ntawd yog, qhov no qhia tias cov tub rog Polish tuaj rau hauv cov tebchaws no, koom nrog hauv kev sib tw uas tau tshwm sim nyob ntawd thiab cov lus tshaj tawm yuav tsum suav nrog lawv hauv cov ntaub ntawv sau ua ke, yog li tham "rau tiam neeg ua piv txwv." Raws li, ntau tus tub rog ntawm Fabkis, Askiv, Spain, tsis hais txog Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, tuaj rau tebchaws Poland, tau cog lus tias yuav tua cov neeg tsis ntseeg. Thiab ntawm no thaj chaw dav rau kev ua haujlwm tau qhib rau lawv, vim tias muaj ntau dua li cov neeg tsis ntseeg txaus nyob ntawm no! Qhov xwm txheej no tau piav qhia zoo heev hauv Henryk Sienkiewicz zaj dab neeg tshiab The Crusaders. Nws kuj tseem qhia tau li cas, ntawm ib sab, Cov neeg tub rog Polish lawv tus kheej tau "ua rau sab hnub poob"; lawv tsis txawv ntawm tus tub rog thib plaub ntawm Tebchaws Europe hauv lawv cov khaub ncaws, riam phom, lossis kev lis kev cai, tab sis ntawm lwm qhov, lawv tseem tseem yog tus ncej hauv lawv lub siab! Qhov txaus siab, lub tsho Polish ntawm caj npab muaj ntau dua "kev ywj pheej" dua li cov neeg sab hnub poob, tsis yog tus kheej ntau npaum li tsev neeg (qee zaum ib lub tsho ntawm caj npab suav nrog ntau pua tsev neeg!) tsis muaj cov cim ntawm kev hwm, piv txwv li, cov duab saum toj no lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm cov yas los yog miter.

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Lub kaus mom hlau zoo nkauj yog lub taub hau ntawm txhua yam

Thaum lub sijhawm keeb kwm peb tab tom piav qhia, ob hom kaus mom hlau tau siv hauv tebchaws Poland, uas tau lees paub los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm keeb kwm. Thawj qhov - "Great Polish" yog lub kaus mom hlau ntawm hom sab hnub tuaj, lawv tau tsim hauv … sab hnub tuaj Iran (!), Feem ntau yog dai kom zoo nkauj - feem ntau yog npog nrog cov ntawv kub lossis tooj liab. Yuav luag conical hauv cov duab, cov kaus mom hlau no tau sib sau ua ke los ntawm plaub ntu siv rivets. Pommel tau hnav nrog cov ntoo, rau cov sultan los ntawm cov plaub hau lossis los ntawm plaub. Sab qis ntawm lub kaus mom ntawm lub kaus mom hlau tau txhawb ntxiv nrog cov ntug, uas tau txuas cov saw aventail txuas, uas tsis yog npog lub caj dab nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog ib feem ntawm lub ntsej muag. Lo lus nug: lawv nyob hauv X-XIII ib puas xyoo. tau los ntawm Iran mus rau Poland? Nws ntseeg tias thaum xub thawj lawv tau muab rau Russia, qhov uas lawv tau kis mus, thiab los ntawm qhov ntawd lawv tau mus rau Poland thiab Hungary. Thaj, qhov no yog qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev siv riam phom, yog li cov kaus mom hlau tuaj yeem raug xaj hauv ntau pawg. Zoo, cia peb hais, tus thawj coj rau lawv cov neeg raug kaw, kom ua rau lawv cov neeg zej zog muaj kev nplua nuj. Hauv tag nrho, plaub lub kaus mom zoo li no tau pom hauv tebchaws Poland nws tus kheej, ob qho nyob rau sab hnub poob Prussia, ib qho hauv Hungary thiab ob sab hnub poob Russia. Ib lub kaus mom zoo li no tau nthuav tawm ntawm Royal Arsenal hauv Leeds, Askiv. Los ntawm txoj kev, kev sib raug zoo ntawm Europe thiab Asia tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob hauv qhov no. Nco ntsoov cov lus piav qhia yooj yim ntawm nto moo Trajan's Column. Muaj peb pom Syrian hneev tua hneev taw hauv tus yam ntxwv ntawm "kev coj tus yam ntxwv". Yog, Roman faj tim teb chaws (Sab Hnub Poob) poob, tab sis Byzantium tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv xa tawm hom riam phom nrov, nws tuaj yeem mus rau Russia raws Caspian Hiav Txwv thiab Volga, yog li … "kev ua tsov rog yog tsov rog, thiab kev lag luam yog kev lag luam." Nws tau ua thiab yuav ib txwm muaj li ntawd. Ntawm qhov tod tes, Poles lawv tus kheej tuaj yeem pib tsim lawv cov qauv nyiam ntawm riam phom sab hnub tuaj. Vim li cas tsis?

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Qhov thib ob, lossis hom Norman lub kaus mom hlau, paub hauv tebchaws Poland los ntawm ob qhov khoom cuav pom hauv Lednice thiab Orchow pas dej. Lawv kuj zoo ib yam li cov duab, tab sis ib daim forged, tsis muaj cov khoom dai, nrog lub qhov ntswg tiv thaiv phaj. Ntawm lub kaus mom hlau los ntawm Lake Lednice, muaj tus nqes me me rau ntawm nws, pom tseeb txhawm rau txhawm rau nuv ntawm cov saw hlau aventail uas npog lub ntsej muag. Thiab ntxiv, nws tuaj yeem yog ob qho "kaus mom hlau los ntawm Sab Qaum Teb" thiab lawv cov ntawv luam ntawm kev tsim khoom hauv zos.

Tom qab ntawd, ntawm cov neeg caij nees, lub npe hu ua "lub kaus mom hlau loj" pib siv, uas peb pom ntawm lub foob ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Casimir I (c. 1236 - thiab qhov no yog thawj daim duab ntawm lub kaus mom hlau paub rau peb ntawm thaj tsam ntawm Poland.

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Chain xa ntawv thiab brigandines rau tub rog thiab tub rog

Cov ntaub thaiv npog Polish thiab txawm tias lawv cov seem tseem tsis tau muaj sia nyob txog niaj hnub no. Tsis muaj ib txoj saw xa ntawv ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Kawg thaum ntxov. Tab sis muaj cov ntawv ceeb toom hais tias cov saw xa ntawv tau siv hauv tebchaws Poland, thiab thawj zaug hais txog cov cuab yeej zoo li brigandine hnub rov qab mus rau thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. Yog li, tus tub rog hnav khaub ncaws hauv nws tau piav qhia ntawm lub cim ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Henry II tus Pious (1228-1234). Peb kuj pom tus tub rog hnav lub brigandine thiab ntawm lub foob ntawm Duke Bernard ntawm Schweidnitz (puag ncig 1300 thiab 1325).

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Qhov txaus siab, txawm nyob rau xyoo pua 14th, Cov tub rog Polish tseem suav nrog cov tub rog coob. Piv txwv li, nws tau paub tias pab tub rog coj los ntawm Vladislav I Loketek (Lokotk) xyoo 1330, raws li tus kws kho mob niaj hnub, suav nrog 2,100 tus neeg caij nees hauv "cov cuab yeej hnyav", 20,000 horsemen ntawm lub teeb cavalry thiab txog 30,000 tus tub rog tub rog nrog ntau yam riam phom.

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Thawj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev siv rab phom nyob hauv tebchaws Poland rov qab rau xyoo 1383, tab sis muaj txhua qhov laj thawj ntseeg tias nws tau siv ua ntej. Tab sis twb dhau los ua vaj ntxwv kav Vladislav II Jagellon (1386 - 1434), cov phom loj ntawm ntau hom tshwm hauv tebchaws Poland ntau heev. Cov tub rog feem ntau yog cov neeg nyob hauv nroog, tab sis ntawm lawv nws tuaj yeem ntsib cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg siab zoo.

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Cov ntaub ntawv:

1. Nicolle, D. Caj npab thiab Armor ntawm Crusading Era, 1050-1350. UK. L.: Greenhill Phau Ntawv. Nqe 1.

2. Sarnecki, W., Nicolle, D. Medieval Polish Armies 966-1500. Oxford, Osprey Publishing (Men-At-Arms # 445), 2008.

Pom zoo: