Tsab ntawv rau Tub Vaj Ntxwv Mindaugas
Auj, nyob mus ib txhis! Tribesmen ntawm Mindaugas!
Kuv xav nrog koj tham
Thiab hnov qhov tseeb …
Puas yog Voruta Castle tiag? Los yog nws tsuas yog npau suav xwb?
Lina Adamonite. Tsab ntawv rau pawg neeg ntawm Prince Mindaugas (2001)
"Lub plawv ntawm" Baltic Europe "yog tsim los ntawm thaj av ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania (ua ke nrog Lub Tebchaws Poland) thiab Teutonic Order. Danish dominium maris baltici, tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub xyoo pua thib peb, maj mam muab txoj hauv kev rau German Hansa thiab kev koom ua ke ntawm Lithuanian-Polish kev ua vaj ntxwv nyob rau kaum plaub thiab kaum tsib caug xyoo."
SC Rowell, Baltic Europe, hauv: The New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 6: ua c. 1300 - ib. 1415, kho los ntawm Michael Jones, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 701.
Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Thaum Nruab Nrab Hnub Nyoog, cov xeev Baltic niaj hnub no thiab qee thaj chaw nyob sib ze nyob rau sab qab teb thiab sab hnub tuaj ntawm Hiav Txwv Baltic tau nyob los ntawm ntau haiv neeg uas hais lus Finnish, Baltic thiab Slavic lus. Ntawm lawv yog Prussians, Lithuanians, Livonians, Latvians thiab Estonians, uas tau ntau pua xyoo tau tswj hwm lawv txoj kev ywj pheej los ntawm Poles, Russians thiab Germans. Cov neeg Baltic no tau dhau los ua lub hom phiaj ntawm kev hu ua "kev ua rog sab qaum teb", vim lawv tau ua raws li kev ntseeg tsis ntseeg ntawm lawv txiv rau ntev. Lawv txoj kev kov yeej thiab hloov dua siab tshiab rau cov ntseeg yog qhov tseeb yog vim li cas rau kev tsim Kev Txiav Txim ntawm Swordsmen, yog tub rog German xaj, uas tom qab ntawd koom nrog Teutonic Order loj dua hauv 1237-1239. Txawm hais tias Teutonic Order tau tsim hauv Palestine xyoo 1190, nws tau loj hlob hauv Baltic xeev, qhov uas nws muaj txij li 1228 txog rau nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 16th.
"Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Danes" los ntawm Saxon Grammar
Peb paub nrog keeb kwm kev ua tub rog ntawm cov neeg Baltic yuav tsum pib txij lub sijhawm me ntsis ua ntej, thiab ntawm no yog vim li cas. Qhov tseeb yog tias hauv "Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Danes" ntawm Saxon Cov Qauv sau ntawv nws tau qhia tias Kush thiab Swedes, uas yav dhau los tau them nyiaj Danes "khoom plig txhua xyoo", tau tawm tsam Denmark thaum qee qhov Rorik dhau los ua huab tais ntawm Denmark. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm pab pawg tau koom nrog qhov kev tawm tsam no, txawm tias xaiv lawv tus kheej huab tais. Rorik yeej cov "barbarians" no hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv hiav txwv, thiab tom qab ntawd yuam lwm tus Baltic Slavs xa mus rau nws thiab them se.
Nto moo Rorik thiab Baltic piracy
Thiab qhov Rorik no tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tau nrog tus paub Viking Rorik, uas ua haujlwm ntawm thaj chaw Friesland thiab Jutland nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 9th. Nws tau paub tias Rorik ua phiaj xwm rau Denmark hauv 855 thiab 857. thiab tom qab ntawd ntxiv dag zog hauv South Jutland hauv 857 nrog kev ua tiav sib txawv, nws tau tawm tsam Dorestad, thiab tsuas yog hauv 870-873. tau txais nws los ntawm fief los ntawm cov vaj ntxwv Franconian, thiab hauv 882 nws twb tuag lawm.
Saxon koom nrog Rorik txoj kev tawm tsam hauv Baltic nrog kev ntxiv dag zog rau nws lub zog hauv Jutland xyoo 857. Tab sis tib hnub tau ua ke zoo nrog cov xwm txheej uas tau tshwm sim hauv Russia. Cov ntawv uas Rorik ntawm Jutland thiab cov lus dab neeg Rurik yog tus tsim ntawm Rurik dynasty, ib tus thiab tib tus neeg, niaj hnub no pom ntau thiab ntau tus neeg koom nrog. Cov ntawv xov xwm Lavxias hais tias nws hu xov tooj rau 862, thiab nws tuag rau 879. Thiab, txawm hais tias cov hnub no tsis yog qhov xav tau, lawv ua ke nrog cov hnub tseem ceeb los ntawm lub neej ntawm keeb kwm tiag Rorik.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas kev tawm tsam ntawm Rorik nrog Curonians thiab Swedes, uas Saxon piav qhia, yog qhov tseeb, qhov txuas tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj kev mus rau Russia. Cov Swedes muaj cov neeg nyob hauv ob qho tib si hauv Kulyandiya (Grobina-Zeburg) thiab nyob rau sab qaum teb Russia (Ladoga-Aldeygyuborg). Thiab thaum cov neeg hauv nroog tau tsav tsheb mus rau cov neeg Swedes hla hiav txwv, Rorik, uas tawm tsam nrog lawv thiab Curonians, tau tshwm sim tam sim ntawd. Thiab vim li cas cov neeg nyob hauv Ladoga yuav tsum tsis tau caw nws los tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm cov neeg Suav thiab ntxiv mus.
Tab sis tom qab ntawd Saxon, txawm hais tias tsis muaj qhov sib faib, tab sis qhia txog cov xwm txheej ntawm xyoo 11th-12th, raws li hais txog lub sijhawm kev dag ntxias ntawm Curonians thiab lwm pab pawg hauv zos ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Baltic hauv Hiav Txwv Baltic. Nws tshaj tawm cov tub sab nyiag hauv 1014, 1074, 1080 thiab 1170, lees paub qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov tub rog no. Ntawd yog, peb tuaj yeem xaus tias sai li sai tau thaum Viking tau xaus rau hauv tebchaws Scandinavian, cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Baltic Sab Hnub Tuaj pib koom nrog kev dag ntxias ntawm lawv tus qauv. Los ntawm qhov no hauv qab no, ua ntej tshaj plaws, druzhin (vatazhny) xwm ntawm kev ua tub rog ntawm cov pab pawg hauv zos, nrog rau cov cuab yeej siv tub rog tsim nyog thiab kev tawm tsam.
Nruab nrab ntawm pob zeb thiab qhov chaw nyuaj …
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas cuam tshuam kev txhim kho ntawm thaj av Europe no yog nws … "nruj" ntawm cov tebchaws Catholic nyob rau sab hnub poob thiab Orthodox Russia nyob rau sab hnub tuaj.
Piv txwv li, Pomerania tau txais kev ywj pheej los ntawm Poland hauv 1033, tab sis maj mam Germanized kom txog thaum, zoo li ib feem ntawm Brandenburg Lub Peb Hlis, nws tau nqus tag nrho los ntawm Tebchaws Yelemees Tebchaws Europe nyob rau xyoo pua 13th. Tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1231, kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg tsis ntseeg nyob sib ze tau pib los ntawm German cov neeg tawg rog, thiab lawv thawj lub hom phiaj yog Prussians. Kev ua tsov rog nrog lawv txuas ntxiv nyob rau xyoo XIV. Yog tias peb txav mus rau sab qaum teb ntxiv, peb yuav pom peb tus kheej hauv thaj av ntawm Estonia thiab Latvia niaj hnub no, thiab kawm tias lawv raug ntes hauv 1203. Nyuaj nruab nrab ntawm cov cheeb tsam no, Lithuania khaws nws txoj kev ywj pheej thiab txawm tias kev teev ntuj txawm tias nyob hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th, uas tuaj yeem suav tias yog hom ntaub ntawv rau kev muaj paganism nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm Tebchaws Europe. Txawm li cas los xij, los ntawm lub sijhawm no, Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania tau tawm tsam, thaum kawg dhau los ua ib lub xeev loj tshaj plaws nyob sab Europe. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau koom nrog Poland hauv 1386 los tawm tsam kev nthuav tawm ntawm Crusaders, tom qab ntawd kev ntseeg tsis ncaj ncees raug tshem tawm tam sim ntawd hauv tebchaws Lithuania xyoo 1387.
Kawm los ntawm cov neeg German
Txawm li cas los xij, txhua tus neeg hauv cov tebchaws no tawm tsam kev ntseeg kev ntseeg me ntsis, txawm hais tias cais, uas tau pab cov neeg tawg rog coob heev. Cov pab pawg hauv nroog ib txwm muaj kev ua tsov rog, thiab tam sim no nyob rau XI thiab XII caug xyoo, saib cov neeg German, lawv kuj tau sim kom tau txais lawv tus kheej cov neeg tseem ceeb caij nees. Tib lub sijhawm, txawm li cas los xij, lawv cov cuab yeej siv tub rog tseem yooj yim heev, tab sis tsuas yog qee tus tub rog muaj cov cuab yeej ua rog xwb. Riam phom feem ntau yog los ntawm Russia lossis Scandinavia, thiab txawm hais tias kev siv hneev tau nthuav dav heev, cov txheej txheem tua, thiab hneev lawv tus kheej, tau zoo heev. Cov cuab yeej siv tau zoo dua, xws li tus ntoo khaub lig zoo ib yam, feem ntau raug ntes lossis yuav los ntawm lawv cov neeg sib tw lossis cov neeg nyob sib ze. Thiab dhau sijhawm, Balts tau kawm los theej cov riam phom siege ntawm lawv cov neeg sib tw. Txawm li cas los xij, ntaj txuas ntxiv ua riam phom tsis tshua muaj txog thaum XIV xyoo pua, tab sis hmuv yeej yog riam phom ntau heev.
Lub hauv paus ntawm cov tub rog yog lub teeb cavalry
Cov pab pawg Latvian thiab Lithuanian ntawm Latvia niaj hnub no me me, tsis muaj zog, thiab tsuas yog yos hav zoov los ntawm lawv cov neeg nyob ze ua tsov rog ntau dua. Tsis ntev lawv tau txiav txim siab nrog kev tswj hwm ntawm German kev txeeb chaw, tab sis Estonians, Lithuanians thiab Prussians ib ntus txhawb kev tawm tsam lawv. Muaj nyiaj ntau thiab muaj nyiaj ntau, Prussians tau siv cov tswv yim ntawm kev ua tub rog tub rog, raws li lawv tau nyob hauv hav zoov thiab hav zoov thiab yog li ntawd tau sim tiv thaiv cov tub rog tiv thaiv tub rog thiab cov hneev taw ntawm tus neeg ua phem. Cov neeg Lithuanians txom nyem, txawm hais tias lawv nyob hauv thaj chaw uas tsis nkag mus tau ntau dua. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv muaj ntau tus nees, uas tso cai rau lawv txhim kho lawv tus kheej kev tawm dag zog rau lawv cov tub rog lub teeb. Thiab cov Baltic cov tub rog tau dhau los ua qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo uas Teutonic cov tub rog tsis ua siab ntev siv cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov thawj coj hauv zej zog, hloov pauv los ntawm lawv mus rau kev ntseeg Vajtswv, yog li ntawd lawv txuas ntxiv tswj hwm lawv cov tub rog kev coj noj coj ua uas twb tau ua tiav lawm, yog, lawv tau ua rau pom kev deb heev. Cov txheej txheem zoo sib xws tau pom tom qab hauv qee thaj tsam ntawm Lithuania. Zoo, tus German crusaders lawv tus kheej, tau kawg, muaj riam phom zoo nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig Central European style.
Lub caij ntuj no yog lub sijhawm zoo tshaj rau kev ua rog nrog Lithuania
Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 14th, ib feem ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb Lithuanian tau hnav cov cuab yeej ua rog, tej zaum yog nyob sab Europe sab hnub poob, tab sis feem coob tseem ua raws li kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws. Lawv lub koom haum ua tub rog tej zaum yuav dhau los ua neeg ntse dua los ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th thiab thaum ntxov 14th, tab sis cov pab tub rog loj uas tseem ceeb tseem yog cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm Lithuania, zoo li ua ntej. Raws li D. Nicolas, cov neeg Lithuanians tau theej cov riam phom thiab cov cuab yeej ua rog ntawm cov qauv Polish thiab Lavxias, vim tias lawv pheej yig dua thiab pheej yig dua. Lawv cov tswv yim tau cuam tshuam nrog kev koom tes ntawm kev tawm tsam sai sai rau cov yeeb ncuab txhawm rau kom tau txais tsiaj txhu, qhev lossis raug tua, thiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov, thaum cov hav dej tiv thaiv cov tub rog Christian hnyav los ntawm kev nrhiav lawv. Hloov chaw, Cov Neeg Crusaders nyiam tawm tsam cov neeg Lithuanians thaum lub caij ntuj no, siv cov dej khov ua txoj kev loj.
Darts tawm tsam hneev
Tom qab Mongol tau ntxeem tau hauv 1240s thiab 1250s, cov neeg Lithuanians tau qiv ntau los ntawm lawv, txawm hais tias lawv siv darts thiab ntaj siv hneev nti, thiab lawv cov tub rog tseem muaj riam phom, hmuv thiab tej zaum yuav tau hneev. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tawm tsam ntawm lawv cov kev sib ntaus sib tua nees zoo ib yam li Mongolian ib qho: tawm tsam, pov pob ntaus nrig ntawm tus yeeb ncuab thiab tawm tam sim ntawd. Thiab ntxiv mus kom txog rau thaum cov yeeb ncuab uas qaug zog tig los ya. Muaj tseeb, qhov sib txawv tso rau hauv riam phom, txij li cov neeg Lithuanians nyiam ntaus pob rau hneev. Thiab los ntawm txoj kev, Vitovt siv tib lub tswv yim hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nto moo ntawm Grunwald, thiab nws kuj ua tiav! Cov tub rog nyob sab Europe sab hnub tuaj tseem nce ntxiv, thiab riam phom Lithuanian thiab cov cuab yeej ua rog tau zoo ib yam li riam phom ntawm ob tus neeg nyob ze sab hnub tuaj, uas yog Lavxias tus thawj tswj hwm, thiab Mongols. Qhov no tau pom tshwj xeeb hauv thaj av ntawm sab hnub tuaj Lithuania, nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm qhov uas yog lub nroog Vilno (Vilnius). Ntxiv mus, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Lithuania, nws yog kev coj los xaiv cov tub rog, suav nrog Mongols. Qhov txaus siab, Western Lithuania tau ua raws li nws cov kev teev ntuj rau lub sijhawm ntev dua, tab sis tib lub sijhawm tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev siv tub rog thev naus laus zis ntawm Western Europe thiab Teutonic knights.
Cov ntaub ntawv:
1. Saxo thiab Thaj Chaw Baltic. Lub Rooj Sib Tham, kho los ntawm Tore Nyberg, [Odense:] University Press of Southern Denmark, 2004, p. 63-79.
2. Nicolle D. Caj Npab thiab Armor ntawm Crusading Era, 1050-1350. UK. L.: Greenhill Phau Ntawv. Nqe 1.
3. Nicolle D. Raiders of the Ice War. Medieval Warfare: Teutonic Knights ambush Lithuanian Raiders // Cov tub rog piav qhia. Vol. 94. Peb Hlis. 1996. PIB. 26-29.
4. Gorelik M. V. Cov tub rog ntawm Eurasia: Los ntawm VIII xyoo pua BC mus rau XVII xyoo pua AD. L.: Montvert Publications, 1995.
5. Ian Heath. Cov tub rog ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog. L.: Wargames Kev Tshawb Fawb Gp. Xyoo 1984.
