Ib qho ntxiv, zaum kawg hais -
Thiab kuv cov keeb kwm dhau los, Lub luag haujlwm tau txais los ntawm Vajtswv
Kuv, tus neeg txhaum. Tsis xav tsis thoob ntau xyoo
Tus Tswv ua tim khawv rau kuv
Thiab nws qhia txuj ci ntawm phau ntawv;
Muaj ib hnub tus hauj sam ua hauj lwm nyuaj
Yuav pom kuv txoj haujlwm nyuaj, tsis muaj npe, Nws yuav ci, zoo li kuv, nws lub teeb -
Thiab, tshem tawm cov hmoov av ntawm ntau pua xyoo los ntawm daim ntawv teev npe, Nws yuav rov sau cov lus tseeb …
A. S. Pushkin. Boris Godunov: 3 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk!
Keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb piv rau pseudoscience. Hauv tsab xov xwm dhau los txog Lavxias keeb kwm, peb tau sim tsis yog qhia kom ntxaws txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm Qub Lavxias keeb kwm qub, qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lawv cov lus, thiab lawv cov keeb kwm, ntau npaum li ua tau, tab sis kuj tau pib txiav txim siab lawv los ntawm cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws. Hauv qhov no, qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb, txij li cov ntawv sau tseg tau sau nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv thiab tsis muaj dab tsi ntau dua li cov ntawv hla. Thiab lawv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev sib piv lawv cov ntsiab lus thiab tsim lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm kev qiv. Zoo, cov lus hauv cheeb tsam, cov lus siv los ntawm tus kws sau cov ntawv hauv nroog, xav kom muaj kev paub zoo ntawm cov lus Lavxias qub, tsis suav nrog cov lus nug ntawm kev dag lawv los ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws. Qhov tseeb tias tshem tawm thiab rov sau dua thiab ntxiv cov kab ntawv tau pom hauv cov ntawv, tsuas yog hais tias peb cov poj koob yawm txwv tau kho lawv, leej twg tuaj yeem txaus siab rau kev txaj muag rau lawv cov neeg tawm tsam nom tswv lossis tsa lawv tus kheej, tab sis qhov no tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog kev xav ntawm Vatican, Jesuits, Freemasons thiab Anunnaki.
Hnub no peb txuas ntxiv peb kev paub nrog peb cov keeb kwm keeb kwm.
Ntxiv nrog rau cov ntawv keeb kwm hauv cheeb tsam uas tau hais yav dhau los, hauv thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm XII xyoo pua hauv ib lub nroog zoo li Pereyaslavl Russky, cov keeb kwm keeb kwm tau khaws cia, uas tau kav ntev txog 1175, tom qab uas nws tau hloov pauv los ntawm tus kws kho mob uas tseem ua haujlwm mus txog 1228 lossis txawm tias ntev me ntsis.
Chernigov keeb kwm tseem paub, tshwj xeeb, "Chronicler of Svyatoslav Olgovich" uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo 1140s, txuas ntxiv hauv qab cov thawj coj -tub Svyatoslav - Oleg thiab Igor.
Chronicle tseem tau ua hauv thaj av ntawm North-Eastern Russia. Piv txwv li, tau muaj keeb kwm sau tseg hauv thaj av Rostov-Suzdal, thiab nws cov chaw tseem ceeb yog lub nroog xws li Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov thiab Pereyaslavl.
Hauv Vladimir tus thawj tswj hwm, keeb kwm pib tsim nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th, thiab twb tau nyob hauv 1177, ntawm Assumption Cathedral hauv Vladimir, thawj Vladimir sau ntawv sau sau tau suav sau. Xyoo 1193, 1212 thiab 1228, ob peb lub tsev pheeb suab loj loj tau tshwm ntawm no ib zaug. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov ntaub ntawv hauv lawv kuj tau suav nrog cov xov xwm los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Pereyaslavl, uas yog, Pereyaslavl Lavxias.
Nws yog nyob rau hauv Vladimir nyob rau xyoo pua 12th uas nto moo Radziwill Chronicle tau tsim, paub hauv ob daim ntawv yos rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 15th, suav nrog Radziwill List, nplooj ntawv uas tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ntau dua 600 yam me me.
Ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm Vladimir-Suzdal Russia, nto moo tshaj plaws yog Laurentian Chronicle, muaj cov "Dab neeg ntawm Xyoo Tsis Tau Los", thiab tom qab ntawd txuas ntxiv los ntawm Vladimir-Suzdal keeb kwm txog 1305. Kuj tseem muaj "Chronicler of Pereyaslavl of Suzdal", yos rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 15th, thiab twb tau hais txog Radziwill Chronicle.
Nyob rau XIII-XV ib-paus xyoo hauv Rostov, cov ntawv sau keeb kwm tau ua tiav ntawm lub tsev hais plaub Episcopal. Nws cov ntawv tawg tau pom nyob rau hauv ntau tus lej Lavxias tag nrho ntawm 15th-16th caug xyoo, thiab hauv Ermolinskaya Chronicle yos rov qab mus rau qhov kawg ntawm xyoo pua 15th.
Cov ntawv sau keeb kwm ntawm Pskovites tau tshwm sim tom qab dua li lwm qhov chaw, uas yog nyob rau xyoo XIII. Thaum xub thawj nws tau coj ntawm Pskov Trinity Cathedral, thiab tus kav nroog nws tus kheej saib xyuas nws. Muaj ob qho ntaub ntawv zoo hauv zos thiab cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm. Tom qab ntawd, lub tsev teev ntuj qub tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1464, 1469, 1481 thiab qhov kawg. 1480s ib. Cov keeb kwm Pskov tseem muaj sia nyob tshaj plaws yog Pskov Second Chronicle, uas tau coj mus txog rau xyoo 1486 thiab tau paub nyob hauv ib daim ntawv teev txij thaum nruab nrab xyoo 1480s. Tab sis txawm tias tom qab Pskov poob nws txoj kev ywj pheej, keeb kwm tseem nyob hauv nws. Lub tsev txhab nyiaj ntawm 1547 tau tshwm sim - Pskov Thawj Vaj Keeb Kwm. Tus uas tau sau nws kom pom tseeb nrog Moscow thiab nws lub tebchaws, tab sis lawv cov tswv xeev tau txais nws los ntawm nws. Zoo, qhov no yog ib txwm muaj rau Russia: kev tswj hwm yog qhov zoo, boyars tsis zoo! Tab sis tsab cai 1567 ntawm Cornelius, tus thawj coj ntawm Pskov-Caves monastery, uas tau tsim Pskov keeb kwm thib peb, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, qhia txog txoj haujlwm ntawm Pskov boyars, tsis txaus siab rau Moscow.
Hauv Tver, lub nroog sib tw ntawm Moscow, kev sau keeb kwm pib thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th thiab tau ua tiav txog xyoo 1485, thaum Great Tver Tus Thawj Coj tau muab tso rau hauv xeev Lavxias. Yog li, cov ntawv Tver keeb kwm muaj nyob hauv kev sib xyaw ntawm cov sau ducal ntawm 1305, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm Laurentian Chronicle. Cov kws tshawb fawb tseem paub qhov txawv Tver vaults hauv qab no: 1327, 1409, thiab lwm yam. Cov peev txheej Tver tseem suav nrog hauv Rogozhsky tus kws kho mob ntev, rov qab mus rau thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. Tver Chronicle (Tver Collection), uas muaj cov tawg ntawm Tver cov keeb kwm ntawm lig 13th - lig 15th caug xyoo, kuj tseem tau khaws cia thiab nthuav tawm hauv cov npe ntawm xyoo pua 17th.
Hauv Moscow, uas tawm tsam Tver, cov ntaub ntawv luv luv ntawm cov xwm txheej tau khaws cia hauv nroog lub tsev hais plaub. Tsev neeg keeb kwm ntawm Danilovich tus thawj coj tseem paub. Ntawd yog, ob qho tib si tseem ceeb thiab cov xwm txheej hauv nroog loj tau tshwm sim hauv Moscow. Tom qab ntawd, twb tau nyob hauv 1389, "Great Russia Chronicler" tau npaj, thawj qhov tseeb ntawm Moscow Grand Ducal Chronicle, thiab tom qab ntawd tag nrho Lavxias Lavxias Trinity Chronicle, uas tau piav qhia cov xwm txheej hauv xeev txog 1408. Ntxiv mus, nws tau tsim los ntawm ntau qhov chaw: Novgorod, Tver, Pskov, Smolensk, thiab lwm yam. Ntawd yog, cov keeb kwm ntawm lwm thaj av tau coj mus rau Moscow, nyeem nyob ntawd, sib piv, thiab dab tsi yog qhov muaj nyob hauv lawv ntau xyoo twb tau theej rau hauv Moscow keeb kwm, thiab (qhov no nkag siab tau) hauv cov ntawv sib xws. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, yog li ntawd, Trinity Chronicle yog qhov sib txawv tsis yog los ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Moscow "xov xwm" hauv nws, tab sis kuj yog tus cwj pwm zoo rau Moscow tus thawj coj thiab cov nroog loj.
Moscow Grand Ducal Vault ntawm 1479 tau dhau los ua ib qho keeb kwm keeb kwm loj tshaj plaws ntawm ib nrab ntawm ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua 15th. Nws lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj cai ntawm Grand Dukes ntawm Moscow los kav Novgorod. Nws tsab ntawv tom qab, Moscow Grand Duke's Vault ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, kuj tseem muaj txoj sia nyob thiab tau muaj txoj sia nyob mus txog hnub no. Kuj tseem muaj Simeon Chronicle, paub los ntawm cov npe ntawm xyoo pua 16th. Yog li, thaum ib nrab-paub "cov neeg sau xov xwm" thiab ntawm tib pawg "kws sau keeb kwm" sau tias cov keeb kwm tau rov sau dua los ua pov thawj Romanovs txoj cai muaj hwj chim, lawv hnov lub suab nrov, tab sis lawv tsis paub tias nws nyob qhov twg. Xws li "ua haujlwm" ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yeej ib txwm ua tiav, thiab tsis muaj txoj hauv kev nrog kev nkag los ntawm Romanov dynasty. Tab sis nws tau ua tiav raws sijhawm, thiab tsis yog tom qab 1613 lossis nyob rau hauv Peter Great, uas tsis xav tau los ua pov thawj dab tsi rau leej twg kiag li - nws muaj lub zog zoo li no!
Nikon Chronicle tau xub tsim los ntawm Metropolitan Daniel nyob ib ncig ntawm 1520s. Nov yog qhov kev suav sau loj, tus sau uas siv ntau qhov chaw: keeb kwm cov lus, dab neeg, ntawv ntawm lub neej, thiab lwm yam. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias phau ntawv keeb kwm no tseem suav tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Lavxias keeb kwm sau hauv xyoo pua 16th. Tab sis ntawm no yog dab tsi tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nthuav: cov cai no tso cov kev txaus siab ntawm pawg ntseeg ua ntej, thiab nws yog peb li, Orthodox! Thiab tom qab ntawv hais txog cov lus ntawm qee tus neeg tawm tswv yim ntawm "VO" tias "tus sawv cev ntawm Vatican" raug "tshawb peb cov keeb kwm" lossis "tsoo rau" lawv? Vim li cas lawv tsis pom daim ntawv tseem ceeb no? Cov neeg sawv cev hauv Vatican ua haujlwm tsis zoo, ua phem rau peb …
Txog thaum nruab nrab ntawm XVI caug xyoo. thiab Moscow cov ntawv sau keeb kwm kuj tau ua tas li. Nws cov keeb kwm nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm no hu ua Resurrection Chronicle thiab Chronicler of the Beginning of the Kingdom. Lub Sijhawm Sawv Rov Los yog raws li Moscow Grand Ducal Code ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, thawj tsab uas tau pib xyoo 1533, thiab qhov tseeb, thib peb, tau tshwm sim xyoo 1542-1544. Lub Sijhawm Pib ntawm Lub Nceeg Vaj tau tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm 1533-1552, thiab tom qab ntawd nws tau kav ntev txog 1556-1560. Xyoo 1568-1576. nyob rau hauv Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, los ntawm kev tshwj xeeb tsarist xaj, kev ua haujlwm tau pib ntawm qhov loj Chronicle Code, uas tom qab ntawd tau los rau Patriarch Nikon thiab muab lub npe rau tag nrho cov keeb kwm.
Thawj peb ntu ntawm cov khoom sau tau mob siab rau cov xwm txheej hauv ntiaj teb keeb kwm, tom qab ntawd xya ntu qhia txog cov xwm txheej ntawm keeb kwm Lavxias los ntawm 1114 txog 1567, thiab nws qhov ntim tsis ntev los no, hu ua "Phau Ntawv Royal", tau mob siab rau kav tag nrho. ntawm Ivan qhov txaus ntshai.
Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, Chudov Monastery tsim Patriarchal Chronicle Collection ntawm 1652, 1670, 1680 thiab hauv ob tsab ntawv ntawm 1690. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias nws cov neeg sau ntawv sau hauv nws hais txog kev xaiv ntawm Lavxias lub xeev thiab nws cov thawj coj. Cia peb hais txog - kev xaiv! Thiab qhov twg, yog li ntawd, yog kev thuam Russia thiab nws keeb kwm?
Nyob rau tiam 15th-16th centuries, cov kws kho mob luv luv tau tsim hauv cov tsev teev ntuj: Kirillo-Belozersky, Joseph-Volokolamsky, Trinity-Sergievsky, Solovetsky, Spaso-Yaroslavsky. Lub xeev cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg kuj tau ua hauv ntau lwm lub nroog, piv txwv li, Vologda, Veliky Ustyugk, Perm.
Nyob rau tib lub xyoo pua 16th, lwm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tau pib tshwm sim, uas nyob hauv lawv daim ntawv tawm los ntawm phau ntawv keeb kwm: "Phau Ntawv Qib Siab" ("Phau ntawv ntawm qib kev muaj koob muaj npe ntawm caj ces") thiab "Kazan keeb kwm" ("Keeb kwm ntawm Kazan lub tebchaws "," Kazan chronicler "), uas zoo ib yam li cov keeb kwm, yog li hais lus, hauv lawv daim ntawv dawb huv. Cov no suav nrog "Chronicle of Many Rebellions" thiab "New Chronicler". Qhov kawg piav qhia txog lub sijhawm txij thaum kawg ntawm kev kav ntawm Ivan qhov txaus ntshai mus rau 1630, thiab qhov no yog lub cim tseem ceeb ntawm thawj peb ntawm 17th xyoo pua. Muaj cov ntawv uas nws tau npaj tseg nyob rau ib puag ncig ntawm yawg suab Filaret nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov hauv paus txheej txheem: cov ntawv raug cai thiab ntau yam ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Lub Sijhawm Teeb Meem, thiab ntau yam keeb kwm.
Siberia, tau kav tebchaws los ntawm Lavxias lub xeev, kuj muaj nws tus kheej keeb kwm. Cheeb Tsam Cyprian ntawm Tobolsk tau txiav txim siab nws qhov pib. Ntau qhov zoo li Siberian keeb kwm tau muaj txoj sia nyob rau peb lub sijhawm, uas ntau lossis tsawg dua qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv cov ntsiab lus los ntawm ib leeg. Raws li txoj cai, txhua tus ntawm lawv tau mob siab rau Yermak cov phiaj xwm thiab lwm yam keeb kwm ntawm "kev ntes" ntawm Siberia.
Thiab txawm tias nyob rau XIV-XVI ib puas xyoo, keeb kwm tau khaws cia hauv Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania, thiab txij li tsis muaj kev sau ntawv Lithuanian tiag tiag thiab keeb kwm keeb kwm thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, lawv tau khaws cia hauv cov lus Western hu ua Lavxias. Cov chaw ntawm cov ntawv sau keeb kwm yog Smolensk thiab Polotsk. Peb keeb kwm tau muaj txoj sia nyob, ob qhov uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog Grand Duke of Lithuania Vitovt thiab keeb kwm ntawm lub xeev Lithuanian los ntawm kev tuag ntawm Gediminas mus rau Vitovt tuag. Cov txheej thib peb, Cov Keeb Kwm ntawm Bykhovets, xaus rau xyoo 1507, tab sis txij li nws txiav txim siab lub sijhawm los ntawm 1446 txog 1506, nws yog qhov keeb kwm tseem ceeb. Kuj tseem muaj keeb kwm hauv zos: Barkulab Chronicle, Mogilev Chronicle, Vitebsk Chronicle thiab lwm tus. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws yuav muaj peev xwm sim ua "tus sawv cev ntawm Vatican" txhawm rau ua pov thawj qhov muaj hwj chim loj, yog li tham, ntawm Lithuania hla Russia, tab sis nws tsis tshwm sim rau lawv. Lawv yog cov neeg ruam feem ntau, txhua tus "tus sawv cev" no. Tab sis koj tsuas tuaj yeem pom qhov no los ntawm kev nyeem PSRL. Tab sis qhov no yog qee yam haujlwm … Yog li ntawd, nws yooj yim dua rau "cov kws tshaj lij" los ua lawv cov keeb kwm "kev tshawb pom", yooj yim yam tsis tau nyeem tag nrho cov ntawv no.
Los ntawm txoj kev, tseem muaj cov ntawv keeb kwm Ukrainian uas tau rov qab mus rau 17th-18th caug xyoo. Lawv kuj tseem hu ua "Cossack Chronicles". Qhov no tsis yog qhov peb txhais tau los ntawm huab cua cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov xwm txheej, tab sis lawv muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog Bohdan Khmelnytsky thiab nws cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig.
Muaj Lviv Chronicle ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th thiab coj mus txog 1649; "Chronicle of the Samovidts" (1648-1702), thawj Cossack chronicle, uas yog qhov txawv los ntawm kev hais tawm zoo thiab muaj sia nyob ntawm kev nthuav qhia, thiab yuav luag sib luag rau nws "Chronicle ntawm Gadyach Colonel Grigory Grabyanka" (1648-1709); thiab hauv nws tus neeg sau sau txog Cossacks, uas, hauv nws lub tswv yim, nqis los ntawm Khazars. Txhua cov ntaub ntawv no xaus nrog Keeb Kwm ntawm Russ, tus sau uas, hmoov tsis, tsis paub. Nws qhia txog cov kev xav ntawm Ukrainian txawj ntse ntawm xyoo pua 18th.
Zoo, tam sim no ob peb lus xaus. Tag nrho cov keeb kwm (ntau dua 5000 tagnrho) loj dhau los hais txog yam tsawg kawg ntawm qee hom kev dag. Ib qho ntxiv, kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm lawv cov ntawv tsis tau qhia rau lawv pom tias muaj ib qho kev sib koom ua ke rau lawv qhov kev kho, uas yuav tsum muaj tam sim no yog tias kev ua haujlwm tau ua tiav lub hom phiaj.
Qhov tseeb, cov ntaub ntawv hauv keeb kwm muaj ntau yam sib txawv, muaj ntau qhov qiv nyiaj hauv lawv uas nws pom tseeb, cia peb hais, tam sim no, uas yog, txij lub caij ntuj sov mus txog lub caij ntuj sov, qhov lawv sau. Tsis muaj ib qho kev ntxig, tshem tawm thiab kho kom ua rau lub teb chaws muaj koob meej ntawm cov neeg Lavxias thiab lawv txoj kev ntseeg; es tsis yog, cov neeg Lavxias thiab lawv txoj kev ntseeg raug tsa nto. Nws tau hais qhia tas li tias Russia yog Rome thib peb, yuav tsis muaj plaub! Funny humiliation, tsis yog nws?
