Kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb tsis muaj qab hau
sim ncua ntev, luag.
Tsis muaj yeeb koob txaus ntseeg
txog thaum cov ntshav tau los …
Ntoo lossis cam khwb cia hlau hla
tau muab rau peb hauv qhov tsaus ntuj los …
Tsis txhob cog lus tias yuav hluas nkauj hluas nraug
kev hlub nyob mus ib txhis hauv ntiaj teb!
Bulat Okudzhava. Cavalier zaj nkauj
Kev ua tub rog ntawm qhov tig ntawm lub sijhawm. Kuj ceeb tias, tsis yog tsuas yog cov kws ua zaub mov raug ntaus rau cov tub rog hnyav nyob hauv Europe, uas yuav nkag siab tau muab qhov hnyav ntawm lawv cov cuirasses thiab lub kaus mom hlau, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov dragoons, txawm hais tias lawv tsis muaj cov khoom siv tiv thaiv. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog cov tub rog caij nkoj uas feem ntau sib txawv hauv lub kaus mom hlau zoo ib yam li cuirassier's, lossis lub taub hau taub hau uas tsis zoo li txhua yam hlo li. Qhov kawg suav nrog "Scottish Grays" - cov tub rog tiv thaiv cov tub rog uas txawv nws tus kheej hauv ntau qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua, tab sis yeej tsis tau txais lub cuirass, uas tsis tuaj yeem hais txog Lavxias tiv thaiv tub rog. Thaum xub thawj lawv tsis muaj cuirasses, tab sis lawv tau tshwm sim hauv kev ua tsov rog xyoo 1812!
Yog, tab sis qhov chaw ua haujlwm no muaj lub npe txawv li cas? Tom qab tag nrho, cov khaub ncaws hnav ntawm nws cov tub rog caij nees tsis yog xim dub, tab sis liab liab? Zoo, keeb kwm ntawm cov tub rog hais tias hauv 1678 Royal Regiment of Scottish Dragoons tau tsim los ntawm ob lub tuam txhab ywj pheej Scottish cavalry, tus lej tau nce mus rau rau xyoo hauv 1681. Thiab tsuas yog ntawm kev ua koob tsheej nco txog xyoo 1694 hauv Hyde Park, cov tub rog no tau tsav dhau los ntawm lub chaw soj ntsuam ntawm cov nees grey lossis dawb thiab … tau txais lub npe "grey Scots" nyam rau nws. Ntxiv mus, ob lub npe no thiab xim ntawm cov nees tseem tsis tau hloov pauv mus txog thaum xyoo pua 20th.
Tom qab kev koom ua ke ntawm Askiv thiab Scotland hauv 1707, cov tub rog lub npe raug hloov pauv. Nws tau dhau los ua lub npe hu ua Royal Regiment of Northern British Dragoons, thiab tom qab ntawd xyoo 1713 Poj huab tais Anne tau muab cov tub rog thib ob rau hauv cov npe ntawm pab tub rog. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum ob lub kaus mom nyob hauv txhua qhov lwm tus tub rog tau hloov pauv nrog cov kaus mom tooj dag, "Scottish grays" tau muab lub kaus mom bearskin siab nrog dawb sultan. Nws yog qhov yooj yim tsis tuaj yeem txiav los ntawm lub kaus mom hlau nrog lub tshuab los saum toj no, txawm hais tias nws tau hais meej tsis yooj yim rau hnav xws li "lub taub hau"!
Ntawm Kev Tsov Rog ntawm Waterloo (1815), 2nd Dragoon Regiment tau muab rau pawg tub rog nrog rau 1st Royal thiab 6th Dragoon Regiments raws li cov lus txib ntawm General General Sir William Ponsonby. Pawg tub rog ntawm tsuas yog 416 tus txiv neej raug hu ua "Allied Brigade" vim nws suav nrog ib pab tub rog Scottish, ib tus neeg Askiv thiab ib tus neeg Irish. Allied Brigade tau tawm tsam Fab Kis cov tub rog, thiab Sergeant Ewart tau ntes tus chij ntawm 45th Regiment; Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau mus deb dhau ntawm Allied txoj haujlwm, thiab raug kev txom nyem hnyav vim yog kev tawm tsam los ntawm Fab Kis cov tub rog, thiab Ponsonby raug tua.
Tus kws ua yeeb yam Askiv nto npe poj niam Lady Butler ua tsis tau qhov kev tawm tsam no hauv nws daim duab nto moo "Scotland Mus Ib Txhis!" Ob tus kws sau keeb kwm tub rog thiab keeb kwm kev kos duab hais tias daim ntaub no piv txog txhua yam uas yog cov neeg tseem ceeb caij nees hauv tebchaws Askiv thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Ntxiv mus, ntau tus kws tshaj lij Fab Kis thiab tus thawj tub rog, txawm hais tias tsis muaj cuirasses, suav tias yog cov tub rog Askiv rab phom loj tshaj plaws nyob hauv Europe, tab sis … yog li nws yuav ua tau, "Allied Brigade" hauv qhov kev tawm tsam poob ntau dua 200 tus neeg, ua rau tsis pub lwm tus paub. Duke ntawm Wellington ntawm peb lub hlis twg zoo ntawm tag nrho nws cov tub rog.
Tsis ntseeg, cov tub rog ntawm Scottish dragoons tau ua qhov tshwj xeeb zoo nrog lawv cov nees. Rau ntau qhov laj thawj hauv Tebchaws Europe, ntau tus tub rog hnyav hnyav tsis tau caij nees dawb zoo li ntawd. Ib qho laj thawj yog qhov ua tau: Cov nees dawb nyuaj rau kev tu kom huv thiab siv sijhawm ntev los saib xyuas dua li cov looj ntsej muag tsaus. Yog lawm, thiab cov nees dawb lossis grey yuav nyuaj heev, tab sis nws tau muab tawm tias "Scottish grays" caij nees yuav luag qhov me me ntawm ponies, txog 150 cm siab nyob rau qhov withers thiab tsis muaj ntxiv, thiab muaj ntau ntawm lawv hauv Scotland thiab Wales.
Hauv kev ua rog tawm tsam Napoleon xyoo 1806, Saxony tau koom nrog Prussia, tab sis tom qab swb hauv Jena nws tau nyob hauv Fab Kis tus neeg saib xyuas hauv Rhine Confederation. Duke of Saxony Friedrich Lub Yim Hli (1750-1826), uas Napoleon tau muab lub npe huab tais thiab lub zwm txwv ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Warsaw, tso 20,000 tus tub rog zoo tshaj plaws rau kev pabcuam ntawm nws cov neeg pab. Xyoo 1810, Saxon pab tub rog tau rov txhim kho raws li tus qauv Fab Kis, thiab tom qab qhia txog kev sau npe dav dav, nws tau nce mus txog 31,000 tus neeg.
Zoo li txhua tus tswvcuab ntawm Rhine Confederation, Saxony tau koom nrog Napoleon kev sib tw Lavxias hauv xyoo 1812. Cov tub rog sib koom ua ke kuj suav nrog pawg tub rog hnyav, suav nrog Garda du Corps Guards Regiment thiab von Zastrow Regiment nrog plaub pab tub rog txhua tus. Ntau tus kws tshaj lij ntseeg tias qhov no yog pab tub rog hnyav hnyav tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm Napoleonic kev tsov kev rog. Hauv Kev Sib Tw ntawm Borodino, Saxons tau tuav lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias - lub roj teeb Rayevsky, txawm hais tias lawv poob yuav luag ib nrab ntawm lawv 850 tus neeg.
Tsuas yog 20 tus tub ceev xwm thiab 7 tus neeg ntawm lwm qib tau rov qab los ntawm kev tawm tsam Lavxias rov qab rau Saxony, thiab 48 tus neeg raug kaw hauv kev ua tsov rog raug tso tawm tom qab. Ob qho kev tswj hwm tus txheej txheem tau ploj, zoo li yog lub suab npe nrov suab paj nruag. Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg ua haujlwm xyoo 1813, Saxon cov tub rog tseem nyob ntawm Napoleon, sib piv rau lwm tus tswvcuab ntawm Rhine Confederation uas tau hla mus rau sab ntawm Allies. Tab sis tom qab Tsov Rog Ntawm Leipzig, Saxons kuj ua raws.
Lub npe Garde du Corps, coj los ntawm Fab Kis pab tub rog Louis XIV, tau siv thawj zaug hauv Saxony xyoo 1710, thaum cov tub rog npe ntawd tau tsim. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Augustus II thiab kev qaug zog ntawm Saxony, nws tau raug tshem tawm, tab sis raws li lub cim ntawm nws kev koom tes nrog Prussia thiab kev lees paub ntawm Prussian Garde du Corps, Frederick Augustus tau sib sau ua ke nrog tib lub npe hauv 1804, uas dhau los ua cov laus chav nyob hauv pab tub rog. Tus qauv nees ntawm cov tub rog suav nrog dub nees ntawm hnyav German tsiaj, txawm hais tias muaj pov thawj tias cov tub ceev xwm muaj nees txaij. Cov neeg ntaus suab paj nruag ntawm cov tub rog siv cov suab raj kub thiab hnav cov khaub ncaws liab, txawm hais tias txhua tus neeg hnav daj. Los ntawm txoj kev, Saxon cuirassiers tsis muaj cuirass! Ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Borodin, lawv tau sib ntaus ntau zaus nrog Lavxias cuirassiers thiab txhua lub sijhawm raug kev txom nyem hnyav. Tab sis qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov "sib ntaus sib tua hauv rye", tsis txawj tuag ntawm daim ntaub thaiv ntawm panorama ntawm Franz Roubaud.
Nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua puv 19, cov khaub ncaws hnav ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam tau txais cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntxiv. Tshwj xeeb, ob lub taub hau dav dav tau tshwm ntawm lub kaus mom hlau ntawm Lavxias cuirassiers ntawm qhov loj me, thiab lub kaus mom hlau lawv tus kheej tau pib ua los ntawm cov hlau, zoo li cuirasses. Prussian cuirassiers kuj muaj cov khaub ncaws zoo sib xws. Thaum pib ntawm Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), Prussian pab tub rog muaj ob tus neeg tiv thaiv thiab yim tus tub rog nyob hauv daim ntawv teev npe, thiab cov no yog tej zaum qhov zoo tshaj plaws tau teeb tsa thiab cob qhia cov tub rog hnyav nyob hauv Europe. Nrog rau kev zam ntawm Garde du Corps thiab Guards Cuirassiers, cov tub rog tau muaj npe raws li kev coj ua ntawm Napoleonic Wars: 1st Silesian, 2nd Pomeranian, 3rd East Prussian, 4th Westphalian, 5th West Prussian, 6th Brandenburgsky, 7th Magdeburgsky thiab 8rd rov. Txhua tus tub rog muaj plaub pawg tub rog ntawm 150 tus txiv neej thiab ib pab tub rog tshwj tseg ntawm 200 tus txiv neej.
Raws li txoj cai ntawm Prussian cavalry ntawm 1860, qhov xav tau qhov siab rau kev pabcuam hauv cuirassiers tsawg kawg 170 cm rau txiv neej thiab 157.5 cm ntawm qhov withers rau nees. Rau cov neeg saib xyuas cuirassiers, qhov xav tau siab dua: 175 cm thiab 162 cm, feem. Rau kev sib piv: qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm txiv neej thiab nees rau cov phom thiab uhlan yog 167 cm thiab 155.5 cm, thiab hussars thiab lawv cov nees tuaj yeem muaj 162 cm thiab 152.5 cm. hnyav txog 600 kg thaum tus nees hussar (152.5 cm hauv qhov siab) yog kwv yees li 450 kg … Cuirassier thiab dragoon regiments tau ua haujlwm rau nees ntawm Folstein, Hanover thiab Magdeburg.
Thaum pib ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Mars-la-Tour thaum Lub Yim Hli 16, 1870, Prussian Cavalry Brigade, suav nrog 7th Magdeburg Cuirassier Regiment thiab 16th Lancers Regiment, tau tawm tsam los ntawm Fabkis cov tub rog thiab cov phom loj, uas tau paub. raws li todesńtt ("taug kev mus tuag"). Cov tub rog Fab Kis tau hem tias yuav ua rau Prussian sab laug tsis muaj zog ntawm Vionville, yog li ua rau muaj kev phom sij ntxiv rau Prussian. Txij li kev txhawb nqa tsis tuaj yeem ncav sijhawm, General Alvensleben tau hais kom General von Bredov los tua cov yeeb ncuab ntawm no nrog cov tub rog caij nees, txhob txwm tua lawv kom nres tus yeeb ncuab, ua ntej mus txog ntawm nws tus kheej pab tub rog. Von Bredow cuam cuirassiers Tus Suav Loj Von Shmetov nyob rau sab laug thiab lancers ntawm sab xis ntawm Fab Kis - li ntawm 700 tus neeg caij nees. Nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws kub ntawm cov phom thiab cov phom loj, cov Prussians tsoo los ntawm Fab Kis kev sib ntaus sib tua tsim thawj kab thiab rhuav tshem cov phom loj thiab cov tub rog tiv thaiv lawv. Nqa mus los ntawm lawv txoj kev vam meej, lawv tau tawm tsam Fab Kis cov rog tom qab thawj kab, tab sis tau ntsib los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab cavalry thiab swb. Tsawg dua ib nrab ntawm cov tub rog tau rov qab los: 104 tus kws kho mob thiab 90 tus kws kho mob. Tab sis qhov kev tawm tsam no txog thaum kawg ntawm hnub tau khaws cov neeg Fab Kis los ntawm kev tawm tsam thiab tshem tawm qhov txaus ntshai rau sab laug ntawm Prussians.
Yog li hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Mars-la-Tour, 5,000 Fab Kis thiab Prussian cuirassiers sib tsoo, thiab nws yog kev sib ntaus sib tua loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua tsov rog no!
Raws li Austria, ua raws qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua tsov rog xyoo 1866, Prussia yuam Austria kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb rau nws tsuas yog rau rau lub lis piam. Tej yam tau mus zoo rau Vienna ntawm Italian pem hauv ntej, tab sis nws tau los zoo li kev nplij siab me ntsis rau kev swb ntawm cov neeg Prussians txhais tes. Tab sis … swb coj mus rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tub rog nyob rau xyoo 1868, cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tseeb tshaj plaws hauv cov tub rog. Thaum tsov rog nrog Prussia pib, Austria muaj 12 tus tub rog ua tub rog, ob tus tub rog, 14 tus hussars thiab 13 tus tub rog. Kev lig kev cai, cov neeg Austrians tau ua haujlwm hauv chav ua haujlwm, Tus ncej thiab Bohemians hauv lancers, Hungarians hauv hussars, ib ntawm cov tub rog caij nkoj yog Italis, thiab lwm tus yog Bohemian.
Cuirassiers tsuas yog hom hnyav cavalry, tag nrho lwm tus tau suav tias yog lub teeb, txawm tias yog rab ntaj. Tom qab kev hloov kho, huab tais Austrian thiab cov tub rog Hungarian muaj koob muaj npe tau dhau los ua ib pab tub rog Austro-Hungarian. Tag nrho cov tub rog ua rog tau hloov pauv mus rau hauv cov tub rog, uas yog, txhua tus tub rog Austro-Hungarian tau dhau los ua lub teeb. Qhov no yog cov kauj ruam dhau los piv rau yam uas Prussians, Fabkis thiab Lavxias tau ua tib lub sijhawm. Cov riam phom tau ua tus qauv: piv txwv li, M.1861/69 saber tau siv los ntawm ob tus dragoons thiab hussars thiab lancers. Cov cuab yeej Equestrian kuj tau dhau los ua tus qauv, thiab tsuas yog cov tub rog Hungarian khaws qee yam tshwj xeeb. Xyoo 1884, txawm tias tus lance tau raug tshem tawm ntawm cov lancers.
Xyoo 1909, tau muab lub tsho tshiab grey-pike (behtgrau) tso rau, tab sis tom qab qhov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siab zoo, uas tau ua haujlwm feem ntau hauv cov tub rog, tus huab tais txiav txim siab tias cov tub rog caij tsheb tuaj yeem khaws cov xim ib txwm nyob hauv ib yam. Cov dragoons tseem khaws lawv lub kaus mom hlau nrog lub qhov taub, cov lancers khaws lawv lub kaus mom uhlanka, thiab hussars khaws lawv cov shako shako. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub rog caij nkoj tau nce mus rau 15, lawv tau tso cai hnav lawv cov khaub ncaws xiav, thaum lub ris rau txhua chav nyob tau saws liab liab (krapprot). Lub kaus mom M.1905, ua qauv tom qab 1796 lub kaus mom hlau, tau npog nrog cov ntaub ntawv grey. Nws tsis yog txog xyoo 1915 tias cov qauv txheej txheem grey niaj hnub hnav los ntawm cov tub rog tau dhau los ua qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau cov tub rog ib yam nkaus. Lawv kuj tau hle cov tub rog caij nkoj thiab lawv pom lub ris liab.
Ua ntej pib kev ua tsov rog, Austro-Hungarian cov tub rog tub rog tau raug teeb tsa ua kev sib cais, txhua tus muaj ob pab tub rog. Lawv muaj ob lub hauv paus hauv txhua qhov kev faib, thiab cov tub rog lawv tus kheej, nyeg, suav nrog rau rau pab tub rog. Tsis zoo li Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob, qhov chaw uas siv cov tub rog caij nees txwv, Austro-Hungarian cov tub rog caij nkoj ntawm Galician thiab Sab Qab Teb Polish feem ntau ntsib cov tub rog rog rog Lavxias mus txog rau kev sib faib, tshwj xeeb hauv thawj theem ntawm kev ua tsov rog. Txawm hais tias lub hauv ntej tau ruaj khov, cov tub rog tau siv hnyav los ntawm ob sab, suav nrog thaum lub caij Austro-Hungarian caij nplooj ntoo hlav hauv Galicia xyoo 1915. Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias, thaum tswj hwm kev hnav khaub ncaws ib txwm muaj, Austro-Hungarian cov tub rog tau qhia txog txoj hauv kev tshiab rau riam phom: nws yog lawv cov tub rog uas yog thawj cov tub rog siv rab phom tsis siv neeg, thaum cov riam phom ib txwm ntawm lawv cov neeg tawm tsam cavalry yog rab phom!
