Armenian pogroms hauv tebchaws Ottoman

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Armenian pogroms hauv tebchaws Ottoman
Armenian pogroms hauv tebchaws Ottoman

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Raws li koj nco los ntawm kab lus Kev Nyuaj Siab ntawm Lub Tebchaws Ottoman thiab Kev Hloov Kho ntawm Txoj Haujlwm ntawm Lwm Haiv Neeg, thawj Armenians hauv tebchaws Ottoman tau tshwm sim tom qab kev kov yeej Constantinople xyoo 1453.

Lawv nyob ntawm no tau ntev, thiab thawj lub tsev teev ntuj Armenian hauv lub nroog no tau tsim nyob nruab nrab ntawm XIV xyoo pua. Txhawm rau txo qis feem pua ntawm cov neeg Greek nyob hauv lub nroog tshiab, cov neeg Sultans tau pib hloov cov neeg ntawm lwm haiv neeg thiab lwm yam kev ntseeg nyob ntawd. Cov Armenians, uas, txawm hais tias lawv yog neeg ntseeg, tsis ua raws li Greek yawg suab, kuj tau poob rau hauv pawg no.

Hauv xyoo 1475-1479. Crimean Armenians tau tshwm sim hauv Constantinople, xyoo 1577 - Armenians los ntawm Nakhichevan thiab Tabriz. Armenia nws tus kheej tau kov yeej los ntawm Ottomans hauv Sultan Selim II - nyob rau xyoo pua 16th. Tab sis, ntxiv rau Constantinople thiab Armenia kom raug, cov neeg ntawm haiv neeg no tseem nyob hauv Cilicia, hauv vilayets ntawm Van, Bitlis thiab Harput.

Tau ntau pua xyoo, Armenians tau suav hais tias yog "lub tebchaws ntseeg tau" (Millet-i Sadika) thiab muaj qhov xwm txheej ntawm dhimmi ("tiv thaiv"). Lawv tau them nyiaj jizye (suav sau se) thiab kharaj (se hauv tebchaws), nrog rau cov nqi tub rog (txij li Lwm Haiv Neeg tsis tau ua haujlwm hauv pab tub rog Ottoman thiab yog li ntawd, tsis tau tso ntshav tawm rau lub tebchaws).

Tab sis lawv qhov xwm txheej hauv Turkey tsis nyuaj tshwj xeeb. Ntxiv mus, Armenians tau ib txwm yog ib feem ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev lag luam tseem ceeb ntawm lub xeev Ottoman, uas ua rau muaj kev khib thiab tsis txaus siab ntawm ntau haiv neeg Turks. Thaum lub tebchaws muaj kev vam meej, yeej kev yeej ntawm thaj av thiab hauv hiav txwv, nthuav dav hauv txhua qhov kev qhia, qhov kev tsis txaus siab no raug txwv.

Txawm li cas los xij, nrog qhov pib muaj teeb meem ntawm lub xeev Ottoman, kev ua tsis tiav tau piav qhia ntau ntxiv los ntawm kev xav ntawm Lwm Haiv Neeg. Muhajirs, cov neeg Muslim uas tau tsiv los ntawm thaj chaw ploj ntawm Transcaucasus thiab Balkan Peninsula, tshwj xeeb yog tsis kam lees cov ntseeg ntawm Ottoman Empire. Thiab yav dhau los ua siab ntev sultans thiab viziers, nyob rau hauv kev cia siab ntawm "tso tawm cov pa los ntawm qhov kub hnyiab," tam sim no txhawb cov kev xav hauv zej zog.

Pib ntawm Armenian pogroms

Thawj qhov loj loj Armenian pogroms tau pib thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 (xyoo 1894-1896 thiab xyoo 1899) nyob rau hauv kev kav ntawm Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Txawm li cas los xij, tus kws tshaj lij Fab Kis Pierre Paul Cambon, piav qhia txog "Massacre of Hamid", tshaj tawm tias lub sijhawm ntawd hauv tebchaws Turkey cov ntseeg tau raug tua "yam tsis txawv" - uas yog, tsis yog Armenians nkaus xwb.

Gilbert Keith Chesterton hais tias:

"Kuv tsis paub tias cov khoom qab zib oriental yog dab tsi, tab sis kuv xav tias qhov no yog kev tua neeg ntawm cov ntseeg."

Tus sultan no, ntxiv rau, yog tus tub ntawm tus poj niam Circassian thiab hauv nws lub harem (raws li nws tus ntxhais - Aishe -Sultan) tsis muaj ib tus poj niam ntseeg Christian, uas sib txawv nws los ntawm ntau lwm tus thawj tswj hwm Ottoman, uas nws tus poj niam nyiam thiab concubines feem ntau Armenian thiab Greek. …

Armenian pogroms hauv tebchaws Ottoman
Armenian pogroms hauv tebchaws Ottoman

Cov neeg raug tsim txom ntawm cov pogroms, raws li kev kwv yees ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb, yog los ntawm 80 txhiab txog 300 txhiab tus tib neeg. Lwm qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm kev ua phem tau sau tseg hauv Adana xyoo 1902 thiab 1909, qhov twg, ntxiv rau Armenians, Assyrians thiab Greek tau raug kev txom nyem. Muhajirs tau tsiv mus rau thaj av "dim".

Tom qab kev sim tua neeg ntawm Abdul-Hamid II ntawm Yildiz Mosque ntawm Constantinople thaum Lub Xya Hli 21, 1905, npaj los ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm Dashnaktsutyun tog (nrhiav tau hauv Tiflis xyoo 1890), tus neeg Sultan tus cwj pwm rau Armenians, raws li koj nkag siab, tsis txhim kho. Abdul-Hamid tom qab ntawd tsuas muaj txoj sia nyob vim tias nws tsis tham nrog Sheikh-ul-Islam: lub moos ua haujlwm ua ntej, qhov tawg tau muaj zog heev uas tus neeg ua yeeb yam nws tus kheej tau tuag (qee yam Zarekh, cov tub rog uas koom nrog kev nyiag ntawm lub txhab nyiaj Ottoman hauv 1896), thiab ntau tus tib neeg xaiv.

Raws li koj paub, txhua yam tau xaus nrog kev tua neeg loj heev ntawm Armenians xyoo 1915, uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau lub sijhawm Mehmed V, tus kwv yau ntawm Abdul-Hamid II.

Txoj cai Fatih nto moo twb tau raug tshem tawm (xyoo 1876), tab sis cov kev coj noj coj ua tseem nyob. Thiab ua ntej nkag mus rau lub zwm txwv, Mehmed nyob hauv kev ntshai tas li rau nws lub neej: nws tau nyob hauv kev saib xyuas tas li thiab tsis muaj cai tham hauv xov tooj.

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Tus sau ntawm daim duab no hais ncaj rau tus tshiab sultan: nws paub tias nws rog heev uas nws muaj teeb meem uas nws tuaj yeem hnav nws nrog rab ntaj ntawm Osman.

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Mehmed V tsis yog ib tus neeg muaj hwj chim kav tebchaws: nws yuav tsum tau koom tes ua txhua yam nws tau ua nrog cov thawj coj ntawm Ittikhat ("Kev sib sau thiab kev vam meej") tog, thiab txij li xyoo 1909, lub zog hauv lub tebchaws tau xaus nrog "Young Turk Triumvirate", uas suav nrog Enver Pasha, Talaat Pasha thiab Jemal Pasha.

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Lub caij no, cov neeg Armenians ntawm Ottoman Empire tseem tab tom sim tsim kev koom tes nrog cov tub ceev xwm, vam tias kev puas tsuaj ntawm lawv qhov xwm txheej yog ib ntus, thiab tsis ntev Sultan thiab nws cov neeg tuaj koom yuav rov los tham nrog lawv.

Thaum Tsov Rog Balkan, ntau dua 8 txhiab tus neeg Armenians tau pab dawb rau pab tub rog Turkish. Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, cov thawj coj ntawm "Dashnaktsutyun" tom qab kev tawm tsam Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1 tau tshaj tawm tias cov neeg Armenians ntawm txhua tog neeg ua rog yuav tsum mob siab rau lawv tsoomfwv. Qhov no ua rau cov tub ceev xwm Turkish tsis txaus siab, uas hu rau kev tawm tsam tsis yog rau cov neeg Muslim nkaus xwb, tabsis tseem rau cov neeg Armenians ntawm tebchaws Russia, cog lus tias yuav tsim thaj tsam Armenian muaj kev ywj pheej tom qab yeej.

Kev tua neeg Armenian xyoo 1915

Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1914, cov tub ceev xwm ntawm tebchaws Ottoman tshaj tawm hais tias jihad tawm tsam cov ntseeg thaum tsov rog nrog Turkey. Qhov no ntxiv qhov xwm txheej hauv lub tebchaws no, thiab ua rau Lwm Haiv Neeg tua neeg, uas tseem tsis tau raug cai los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm. Yog li, txij lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1914 txog Lub Plaub Hlis 1915. txog 27 txhiab tus neeg Armenians thiab ntau tus neeg Axilias raug tua (tus lej tseeb ntawm cov neeg raug tsim txom ntawm lawv ib feem tseem tsis tau suav).

Thaum lub sijhawm Sarikamysh ua haujlwm (Lub Ib Hlis 1915), Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Tiv Thaiv ntawm Tebchaws Ottoman Ismail Enver (Enver Pasha) tau raug cawm los ntawm tus tub ceev xwm Armenian thaum lub sijhawm sib ntaus: Enver txawm xa tsab ntawv mus rau Armenian Archbishop ntawm Konya, uas nws qhia ua tsaug rau Armenians rau lawv txoj kev ncaj ncees.

Tab sis tom qab kev yeej ntawm pab tub rog Turkish, nws tau liam qhov kev ua tsis tiav ntawm cov neeg ntxeev siab, cov neeg Armenians, uas nws tau hais kom ntiab tawm ntawm thaj tsam uas nyob ib sab rau tebchaws Russia. Txhua tus tub rog ntawm Armenian haiv neeg tau raug tshem riam phom (ntau ntawm lawv tom qab raug tua), Cov neeg Armenians raug txwv tsis pub ua riam phom (lawv tau txais txoj cai no tsuas yog xyoo 1908).

Thawj qhov kev nruj kev tsiv pib hauv Cilicia - hauv lub nroog Zeitun, qhov uas 3 txhiab tus tub rog Turkish raug coj tuaj. Ib feem ntawm cov txiv neej Armenian tau khiav mus rau ib lub tsev teev ntuj nyob ze, tiv thaiv uas cov Turks poob 300 tus neeg. Nws zoo li xav tsis thoob, tab sis cov neeg Armenians lawv tus kheej ntseeg "cov neeg ntxeev siab" kom tsis txhob tawm tsam thiab lees paub - zoo heev yog lawv lub siab xav ua kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nrog cov tub ceev xwm Ottoman. Txhua tus neeg Armenians uas tau lees paub tau raug tua, thiab tom qab ntawd nws yog qhov tig ntawm "kev cuam tshuam": lawv raug ntiab tawm ntawm lawv lub tsev thiab xa mus rau thaj chaw suab puam ntawm Der Zor hauv thaj av ntawm Konya xeev.

Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 19, 1915, kev tua neeg Armenians pib hauv Van xeev (txog li 50 txhiab tus neeg tuag). Muaj kev ntxiv dag zog rau lawv ib feem ntawm lub nroog, cov neeg Armenians tawm tsam txog lub Tsib Hlis 16, thaum cov tub rog Lavxias tuaj txog. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab 6 lub lis piam cov neeg Lavxias raug yuam kom thim rov qab, thiab ntau tus neeg Armenians hauv zos tau tawm nrog lawv mus rau thaj tsam Russia.

Thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 24, 1915, 235 tus neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm Armenian diaspora raug ntes hauv Constantinople thiab tom qab raug tua, tsis ntev tus naj npawb ntawm cov uas raug ntiab tawm ntau tshaj 5 txhiab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev ntes Armenians pib hauv Adana thiab Alexandretta.

Lub Tsib Hlis 9 nws yog qhov tig ntawm Armenians ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Anatolia.

Thiab thaum kawg, thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 30, 1915, Majlis ntawm Lub Tebchaws Ottoman tau pom zoo "Txoj Cai ntawm Kev Xa Tawm", raws li qhov kev tua neeg ntawm Armenians pib hauv txhua cheeb tsam.

Thaum Lub Xya Hli xyoo 1915, ib feem ntawm cov neeg Armenians uas nyob ze Antioch tau mus rau roob, qhov uas lawv tuav tau 7 lub lis piam. Ib txhia ntawm lawv tom qab xaus rau Fab Kis Txawv Tebchaws Txawv Tebchaws.

Cov Armenians ntawm Constantinople thiab Edirne raug kev txom nyem tsawg dua li lwm tus, vim tias cov chaw lis haujlwm thiab chaw nyob ntawm European lub tebchaws tau nyob hauv cov nroog no. Qhov kev txiav txim rau ntiab tawm Armenians kuj tseem tsis quav ntsej los ntawm tus tswv xeev ntawm Smyrna, Rahmi-bey, uas tau hais tias lawv raug ntiab tawm yuav rhuav tshem kev lag luam txawv teb chaws ntawm lub nroog no.

Hauv lwm qhov chaw, rau "lub koom haum zoo dua" ntawm kev ua pauj thiab kev ntiab tawm, kev cais tawm tshwj xeeb - "Chettes", nyob rau hauv rau Minister of Internal Affairs Talaat Pasha (yav tom ntej - Grand Vizier), tau tsim, uas suav nrog cov neeg ua phem raug tso tawm hauv tsev loj cuj.: lawv "pab" pab tub rog, "Cov koom haum tshwj xeeb" Behaeddin Shakir, tub ceev xwm thiab "cov neeg ua haujlwm". Talaat tau hais ncaj, hais lus hauv lub voj voog ntawm nws cov neeg hauv qab no:

"Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ntiab tawm ntawm Armenians yog tsis muaj dab tsi."

Cov neeg nyob ze Muslim, nyob rau qhov mob ntawm kev tuag, raug txwv tsis pub nyob hauv Armenians thiab pab lawv hauv txhua txoj kev.

Feem ntau, cov neeg Armenians tau txais kev kho mob raws li hauv qab no: cov txiv neej laus uas muaj peev xwm tiv taus tau tam sim ntawd sib cais los ntawm lawv tsev neeg thiab raug tshem tawm ntawm qhov chaw nyob, qhov uas lawv raug tua lossis txiav. Cov tub ntxhais hluas Armenian tau qee zaum hloov mus rau ib tus txiv neej Muslim, tab sis ntau zaus lawv tsuas yog raug tsoob.

Tus so tau tsav mus rau thaj chaw suab puam. Qee zaum tsuas yog ib feem tsib tau mus txog qhov chaw raug ntiab tawm; ntau tus neeg muaj txoj sia tau tuag vim kev tshaib kev nqhis thiab kab mob. Yog li ntawd lawv txoj kev tsis yog "yooj yim heev," Mehmet Reshid, tus tswv xeev ntawm Diyarbekir, tau hais kom cov nees nees raug ntsia hlau rau ntawm cov neeg raug ntiab tawm mus. Tom qab qhov piv txwv no tau ua nyob hauv lwm lub nroog.

Txawm li cas los xij, qee zaum lawv tsis nyiam coj cov neeg Armenians uas tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv no mus, tab sis kom tua lawv ntawm qhov chaw - lawv raug txiav thiab raug ntaus nrog cov xov tooj cua, qee zaum lawv raug hlawv hauv cov tsev kaw thiab cov chaw ruaj khov lossis poob rau hauv cov nkoj. Hauv tag nrho, tom qab ntawd kwv yees li 150 txhiab tus neeg Armenians raug rhuav tshem (tsuas yog hauv lub nroog Khynys - 19 txhiab tus neeg, hauv nroog Bitlis - 15 txhiab). Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws: qee zaum cov neeg raug tsim txom tau nce mus rau 800 txhiab, thiab qee tus kws sau ntawv (piv txwv, Shaan Natalie, uas yuav tham txog hauv kab lus tom ntej) - txog ib thiab ib nrab lab.

Nws kuj tseem paub txog kev sim ntawm Armenians ntawm tus xibfwb Ottoman Hamdi Suat, uas tau sim nrhiav kev kho tus mob typhus. Tom qab ua tsov rog, nws tau muab tso rau hauv tsev kho mob hlwb, thiab tom qab ntawd tshaj tawm tus tsim ntawm Turkish bacteriology; Suat House Museum ua haujlwm hauv Istanbul.

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Twb tau nyob rau lub Tsib Hlis 24, 1915, Great Britain, Fabkis thiab Russia hauv kev tshaj tawm ua ke rau txim rau Turkey, lees paub kev tua neeg ntawm Armenians yog kev ua phem rau tib neeg.

Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua phem loj rau cov neeg Armenians txuas ntxiv mus txog thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1916: txog 65 txhiab tus neeg Armenians raug ntiab tawm ntawm Erzurum ib leeg (ntau tus ntawm lawv raug tua). Kev cais tawm ntawm kev tua neeg pov tseg tau sau tseg txog kev swb ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv xyoo 1918. Thiab thaum lub Cuaj Hli xyoo 1917, thaj chaw Armenian thiab Greek hauv nroog Smyrna (Izmir) tau raug puas tsuaj.

Qhov no tau tham hauv kab lus Yug Los ntawm Cov Neeg Qub Tebchaws Turkish.

Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias ua ke nrog cov Armenians ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Tebchaws Ottoman, cov neeg Axilias thiab Pontic Greek tau raug rhuav tshem lub sijhawm ntawd. Hauv tebchaws Greece, cov xwm txheej ntawm cov xyoo ntawd hu ua "Great Catastrophe". Los ntawm 1900 txog 1922 cov neeg ntseeg ntawm tib Anatolia tau txo los ntawm 25 txog 5%. Thiab nyob rau niaj hnub Turkey, kev faib cov ntseeg hauv cov pejxeem tsawg dua 1%.

Tam sim no, muaj cov khoom plig tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg raug tsim txom ntawm kev tua neeg Armenian xyoo 1915 hauv 22 lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb. Ntxiv rau Armenia, lawv tuaj yeem pom hauv Fabkis, Asmeskas (3), Canada, Bulgaria, Russia (2 - Rostov, Izhevsk), Australia, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Austria, Hungary, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Georgia, Is Nrias teb, Lebanon, Iran, Egypt, Syria thiab Cyprus.

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