Cov foob pob hluav taws muaj cov roj thiab cov tshuaj tua hluav taws xob thiab, tsis zoo li cov dav hlau roj, tsis xav tau cov khoom siv sab nraud: huab cua lossis dej. Cov foob pob hluav taws, raws li lawv lub xeev kev sib sau ua ke, tau muab faib ua kua, khoom thiab sib xyaw. Cov roj ua kua tau muab faib ua cryogenic (nrog cov dej kub npau npau ntawm cov khoom siv qis dua xoom degrees Celsius) thiab ua kom kub ntau (so). Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg sib xyaw, kev daws teeb meem, lossis cov yas sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom. Cov roj hluav taws xob sib xyaw muaj cov khoom sib txawv hauv cov xeev sib txawv, thiab tam sim no tseem tab tom tshawb fawb.
Keeb kwm, thawj lub foob pob hluav taws roj yog cov hmoov dub, sib xyaw ntawm cov ntsev (oxidizer), cov roj av (roj) thiab cov leej faj (phau ntawv tuav), uas tau xub xub siv hauv Suav foob pob hluav taws nyob rau xyoo pua 2 AD. Cov mos txwv nrog lub cav foob pob hluav taws uas muaj zog (lub tshuab foob pob hluav taws) tau siv rau hauv kev ua tub rog raws li qhov hluav taws kub thiab qhia tau tias yog txhais li cas.
Tom qab tsim cov hmoov uas tsis haus luam yeeb thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, ib leeg-tivthaiv ballistite roj tau tsim los ntawm nws lub hauv paus, suav nrog cov tshuaj nitrocellulose (roj) hauv nitroglycerin (cov tshuaj oxidizing). Ballistite roj muaj ntau yam ntawm lub zog siab dua piv rau cov hmoov dub, muaj lub zog siv zog siab, tau tsim tau zoo, khaws cov tshuaj ruaj khov rau lub sijhawm ntev thaum khaws cia, thiab muaj tus nqi qis. Cov txiaj ntsig no tau txiav txim siab ua ntej siv dav dav ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws hauv cov mos txwv loj tshaj plaws uas muaj lub zog tiv thaiv - foob pob hluav taws thiab foob pob tawg.
Kev txhim kho nyob rau thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum ntawm cov kev kawm txuj ci xws li kev siv roj, lub cev ntawm kev sib txuas thiab kev siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov hluav taws xob sib xyaw ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nthuav dav cov foob pob hluav taws los ntawm kev siv cov khoom ua kua. Thawj lub foob pob tua hluav taws nrog lub tshuab ua lub foob pob hluav taws ua kua (LPRE) "V -2" siv lub tshuab ua kom txias txias - cov pa oxygen thiab cov roj kub kub - ethyl cawv.
Tom qab Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, cov foob pob hluav taws tau txais qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho dua lwm hom riam phom vim lawv lub peev xwm xa cov nqi nuclear mus rau lub hom phiaj ntawm txhua qhov kev deb - los ntawm ob peb kis lus mev (tshuab foob pob hluav taws) mus rau ntau qhov sib txuas (cov foob pob). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov foob pob hluav taws tau muab cov khoom siv phom loj rau hauv dav hlau, kev tiv thaiv huab cua, cov tub rog hauv av thiab cov tub rog vim tsis muaj zog thim rov qab thaum tso cov mos txwv nrog lub cav foob pob hluav taws.
Ib txhij nrog cov foob pob thiab cov roj foob pob hluav taws, cov khoom sib xyaw sib xyaw sib xyaw ua ke tau tsim los raws li qhov tsim nyog tshaj plaws rau kev siv tub rog vim lawv qhov kub thiab txias ntau ntawm kev ua haujlwm, tshem tawm qhov txaus ntshai ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke, txo tus nqi ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws muaj zog vim tsis muaj cov kav dej, cov kav dej thiab cov twj tso kua mis nrog lub zog siab dua ib chav hnyav.
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws
Ntxiv rau lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke ntawm nws cov khoom, cov foob pob hluav taws muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:
- tshwj xeeb impulse ntawm thrust;
- thermal stability;
- tshuaj lom neeg ruaj khov;
- lom lom;
- ntom;
- haus luam yeeb.
Qhov tshwj xeeb cuam tshuam ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws nyob ntawm qhov siab thiab qhov kub hauv chav sib txuas ntawm lub cav, nrog rau cov qauv sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom sib txuas. Ib qho ntxiv, qhov kev xav tshwj xeeb nyob ntawm qhov nthuav dav ntawm lub cav lub taub hau, tab sis qhov no muaj feem cuam tshuam ntau dua rau sab nraud ib puag ncig ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws thev naus laus zis (huab cua lossis huab cua sab nraud).
Kev nce siab tau muab los ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv nrog lub zog siab (cov hlau hlau rau lub tshuab foob pob hluav taws thiab cov khoom siv yas rau cov khoom ua kom muaj zog). Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, cov tshuab ua kua foob ua ntej ua ntej cov khoom tawg vim yog qhov sib zog ntawm lawv lub zog txhawb nqa hauv kev sib piv nrog lub cev ntawm lub cav siv roj-zog, uas yog ib chav sib txuas loj.
Qhov kub siab ntawm cov khoom sib txuas yog ua tiav los ntawm kev ntxiv hlau txhuas lossis tshuaj lom neeg - aluminium hydride rau cov khoom siv roj. Cov roj ua kua tuaj yeem siv cov tshuaj ntxiv no tsuas yog tias lawv tau tuab nrog cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb. Kev tiv thaiv cua sov ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob ua kua yog muab los ntawm cov cua txias nrog roj, kev tiv thaiv cua sov ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob-los ntawm khov kho txuas cov roj thaiv rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub cav thiab kev siv cov hluav taws kub hnyiab tau ua los ntawm cov pa roj carbon sib xyaw hauv ntu tseem ceeb ntawm lub nozzle.
Cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom sib txuas / cov khoom tawg ntawm cov roj cuam tshuam rau tus nqi ntws thiab lawv lub xeev sib sau ua ke ntawm lub qhov taub tawm. Qhov qis dua qhov hnyav ntawm cov molecules, qhov ntau dua qhov ntws: cov khoom siv uas xav tau tshaj plaws yog dej molecules, ua raws li nitrogen, carbon dioxide, chlorine oxides thiab lwm yam halogens; qhov tsawg tshaj plaws yog alumina, uas ua rau lub cev khov kho hauv lub cav, yog li txo qhov ntim ntawm cov pa nthuav dav. Ib qho ntxiv, aluminium oxide feem ua rau siv lub conical nozzles vim yog hnav hnav ntawm qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws parabolic Laval nozzles.
Rau cov tub rog foob pob hluav taws, lawv cov cua sov ruaj khov yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb vim yog qhov ntsuas kub ntau ntawm kev siv tshuab foob pob hluav taws. Yog li ntawd, cov kua hluav taws xob cryogenic (oxygen + kerosene thiab oxygen + hydrogen) tau siv tsuas yog nyob rau theem pib ntawm kev tsim cov foob pob hluav taws sib txuas nruab nrab (R-7 thiab Titan), ntxiv rau kev tso tsheb thauj mus los ntawm cov tsheb siv tau (Space Shuttle thiab Energia) tau npaj rau xa cov hnub qub thiab lub foob pob hluav taws mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb qis.
Tam sim no, cov tub rog siv tshwj xeeb rau cov kua roj ua kom sov siab raws li nitrogen tetroxide (AT, oxidizer) thiab asymmetric dimethylhydrazine (UDMH, roj). Cov cua sov ruaj khov ntawm cov roj no tau txiav txim siab los ntawm cov dej kub ntawm AT (+ 21 ° C), uas txwv kev siv cov roj no los ntawm cov cuaj luaj nyob hauv qhov ntsuas cua sov hauv ICBM thiab SLBM foob pob hluav taws. Vim yog kev nruj ntawm cov khoom, thev naus laus zis ntawm lawv kev tsim khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam yog / yog tswv los ntawm ib lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb - USSR / RF (ICBMs "Voevoda" thiab "Sarmat", SLBMs "Sineva" thiab " Cov ntaub ntawv "). Raws li qhov kev zam, AT + NDMG tau siv los ua roj rau Kh-22 Tempest aircraft cruise missiles, tab sis vim muaj teeb meem nrog kev ua haujlwm hauv av, Kh-22 thiab lawv cov tiam tom ntej Kh-32 tau npaj yuav hloov nrog dav hlau Zircon cruise missiles siv kerosene ua roj.
Cov cua sov ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob feem ntau yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov khoom sib xws ntawm cov kuab tshuaj thiab cov ntaub ntawv polymer. Hauv kev tsim cov roj ballistite, cov kuab tshuaj yog nitroglycerin, uas nyob rau hauv kev daws teeb meem nrog nitrocellulose muaj qhov kub thiab txias ntawm kev ua haujlwm los ntawm rho tawm mus rau 50 ° C. Hauv cov roj sib xyaw, ntau yam khoom siv hluavtaws rubbers nrog tib qhov kub ua haujlwm tau siv los ua cov ntawv polymer. Txawm li cas los xij, cov cua sov ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv roj (ammonium dinitramide + 97 ° C, aluminium hydride + 105 ° C, nitrocellulose + 160 ° C, ammonium perchlorate thiab HMX + 200 ° C) qhov tseem ceeb tshaj li cov cuab yeej zoo sib xws ntawm cov neeg paub khi, thiab yog li ntawd nws yog qhov cuam tshuam tshawb nrhiav rau lawv cov kev sib sau tshiab.
Cov roj sib txuas ruaj khov tshaj plaws yog AT + UDMG, txij li cov thev naus laus zis tshwj xeeb hauv tsev ntawm ampulized cia hauv txhuas tso tsheb hlau luam hauv qab me ntsis nitrogen ntau dhau rau qhov yuav luag tsis muaj sijhawm tau tsim rau nws. Txhua yam khoom siv hluav taws xob sib xyaw ua ke lub sijhawm dhau los vim qhov sib kis ntawm cov polymers thiab lawv cov kuab tshuaj siv thev naus laus zis, tom qab uas cov oligomers nkag mus rau tshuaj lom neeg nrog lwm yam, cov khoom siv ruaj khov dua. Yog li ntawd, cov kws kuaj xyuas cov khoom muaj zog xav tau kev hloov pauv tas li.
Cov tshuaj lom lom lom ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws yog UDMH, uas cuam tshuam rau hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb, cov qog ua kua ntawm qhov muag thiab tib neeg txoj hnyuv zom, thiab ua rau mob qog noj ntshav. Hauv qhov no, ua haujlwm nrog UDMH tau ua tiav hauv kev cais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom haum nrog kev siv lub tshuab ua pa rau tus kheej.
Tus nqi ntawm cov roj ntom cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau LPRE cov roj tso tsheb hlau luam thiab cov khoom siv foob pob ua ntxaij lub cev: siab dua qhov ntom ntom, tsawg dua cov kab mob parasitic ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws. Qhov ntom qis tshaj ntawm cov pa roj carbon hydrogen + oxygen yog 0.34 g / cu. cm, ib khub ntawm kerosene + oxygen muaj qhov ceev ntawm 1.09 g / cu. cm, AT + NDMG - 1,19 g / cu. cm, nitrocellulose + nitroglycerin - 1.62 g / cu. cm, txhuas / txhuas hydride + perchlorate / ammonium dinitramide - 1.7 g / cc, HMX + ammonium perchlorate - 1.9 g / cc. Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias lub tshuab foob pob hluav taws muaj zog ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke, qhov ceev ntawm cov nqi roj yog kwv yees li ob zaug tsawg dua qhov ntom ntom ntawm cov roj vim lub hnub qub zoo li ntu ntawm cov koog sib txuas, txhawm rau tswj lub siab nyob hauv chav sib txuas, tsis hais txog qib ntawm roj hlawv. Tib yam siv rau cov foob pob hluav taws, uas tau tsim los ua cov hlua lossis cov hlua txhawm rau ua kom lub sijhawm kub hnyiab thiab nrawm dua ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws thiab foob pob hluav taws. Hauv kev sib piv rau lawv, qhov ntom ntom ntawm cov roj hauv cov khoom siv foob pob hluav taws ua kom tawg ntawm qhov kawg kev sib txuas raws li HMX ua ke nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws qhia rau nws.
Qhov kawg ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws yog cov pa luam yeeb ntawm cov khoom siv sib txuas, pom qhov tsis pom kev ntawm kev ya dav hlau thiab foob pob hluav taws. Cov yam ntxwv no yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov roj uas muaj txhuas, cov oxides uas tau muab tso rau hauv lub xeev ruaj khov thaum nthuav dav hauv lub foob pob hluav taws cav lub taub hau. Yog li ntawd, cov roj no tau siv rau hauv cov khoom muaj zog ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws, ntu ntu ntawm txoj kev taug uas yog sab nraum tus yeeb ncuab txoj kab pom. Cov dav hlau ya dav hlau tau siv HMX thiab ammonium perchlorate roj, foob pob hluav taws, foob pob hluav taws thiab tiv thaiv lub foob pob hluav taws - nrog cov roj foob pob.
Lub zog ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws
Txhawm rau sib piv lub peev xwm muaj peev xwm ntawm ntau hom roj foob pob hluav taws, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los teeb tsa cov kev sib txuas sib txuas rau lawv hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev siab nyob hauv chav sib txuas thiab qhov nthuav dav ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws cav lub taub hau - piv txwv li, 150 qhov chaw cua thiab 300 zaug nthuav dav Tom qab ntawd, rau cov roj sib tw / triplets, qhov kev xav tshwj xeeb yuav yog:
oxygen + hydrogen - 4.4 km / s;
oxygen + kerosene - 3.4 km / s;
AT + NDMG - 3.3 km / s;
ammonium dinitramide + hydrogen hydride + HMX - 3.2 km / s;
ammonium perchlorate + txhuas + HMX - 3.1 km / s;
ammonium perchlorate + HMX - 2.9 km / s;
nitrocellulose + nitroglycerin - 2.5 km / s.
Cov khoom siv roj raws ammonium dinitramide yog kev tsim kho hauv ib puag ncig xyoo 1980s, nws tau siv los ua roj rau theem thib ob thiab thib peb ntawm RT-23 UTTKh thiab R-39 cov cuaj luaj thiab tseem tsis tau zoo tshaj hauv cov yam ntxwv zog los ntawm cov qauv zoo tshaj ntawm cov roj txawv teb chaws raws li ammonium perchlorate. siv hauv Minuteman-3 thiab Trident-2 cuaj luaj. Ammonium dinitramide yog qhov tawg uas ua rau tawg txawm tias los ntawm lub teeb hluav taws xob; yog li ntawd, nws cov khoom lag luam tau nqa tawm hauv chav uas pom los ntawm lub teeb liab liab tsis muaj zog. Cov teeb meem thev naus laus zis tsis tau tso cai rau tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov foob pob hluav taws roj ntawm nws lub hauv paus nyob txhua qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb, tshwj tsis yog hauv USSR. Lwm qhov yog tias Soviet thev naus laus zis tau siv ib txwm tsuas yog ntawm Pavlograd cov tshuaj cog, nyob hauv thaj tsam Dnepropetrovsk ntawm Ukrainian SSR, thiab tau poob rau xyoo 1990 tom qab cog tau hloov pauv los tsim tshuaj lom neeg hauv tsev. Txawm li cas los xij, txiav txim los ntawm kev siv tswv yim thiab yam ntxwv ntawm kev cia siab rau riam phom ntawm RS-26 "Rubezh" yam, thev naus laus zis tau rov qab los hauv tebchaws Russia xyoo 2010.
Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev muaj txiaj ntsig zoo yog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws ruaj khov los ntawm Lavxias daim ntawv pov thawj No. 2241693, uas yog los ntawm Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws State Unitary Enterprise Perm Plant npe tom qab. CM. Kirov : kuv.
oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev - ammonium dinitramide, 58%;
roj - txhuas hydride, 27%;
plasticizer - nitroisobutyltrinitrateglycerin, 11, 25%;
binder - polybutadiene nitrile roj hmab, 2, 25%;
tawv - sulfur, 1.49%;
combustion stabilizer - ultrafine txhuas, 0.01%;
additives - carbon dub, lecithin, thiab lwm yam.
Kev cia siab rau kev txhim kho cov foob pob hluav taws
Cov lus qhia tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov foob pob hluav taws ua kua yog (nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim siab ua ntej ntawm kev nqis tes ua):
- kev siv supercooled oxygen txhawm rau txhawm rau nce qhov ntom ntawm cov oxidizer;
- kev hloov pauv mus rau cov pa roj carbon oxygen + methane, cov khoom sib txuas uas muaj 15% lub zog siab dua thiab 6 npaug cov cua sov muaj peev xwm zoo dua li cov roj av, suav nrog qhov tseeb tias txhuas cov tso tsheb hlau luam tau tawv ntawm qhov kub ntawm cov kua methane;
- ntxiv ozone rau cov pa oxygen ntawm qib 24% txhawm rau txhawm rau ua kom lub zog kub thiab lub zog ntawm cov tshuaj oxidizer (feem ntau ntawm cov ozone tau tawg);
- kev siv cov roj thixotropic (ua kom tuab), cov khoom uas muaj cov kev tshem tawm ntawm pentaborane, pentafluoride, hlau lossis lawv cov hydrides.
Supercooled oxygen twb tau siv hauv Falcon 9 lub tsheb tso tawm; oxygen + methane-fueled foob pob hluav taws cav tau tsim hauv Russia thiab Tebchaws Meskas.
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho cov foob pob hluav taws ruaj khov yog kev hloov mus rau cov khoom sib txuas uas muaj cov pa oxygen hauv lawv cov lwg me me, uas txhim kho qhov sib npaug oxidation ntawm cov khoom sib zog ua ke. Ib qho piv txwv niaj hnub hauv tsev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no yog cov khoom siv polymer "Nika-M", uas suav nrog cov pab pawg sib xyaw ntawm dinitrile dioxide thiab butylenediol polyetherurethane, tsim los ntawm Lub Xeev Lub Koom Haum Tshawb Fawb "Kristall" (Dzerzhinsk).
Lwm qhov kev cia siab yog kev nthuav dav ntawm ntau yam siv nitramine cov khoom tawg, uas muaj cov pa oxygen ntau dua hauv kev sib piv nrog HMX (rho tawm 22%). Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov no yog hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (Cl-20, cov pa oxygen rho tawm 10%) thiab octanitrocubane (xoom oxygen tshuav), qhov kev cia siab uas yog nyob ntawm kev txo tus nqi ntawm lawv cov khoom-tam sim no Cl-20 yog qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj dua kim dua tshaj li HMX, octonitrocubane yog qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj dua kim dua Cl -twenty.
Ntxiv rau kev txhim kho hom paub ntawm cov khoom, kev tshawb fawb kuj tseem tau ua tiav hauv kev coj los tsim cov khoom sib txuas polymer, cov qauv uas suav nrog tshwj xeeb ntawm nitrogen atoms txuas nrog los ntawm ib leeg. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cais ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw polymer hauv qab qhov ua kom sov, nitrogen tsim cov qauv yooj yim ntawm ob lub atoms txuas nrog los ntawm peb npaug. Lub zog tso tawm hauv qhov no yog ob zaug lub zog ntawm nitramine cov khoom tawg. Thawj thawj zaug, nitrogen sib xyaw nrog lub pob zeb zoo li lub pob zeb diamond tau txais los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias thiab German hauv xyoo 2009 thaum lub sijhawm sim ntawm kev sib koom ua ke cog cog raws li qhov ntsuas ntawm 1 lab atmospheres thiab kub ntawm 1725 ° C. Tam sim no, kev ua haujlwm tseem tab tom ua tiav lub xeev metastable ntawm nitrogen polymers ntawm qhov siab thiab qhov kub thiab txias.
Ntau dua nitrogen oxides tau cog lus tias muaj cov tshuaj muaj cov pa oxygen. Cov paub zoo nitric oxide V (ib lub tiaj tus qauv ntawm cov uas muaj ob lub nitrogen atoms thiab tsib cov pa atoms) tsis muaj nqi siv tau los ua ib feem ntawm cov khoom siv roj vim nws cov ntsiab lus qis (32 ° C). Kev tshawb nrhiav hauv qhov kev taw qhia no tau ua los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav ib txoj hauv kev rau kev sib xyaw ntawm nitric oxide VI (tetra-nitrogen hexaoxide), lub hauv paus txheej txheem ntawm cov qauv uas muaj cov duab ntawm tetrahedron, ntawm qhov siab ntawm uas muaj plaub lub nitrogen atoms sib koom ua ke. rau xoom atoms nyob ntawm ntug ntawm tetrahedron. Kev kaw tag nrho ntawm kev sib koom ua ke sib txuas hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm nitric oxide VI ua rau nws muaj peev xwm kwv yees rau nws nce thermal stability, zoo ib yam li urotropin. Cov pa oxygen tshuav ntawm nitric oxide VI (ntxiv rau 63%) ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj zog tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab xws li hlau, hlau hydrides, nitramines thiab hydrocarbon polymers hauv cov foob pob hluav taws.
