Los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm XI txog thaum pib ntawm XIV xyoo pua hauv Russia, thaum saib kev sib koom ntawm cov lus, kev ntseeg, nco txog kev sib koom ntawm tag nrho cov av, raws li kev cai lij choj ntawm Rurikovichs, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim tsoomfwv lossis faib lub tebchaws. qhov chaw. Lawv tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev tshwm sim thiab kev txhim kho ntawm cov zej zog ib puag ncig, hauv txhua lub nroog ntawm Russia pom nws cov neeg nyob sib ze ua lwm "xeev". Tsis pub dhau lub hauv paus ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov zej zog ib puag ncig, nws tsis tuaj yeem yog lwm yam
Kuv twb tau sau txog dab tsi lub sijhawm ntawm zej zog nyob sib ze-thaj tsam yog. Tab sis kuv xav tias lub sijhawm no yuav tsum tau hais meej ntxiv. Txij li kev kawm ntawv hauv tsev, txhua tus paub tias lub sijhawm txij nruab nrab ntawm XI-XIII ib puas xyoo. - lub sij hawm ntawm feudal fragmentation. Lub tswv yim no tau tsim hauv 30-40s ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum. nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm Marxist cov qauv kev xav. Kev tsim qauv kev xav hauv nws daim ntawv qub tau tsim los ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm hauv USSR thaum sib tham thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930s, raws li kev txhim kho ntawm K. Marx thiab F. Engels.
Raws li qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm lub sijhawm thaum ntxov ntawm Lavxias keeb kwm mus rau kev muaj txuj ci tseem ceeb, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm no yog lub siab xav qhia tias Russia tsis poob qab nws cov neeg nyob ze hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab tau sib npaug nrog lawv. Mus rau lo lus nug ntawm dab tsi tshwm sim thiab dab tsi ua rau muaj kev lag luam poob qab feem ntau ntawm cov tebchaws nyob sab Europe sab hnub poob thiab cov tebchaws tshiab xws li Tebchaws Asmeskas, nws tau piav qhia tias kev thim rov qab pib vim qhov tseeb tias Russia tau nyam hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog vim kev tswjfwm kev nom kev tswv uas ua rau cov txheej txheem qeeb … Tab sis … tsis txhob ua ntej ntawm peb tus kheej, tab sis rov qab mus rau XI-XII ib puas xyoo. Yog li, nrog kev txhim kho ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb, kev pom, ob qho tib si nyob rau sab hnub poob thiab hauv USSR, tau pib ua kom muaj zog ntawm qhov muaj cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb thiab sib txawv hauv txhua lub tebchaws, ob qho tib si hauv kev tsim muaj feudal, thiab cov cim ntawm cov zej zog uas tau ua tsis haum lub tswvyim ntawm "feudal". Kuv tsis yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws tsis lees paub lub neej ntawm "kev tsim feudal", tsis zoo li cov kws sau keeb kwm uas thaum xub thawj tau thov txim rau feudalism, thiab tom qab ntawd, tom qab xyoo 1991, pib tsis lees paub "feudalism" nws tus kheej, maj nrawm siv ntau yam kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm keeb kwm. Muaj tseeb, lawv tau maj nrawm, vim tias tam sim no qhia pom tias txoj kev tsim, ntawm chav kawm, txawv ntawm txoj kev 50-70s. Xyoo pua XX, tseem yog cov txheej txheem tshaj plaws, piav qhia txog kev txhim kho yam tsawg kawg ntawm pawg lus European.
Kev tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm keeb kwm, xws li, piv txwv li, "tus thawj coj loj" uas muaj suab npe (tus thawj coj loj, tus thawj coj nyuaj, thiab lwm yam), tsis thim lossis hloov txoj hauv kev tsim los rau noob neej, tab sis yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev txhim kho cuam tshuam nrog ua ntej -cass lossis potestarian lub sijhawm. Lub sijhawm, uas suav nrog pab pawg neeg thiab thaj av-kev sib koom ua ke.
Dab tsi yog yav dhau los tau teev tseg feudalism hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov phau ntawv yog ua ntej hauv chav kawm, zej zog cov neeg potestarian nrog tsuas yog cov cim ntawm lub xeev thiab kab rov tav, tsis yog hierarchical, kev tswj hwm ntawm tsoomfwv. Ua ntej feudalism thaum lub sijhawm thib ib nrab ntawm 11th - thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. tseem nyob deb.
Lub sijhawm no tuaj yeem ua tus cwj pwm zoo li lub sijhawm ntawm ntau qhov kev tawm tsam vector:
Ua ntej, cov tshiab tsim volosts (nroog -xeev) tiv thaiv lawv kev ywj pheej los ntawm "chaw" - Kiev thiab "Lavxias teb sab av".
Qhov thib ob, lub nroog-xeev sib cav sib ceg rau khoom plig los ntawm pawg neeg ciam teb ntawm Polotsk thiab Novgorod, Novgorod thiab Suzdal.
Qhov thib peb, muaj kev sib cav ntawm cov thawj ntawm Tsev Rurik kom tau txais txiaj ntsig ntau "pub mis" hauv nroog-xeev thiab rau "rooj kub" ntawm Kiev.
Plaub, cov nroog tau sib tsoo nrog cov nroog "laus dua": Pskov nrog Novgorod, Chernigov nrog Kiev, Galich nrog Vladimir Volynsky, Rostov nrog Suzdal, Vladimir ntawm Klyazma nrog Rostov.
Peb yuav qhia yuav ua li cas cov xwm txheej tau tsim tsuas yog hauv ob thaj av ntawm Russia.
Kiev thiab Russia av
Cov txheej txheem zoo ib yam tau tshwm sim ntawm no ib yam li hauv thaj av ntawm pab pawg "super-union" tsim los ntawm Russia.
Ua ntej, Kiev yog tus hlob, uas yog, lub nroog qub tshaj plaws ntawm Russia, lub peev ntawm tag nrho "super-union".
Qhov thib ob, Kiev thiab nws cov zej zog tau ntev "tau txais txiaj ntsig" ntawm cov nyiaj tau los los ntawm thaj av uas tau txiav txim rau Russia.
Qhov thib peb, kev hloov pauv los ntawm pab pawg neeg mus rau thaj chaw ib puag ncig hauv Kiev kuj ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv zej zog uas tau tshwm sim hauv txhua thaj av: kev sib cais ntawm pab pawg, kev nce hauv kev tsis sib xws, kev tshwm sim ntawm pawg tshiab ntawm ib nrab-dawb thiab qhev, nag hmo txoj kev sib tham dawb, nce hauv kev ua txhaum cai txhaum cai thiab siv nyiaj ntau.
Thib plaub, nws cov nroog tau tawm tsam kev tawm tsam kom tsis muaj kev ywj pheej: thawj zaug yog Chernigov, tom qab ntawd yog Pereyaslavl thiab Turov, uas tau dhau los ua cov chaw tshiab.
Thiab, thaum kawg, hauv Kiev muaj kev tawm tsam nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm "txheej thaum ub kev ywj pheej", qhov uas cov thawj coj tsis sawv siab dua hauv zej zog, tab sis nyob ib sab ntawm nws. Ntawd yog, cov qauv raug tsim, uas tau hu los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub no lub nroog-xeev.
Kev txhim kho ntawm "Russia thaj av", thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntawm Kiev, tau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov tub sab sab nraud uas ua rau nws lub zog muaj zog. Kev nyiam huv centrifugal yog thawj qhov tshwm sim los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm volosts rau kev ywj pheej los ntawm Kiev. Lawv tau pab txo qis cov nyiaj khwv tau los. Qhov thib ob yog qhov kev hem thawj los ntawm cov nomads ntawm cov teb chaws Europe sab hnub tuaj, kev hem thawj uas dhau mus ua tsov rog tas mus li uas xav tau kev siv zog ntau ntawm ib feem ntawm kev kawm potestary, uas yog Kievan Rus.
Txhawm rau tawm tsam cov nomads, yawg loj ntawm Russia ntiav Varangians, "nrawm nrawm", txav cov tub rog tawm tsam los ntawm thaj av sab qaum teb ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Europe. Ntawm tus ciam teb steppe raws tus dej. Lub Rosy haum cov tub rog raug txhom (Poles) thiab pab pawg neeg tsawg pab pawg neeg (Torks, Berendei), uas tuaj rau Russia, tsis xav ua raws li Polovtsians. Kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig tau txhim kho tas mus li - ramparts. Hauv kev tawm tsam, Pechenegs tau swb, tab sis nyob rau hauv lawv qhov chaw tuaj Torks, ib feem ntawm pab pawg neeg ntawm Uzes, uas tau tuav Central Asia thiab Iran mus rau sab qab teb thiab tsim lub xeev muaj zog ntawm Seljuk Turks. Rus kuj tau hais lus nrog lawv, tab sis lawv tau hloov los ntawm kev sib koom ua nom tswv tshiab thiab muaj zog dua ntawm Polovtsians. Lawv cov horde ntau dua li Pechenegs thiab Torks.
Polovtsi
Polovtsy yog Kipchaks lossis pab pawg neeg ntawm Kipchaks. Lub npe Polovtsians yog cov ntawv taug los ntawm tus kheej lub npe ntawm pawg neeg no - "pob" - daj. Nws tsis txuas nrog lub ntsej muag ntawm Kipchaks, nws tsuas yog nyob hauv hav zoov nws tau coj los siv xim txheej hauv cov npe ntawm pab pawg neeg: Dawb Hephthalites, Bulgarians dub, Dawb Horde.
Nyob rau hauv 20s ntawm XI caug xyoo. nomad-Kipchaks pom lawv tus kheej hauv cov hav ntawm Don, Donbass, thiab los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm XI caug xyoo. nyob tag nrho thaj chaw uas Pechenegs siv los ncig. Lawv tam sim ntawd pib tawm tsam Russia, thiab tom qab ntawd Bulgaria, Hungary thiab Byzantium, thiab thaum kawg ntawm XI caug xyoo. pab Byzantines los rhuav tshem Pechenegs. Nyob rau hauv XII caug xyoo. qee pawg neeg tau mus rau Georgia, qee qhov mob siab rau ua tsov rog tiv thaiv cov neeg nplua nuj, tab sis tsis muaj zog Byzantium. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov neeg Polovtsians txav mus rau theem thib ob ntawm kev ua nom ua tswv, thiab lawv muaj cov nroog "nyob ruaj ruaj" - txoj kev caij ntuj no thiab txoj kev caij ntuj sov, uas ua rau cov neeg Lavxias yooj yim dua los tua lawv hauv cov hav zoov. Los ntawm XIII caug xyoo. Cov nom tswv Lavxias tsim kev sib raug zoo nrog lawv, yuav Polovtsian khanshes, thiab Polovtsians hauv XII-XIII ib puas xyoo. koom nrog ua tub rog nyob hauv kev ua tsov rog volost hauv Russia.
Tab sis Mongol ntxeem tau ua qhov hloov pauv tseem ceeb. Qee tus neeg Polovtsians tuag hauv kev ua tsov rog nrog lawv, qee leej tsiv lossis mus rau lwm lub tebchaws (Hungary, Bulgaria). Tus so tau koom nrog hauv Mongol nomadic faj tim teb chaws. Hauv cov tebchaws Europe Sab Hnub Tuaj, nws yog Polovtsians uas tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov "Tatars" haiv neeg.
Hauv 1068cov menyuam ntawm Yaroslav Tus Txawj Ntse: cov thawj Izyaslav, Svyatoslav thiab Vsevolod, uas yog tus coj pab pawg thiab pab tub rog coob, tau swb los ntawm Polovtsy ntawm tus dej Alta. Cov nomads tau pib ua phem rau "Russia thaj av". Izyaslav Yaroslavovich tsis kam hu xov tooj rau Kiev kom xa riam phom thiab nees. Tom qab ntawd, Kiev zej zog ntiab tawm tus tub huabtais thiab "tso rau saum rooj" Vseslav, tus tub ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Bryacheslav los ntawm Polotsk, uas raug kaw hauv Kiev.
Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias daim npav rho nyiaj lossis rooj sib tham hauv tebchaws tsis yog tus thawj coj zaum hauv lub rooj sib tham niaj hnub no. Txhua qhov txhia chaw, thiab tsis yog tsuas yog nyob hauv Russia, tab sis, hais, hauv Constantinople lub sijhawm ntawd, tus tswv ntawm "ua txhaum" tus tswv tau txais khoom. Qhov no tsis yog "plunder ntawm cov neeg mob", tab sis ib feem kev cai-ua kom dawb huv ntawm "zoo" lossis "muaj nyiaj" ntawm tus kav uas tsis muab kev tiv thaiv thiab kev noj qab haus huv rau zej zog.
Txawm hais tias Izyaslav, nrog kev pab los ntawm tus vaj ntxwv Polish Boleslav, tau rov qab mus rau Kiev thiab txawm tias tau tawm tsam kev tawm tsam Kievites, feem ntau cov kws sau keeb kwm pom zoo tias qhov xwm txheej hauv 1068 thiab 1069. hais txog qhov tseem ceeb kev nom kev tswv loj hlob ntawm lub veche raws li tsoomfwv tswj hwm lub cev hauv Kiev. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas qhov no tau tshwm sim hauv "sau ntawm Rurikovich" - Tebchaws Russia: tom qab tag nrho, nws yog ib yam, zoo li nws tau nyob rau xyoo pua 10. - tsuas yog mloog cov lus pom ntawm zej zog hauv nroog, thiab lwm yam yog txoj cai ntawm zej zog nws tus kheej los txiav txim siab seb nws xav tau tus thawj coj zoo li no los tsis yog.
Feem ntau, cov peev txheej piav qhia txog lub sijhawm tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm, uas ua rau qee tus kws sau keeb kwm ua xyem xyav tias nws yog lub cev ruaj khov ntawm kev tswj hwm thaj av. Tab sis daim npav rho nyiaj yog lub cev ntawm kev ncaj ncees thiab ncaj ncees lossis tib neeg txoj cai, thaum txoj cai koom nrog hauv tsoomfwv tsis tau muab rau cov neeg sawv cev raug xaiv, uas tseem muaj, tab sis tau siv los ntawm kev koom tes ncaj qha ntawm txhua tus pej xeem hauv lub xwmfab. Qhov "koom siab", tau kawg, tsis yog ib txwm yog. Peb pom qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo, txiav txim siab tsis zoo, kev hloov pauv sai ntawm kev xav los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib dhos nrov - lub hauv paus ntawm pawg neeg. Tab sis qhov no yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm txoj cai ncaj qha ntawm tib neeg
Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas Torg, qhov chaw sib tham ntawm lub nroog rooj sib tham, tau hloov mus rau lub roob, mus rau nruab nrab ntawm Kiev, nyob ib sab ntawm Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Tithe thiab Cathedral ntawm St. nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm Kiev.
Thiab txij thaum pib ntawm XII caug xyoo. Kev tawm tsam hnyav tawm tsam cov neeg nyob hauv hav zoov pib, thiab xyoo 1111 Lavxias tus thawj coj tau ua rau muaj kev swb loj ntawm Polovtsy, yuam kom lawv tsiv mus rau Danube thiab dhau ntawm Don, yog li ua rau lawv tsis muaj zog nyob rau sab qab teb Lavxias teb sab.
Xyoo 1113, "kev hlub nyiaj" thiab tsis muaj koob muaj npe tub huabtais Svyatopolk tuag hauv Kiev, cov neeg hauv nroog tau plunder cov vaj tse ntawm nws txhiab tus thiab cov neeg Yudais siv, uas yav dhau los tau txais cov cai hauv kev lag luam los ntawm Svyatopolk.
Rezes lossis kev txaus siab tau dhau los ua kev kub ntxhov tiag tiag ntawm lub sijhawm tsim ntawm cov zej zog nyob sib ze. Ntau tus tswvcuab hauv zej zog tau poob rau kev ua qhev rau cov nuj nqis. Cov Kiyans caw Tus Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vladimir Monomakh rau lub rooj nrog qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev tsim "cov cai ntawm kev ua si" nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm qhov xwm txheej tshiab, thaum lub xeem tsis yog tus tiv thaiv ntawm tus kheej. Kev saws me nyuam txoj cai lij choj uas hloov pauv "txiav" - kev txaus siab ntawm qiv nyiaj, ua rau tib neeg nyob nyab xeeb. Tus nqi tau raug txo los ntawm 50 txog 17%, tus nqi ntawm kev them nqi tau pom meej meej, qhov txwv thiab cov xwm txheej rau "kev hloov pauv" ntawm tus neeg pub dawb rau kev ua qhev - kev ua qhev tau txiav txim siab.
Cov kauj ruam tom ntej ntawm kev tsim lub nroog-xeev tau ua hauv 1146, thaum tus tub huabtais, uas tau zaum ntawm lub rooj "kub" Kiev, Vsevolod Olgovich (1139-1146), tau mob thiab tuag. Lub txhab nyiaj tau caw nws tus tij laug Igor, tab sis nyob rau qee qhov xwm txheej, qhov tseem ceeb uas yog lo lus nug ntawm lub tsev hais plaub: lub txhab nyiaj tau thov kom tus tub huabtais nws tus kheej ua lub tsev hais plaub, thiab tsis tso siab rau nws los ntawm cov thawj coj. Tus tub huabtais tau cog lus ncaj ncees rau cov neeg kiyans.
Qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb no hauv kev tsim lub nroog-xeev lossis "koom pheej" hauv Kiev tau tshwm sim txawm tias ntxov dua hauv Novgorod. Tab sis Igor tsis ua raws li nws cov lus cog tseg, thiab lub npe hu ua lwm tus tub huabtais - Izyaslav Mstislavovich, Kiev cov tub rog tau hla mus rau sab Izyaslav, thiab Igor raug swb, raug ntes thiab ua phem rau tus txiv plig. Tab sis, txawm hais tias qhov no, thaum Izyaslav tau teeb tsa phiaj los nqis tes rau Suzdal nrog cov neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb, lub veche tsis txhawb nqa kev tawm tsam Yuri thiab Olgovichi.
Vim li no, Yuri Dolgoruky tuaj rau Kiev xyoo 1150, txij li cov neeg hauv Kiev tsis xav tawm tsam Izyaslav. Tab sis tom qab ib pliag lawv tsis xav Yuri, uas raug yuam kom tawm hauv Kiev. Vyacheslav xav zaum ntawm tus huab tais lub rooj, tab sis cov Kievites ncaws nws tawm ib yam nkaus, tshaj tawm ncaj qha tias lawv xav Izyaslav. Tam sim no kev xav ntawm zej zog tau hloov pauv: lub nroog cov tub rog tau txhawb Izyaslav hauv kev ua rog nrog cov neeg Suzdal. Tom qab Izyaslav tuag, cov neeg hauv nroog tau xaiv nws tus tij laug: "lawv tso Rostislav Kiyane hauv Kiev."
Xyoo 1157, Yuri Dolgoruky rov los nrog cov tub rog loj los ntawm thaj av Suzdal. Nws tsis tsuas yog tawm tsam tiv thaiv hegemony ntawm Kiev, tab sis kuj xav zaum ntawm "rooj kub" nws tus kheej. Qhov tseeb, Kiev raug ntes los ntawm tus tub huabtais ntawm kev ua phem thiab ib zaug subordinate volost. Tias yog vim li cas Yuri tso cov neeg nyob Suzdal ua nws "cov thawj coj" thoob plaws thaj av Kiev. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Yuri hauv tib lub xyoo, kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv cov neeg tawm tsam tau pib: cov Kievites tuav thiab nyiag nws pab tub rog thiab "cov pej xeem". Tam sim no tus tub ntawm Yuri, Andrei Bogolyubsky (1111-1174), tau koom nrog kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm Kiev.
Thiab cov Kievites nyob rau hauv 1169 nkag mus rau hauv kev pom zoo - "kab" nrog tus tub huabtais tshiab Mstislav Rostislavovich, tib yam "kab" tau rov ua dua nyob rau xyoo 1172.
Nov yog qhov kev tsim Kiev li lub nroog-xeev tau tshwm sim. Tib cov txheej txheem tau mus rau lwm lub nroog ntawm "Russia thaj av": Chernigov, Pereyaslavl, Vyshgorod. Lawv nquag tawm tsam ob lub nroog "laus dua" thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm nomads. Chernigov sawv tawm nyob rau thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, Vyshgorod, Pereslavl thiab Turov - nyob rau xyoo pua 12th.
Tom qab ob peb zaug sim, Andrei Bogolyubsky, tus thawj coj ntawm kev sib koom ntawm cov nroog los ntawm Suzdal, Polotsk, Smolyan thiab Chernigov, coj Kiev xyoo 1169 thiab ua rau nws ua phem phem.
Txij lub sijhawm ntawd, "lub nroog peev" tsis muaj zog pib poob nws qhov tseem ceeb raws li "peev" ntawm cov koomhaum loj. Txawm hais tias lub zej zog tseem tswj hwm lub nroog, nws tsawg dua thiab tsis txaus ntseeg raws li "rooj" thiab qhov chaw "pub mis" rau cov thawj coj muaj zog ntawm lwm qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm lub rooj nyob rau hauv Kiev twb nyob los ntawm ib tug tub huabtais los ntawm qhov tseem ceeb Lutsk. Thiab nyob rau xyoo 1203 cov phooj ywg ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Rurik Rostislavovich (tuag 1214), Polovtsians, tau swb dua thiab plundered Kiev.
Kev tawm tsam ntawm Kiev rau yav dhau los hegemony nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Europe, qhov kev xav tsis sib xws ntawm cov chaw tshiab uas tau tshwm sim ntawm cov nroog -xeev nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob ntawm Russia, qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov thawj coj nrhiav los tswj cov rooj Kiev kub - txhua qhov no tsis muaj zog txaus lub Kiev volost nyob rau hmo ua ntej ntawm Mongol ntxeem tau
North-East ntawm Russia
Cia peb nco ob peb lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov zej zog ib puag ncig hauv cheeb tsam no.
Ua ntej, kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv ntawm Kiev yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau Rostov thaj av, uas yog qhov khoom plig rau nws.
Qhov thib ob, kev tsim cov av tshwm sim los ntawm kev tswj hwm nruj thiab tau txais khoom plig los ntawm pab pawg neeg nyob sib ze.
Qhov thib peb, raws li lwm qhov, "mezin" (cov menyuam yaus) lub nroog nkag mus rau hauv kev tawm tsam nrog cov nroog qub.
Thaum pib, tsis muaj tus tub huabtais hauv thaj av Rostov; nws tau txiav txim los ntawm tus tswv xeev los ntawm Novgorod, nyob ntawm Kiev, lossis ncaj qha los ntawm Kiev. Nyob rau hauv XI-XIII caug xyoo. muaj kev txhim kho nquag ntawm thaj tsam ntawm sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj, maj mam Rostov txoj kev loj hlob tau ntsib nrog tib lub zog los ntawm Novgorod, thiab qhov no ua rau muaj kev tsov kev rog ntau dua. Xyoo 1136, nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vsevolod Mstislavovich, Novgorodians tau tawm tsam nrog Suzdal thiab Rostovites ntawm Zhdanaya Gora. Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb tias Rostov-Suzdal cov tub rog tsis muaj tub huabtais hauv qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua no, lawv yeej qhov yeej. Qhov kev yeej no tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tawm tsam kev ywj pheej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, hauv kev tsim cov nroog-xeev, thawj qhov los ntawm lub nroog loj ntawm Rostov hla mus rau Suzdal.
Nrog pib ntawm XII caug xyoo. sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj tab tom txhim kho thiab ntxiv dag zog rau kev lag luam, cov nroog tau raug dai kom zoo nkauj. Vladimir Monomakh tso nws tus tub Yuri, yav tom ntej Yuri Dolgoruky, hauv Suzdal ua nws tus tswv xeev. Thaum nws txiv tuag, Yuri dhau los ua tus tub huabtais ntawm Rostov thaj av. Tab sis tsis pub dhau lub hauv paus ntawm cov tswv yim tseem ceeb hais txog "lub rooj kub", nws thawj zaug sim zaum hauv Kiev, vam khom rau zej zog ntawm Kiev suburb ntawm Pereyaslavl, tab sis tom qab ua tsis tiav nws txuas nws lub neej yav tom ntej nrog rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj. Ntxiv mus, pawg ntseeg, hauv cov xwm txheej thaum Kiev tab tom tiv thaiv nws txoj cai rau nws, xav tau kev tswj hwm tub rog tsis zoo. Thiab Kiev pib tawm tsam nrog Rostov thiab Suzdal, tso siab rau kev txhawb nqa ntawm Smolensk thiab Novgorod, nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua rau tus yeeb ncuab kev lag luam poob qis, rhuav tshem cov zos thiab cov teb. Tab sis cov neeg Suzdal, coj los ntawm Yuri Vladimirovich, yeej cov neeg ntawm Kiev, Porshan thiab Pereyaslavl. Dolgoruky nkag mus rau Kiev, tab sis, tsis lees paub los ntawm Kievites, tau rov qab mus. Cov tub rog ntawm thaj av Galician nkag mus rau kev tawm tsam rau "rooj kub". Thaum kawg, Yuri tus kheej tau tswj hwm zaum hauv Kiev rau lub sijhawm luv luv, tau xaiv los ntawm no nws cov tswv xeev los ntawm Suzdal, raws li peb tau sau los saum no. Hauv 40-50 xyoo. XII ib. Suzdal thiab Galician av tau ua tiav kev ywj pheej los ntawm Kiev thiab raug kev puas tsuaj loj heev hauv thaj av Dnieper. Ntxiv mus, tus tub huabtais Suzdal tau tsim nyob hauv Kiev (rau lub sijhawm luv luv). Lub hegemony ntawm Kiev tau undermined ib zaug thiab rau txhua tus.
Ib tus tsis tuaj yeem tsis lees paub lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus thawj coj raws li kev ywj pheej ntawm kev coj noj coj ua, ib txwm siv zog rau Kiev lub rooj, tab sis kev tsim cov nroog-xeev yog lub sijhawm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev tawm tsam uas tau kav ntev ob xyoos. Nws yog cov tub rog rog, tsis yog tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau nws tus kheej, uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tawm tsam no.
Kev tsim ntawm Rostov, Suzdal thiab "mezinny" Vladimir tau ua qhov zoo ib yam. Xyoo 1157, tom qab Yuri Dolgoruky tuag, cov neeg Suzdal ntawm "txoj siv" ntawm Andrei Yuryevich thiab muab nws tso rau ntawm lub rooj ntawm lub khw muag khoom. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas Andrei tso tseg qhov kev tawm tsam rau lub rooj Kiev nyob deb thiab tau daws qhov teeb meem ntawm Rostov thaj av: phiaj xwm rau khoom plig rau Bulgar, mus rau lwm thaj chaw ciam teb, tawm tsam rau khoom plig nrog Novgorodians, thiab, thaum kawg, dua nrog Kiev. Nws tsis yog tus tub huabtais txoj kev xav txav mus rau lwm qhov, txawm tias yog "lub rooj kub", tabsis tseem ua haujlwm los tsoo cov neeg zej zog uas ua phem.
Thiab nyob rau xyoo 1169 Kiev raug coj mus thiab puas tsuaj: cov neeg hauv nroog tau muag rau hauv kev ua qhev, cov tsev teev ntuj thiab tsev teev ntuj, zoo li cov tuam tsev ntawm cov yeeb ncuab zej zog, tau plundered. Thiab Andrei, los ntawm txoj cai ntawm cov muaj zog, xaiv cov thawj coj mus rau ib zaug "laus" rooj ntawm Rus.
Keeb kwm keeb kwm keeb kwm feem ntau hais txog Andrei Bogolyubsky yuav luag yog thawj tus vaj ntxwv uas, ua ntej ua ntej tus thawj coj loj hauv Moscow, koom nrog Russia, tsim "kev muaj peev xwm" raws li pab pawg me. Qhov no yeej yog qhov hloov kho tau zoo heev. Tsis tas yuav tham txog huab tais huab tais, lossis hais txog ib tus neeg muaj peev xwm nyob hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tsim cov zej zog nyob sib ze thiab zej zog tsis muaj kev sib cais. Andrei yog ib tus tub rog zoo tshaj, zoo li cov ntseeg tseeb, thiab nws lub siab xav "nyob rau Suzdal," tsis yog nyob deb Kiev, yog vim qhov tseeb tias nws tau raug coj los rau hauv thaj av no, uas yog haiv neeg nws. Nws yog qhov tseeb nrog nws cov haujlwm uas yeej ntawm North-Eastern Russia hauv kev tawm tsam nrog Kiev tau txuas nrog, thiab kev yuav khoom, raws li niaj hnub no, ntawm kev tswj hwm.
Nws tau pom tseeb tias cov thawj coj muaj zog tau pab txhawb kev ua tiav ntawm zej zog, ob qho tib si nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj thiab hauv lwm qhov chaw ntawm Russia.
Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Andrey xyoo 1174, thiab muaj ntau qhov kev tua neeg no: los ntawm lub neej niaj hnub mus rau kev dawb huv thiab kev nom kev tswv, cov neeg hauv nroog ntawm tag nrho thaj av tau sib sau ua ke ntawm qhov khoom plig hauv Vladimir kom xaiv tus huab tais tshiab rau lub rooj. Ntawm qhov kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb, kev sib cav tau tawm ntawm cov zej zog hauv nroog: Vladimir pib tawm tsam nrog tus txwj laus Rostov.
Rostovites tau thuam cov neeg nyob hauv Vladimir "peb cov neeg ua haujlwm, cov kws tshaj lij," uas qhia tau zoo txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov laus thiab cov nroog loj, cov neeg nyob hauv qab thiab cov ceg av qab teb.
Cov thawj coj Rostislavovichi, suav nrog cov ntxhuav hauv thaj av Rostov-Suzdal, tau tsiv mus rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj, yam tsis tau tos txog qhov kev txiav txim siab. Lawv tau qhia kom nres thiab tos kev txiav txim siab nyob rau sab qab teb lub nroog Rostov thaj av - Moscow. Tub Vaj Ntxwv Mikhalko pom zoo nrog cov neeg nyob hauv Vladimir thiab Pereyaslavl (Pereyaslavl Zalessky), thiab Yaropolk nrog Rostov. Cov tsos ntawm lawv tus kheej cov thawj coj hauv cov nroog hluas tsis haum rau Rostovites, thiab lawv yuam cov zej zog ntawm Vladimir kom lees paub lawv cov neeg nyob hauv qab. Thiab cov kwv tij ntawm Rostislavovich, coj los ntawm Yaropolk, tuav lub rooj nplua nuj, coj tus cwj pwm "zoo li qub", tau pib ua rau cov neeg nyob hauv nroog nrog kev yuam cai tsis raug cai: raug nplua thiab muag, tshem tawm cov khoom plig hauv zej zog raws li lawv nyiam. Ob tog tau koom nrog cov neeg ntawm Vladimir tsis muaj kev nkag siab, thiab tom qab ntawd tus neeg thib peb tau hu Mikhalko thiab Vsevolod Yuryevich mus rau lub rooj hauv Vladimir. Tam sim no yeej yog nyob ntawm Vladimir, me Moscow kuj tau koom nrog nws, thiab Rostov thiab Suzdal raug yuam kom lees txais tus thawj coj los ntawm "ntiv tes me" Vladimir. Kev tawm tsam rau vaj tswv nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Russia txuas ntxiv tom qab Mikhalko tuag, thiab tsuas yog Vsevolod, tus tub ntawm Yuri Dolgoruky, tseem nyob ntawm lub rooj.
Vsevolod Zes Loj (1176-1212 - xyoo ntawm tsoomfwv) cuam tshuam nrog kev nthuav dav ntxiv ntawm thaj av Rostov mus rau sab qab teb, nrog rau "kev teem" ntawm tus tub huabtais los ntawm lub nroog Vladimir tam sim no hauv Novgorod. Tom qab nws tuag hauv 1212, cov thawj coj tau tshwm sim hauv lwm lub nroog -xeev: hauv Rostov - Yuri, hauv Pereyaslavl - Yaroslav, hauv Vladimir lub zos Constantine. Thiab lawv txhua tus tau zaum ntawm lawv cov rooj hauv kev pom zoo nrog lub txhab nyiaj.
Los ntawm kev tshawb fawb pom, nws tsis tas yuav hais txog ib qho kev coj noj coj ua, xav tias yog los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm Rostov lossis Vladimir-Suzdal thaj av. Nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ib puag ncig-kev sib koom ua ke, huab tais ua lub chaw haujlwm tsis tuaj yeem muaj, txhua qhov ntau nws yuav yog qhov ua yuam kev loj los cuam tshuam txhua tus thawj coj uas tsim nyog lossis hnyav nrog lub tsev haujlwm ntawm tsoomfwv, uas muaj nyob hauv ib pawg neeg nkaus xwb. Qhov chaw no, tau kawg, tau tsim nyob rau hauv txoj kev dav ntawm Lavxias.
Vim tias vim yog thaj chaw ib puag ncig thiab kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw nyob rau theem no ntawm kev tsim thaj av-kev sib koom ua ke, tsuas yog cov qauv ntawm lub nroog-xeev uas tshwm sim tuaj yeem muab kev tswj hwm lub zej zog kom txaus.
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