Swordsmen nyob rau hauv ib pawg neeg phem
Tus tswv tus nees tab tom raug hais kom ua.
Tus nees ya sai npaum li cas!
Mukai Kyorai (1651 - 1704). Kev txhais lus los ntawm V. Markova
Ib ntawm cov ncauj lus uas ua rau muaj kev txaus siab ntawm TOPWAR cov neeg tuaj saib qee lub sijhawm dhau los yog cov ncauj lus ntawm kev ua tub rog kos duab thiab riam phom samurai. Ntau cov ntawv tau luam tawm ntawm nws, qee qhov tom qab tsim lub hauv paus rau kuv phau ntawv "Samurai - Knights ntawm Nyij Pooj", uas tau txais nyiaj pab los ntawm Russia Humanitarian Science Foundation xyoo no thiab yuav tsis luam tawm sai sai no. Nws yuav zoo li txhua lub ncauj lus ntawm kev ua tsov rog ntawm samurai twb tau npog lawm, tab sis … saib los ntawm cov npe nyuam qhuav tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv, Kuv tau tu siab uas pom tias ib tus ntawm lawv tseem nyob, yog li tham, sab nraum "thaj chaw ntawm kev saib xyuas. " Nov yog zaj dab neeg ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm samurai thiab ashigaru thiab, raws li, riam phom ntawm tom kawg. Lub caij no, lawv zaj dab neeg tsim nyog yuav tau paub nrog nws kom ntxaws.
Niaj hnub nimno ashigaru hauv tatami-ua cov cuab yeej ntawm ib qho ntawm cov hnub so hauv nroog.
Yuav pib nrog, ashigaru hauv Japanese txhais tau tias "lub teeb taw". Ntawd yog, twb tau muaj lub npe no muaj qhov hint tias lawv tawm tsam ob txhais taw los yog nrog yam tsawg kawg ntawm khau ntawm lawv txhais taw, thiab qhov no yog dab tsi, thawj qhov chaw, lawv sib txawv los ntawm samurai uas hnav ib txwm hakama ris, thom khwm thiab yam tsawg kawg, khau khiab.
Thiab peb tau muaj hmoo nrog Ashigaru. Qhov tseeb yog tias peb tuaj yeem kawm paub txhua yam hais txog lawv sib ntaus li cas los ntawm phau ntawv samurai Matsudaira Izu-no-kami Nabuoka, uas nws tau sau xyoo 1650, uas yog, ib nrab xyoo tom qab Tsov Rog ntawm Sekigahara thiab uas muaj ntau tshaj tab sis muaj "lub npe piav qhia tus kheej": "Dzhohyo monogotari" lossis "Dab neeg ntawm ib tug tub rog." Raws li keeb kwm keeb kwm niaj hnub no, qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm zoo tshaj plaws tau tshaj tawm hauv Nyij Pooj, txij li nws tau sau los ntawm cov neeg tim khawv pom rau ntau qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua (nws txiv yog, piv txwv li, tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Shimobar xyoo 1638), phau ntawv tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb, uas tsis tuaj yeem hais txog lwm cov keeb kwm ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Yog lawm, thiab lawv tau tham feem ntau txog samurai, thiab "Dzhohyo Monogotari" tsuas yog phau ntawv uas qhia txog cov tub rog Nyij Pooj zoo tib yam.
Thawj tsab ntawv ntawm "Dzhohyo Monogotari" tau khaws cia hauv National Museum of Tokyo, thiab ntxiv rau cov ntawv, uas yog qhov nthuav hauv nws tus kheej, nws kuj tseem muaj cov duab kos tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tub rog ashigaru hnav khaub ncaws ntawm cov xim Matsudaira. Phau ntawv muaj cov ntoo sib dhos, thiab nws tau luam tawm xyoo 1854. Nws piav qhia qhov kev paub dhau los ntawm kev ua tub rog nrog kev koom tes ntawm peb pawg tub rog ntawm ashigaru: arquebusiers, hneev nti thiab hmuv. Qhov tseeb, phau ntawv no ua rau pom pom yav dhau los ntawm kev paub me ntsis ntawm kev ua tub rog Nyij Pooj nyob rau tiam 17th-17th xyoo pua.
Teppo ko-gashira yog tus tub ceev xwm ntawm cov tub rog caij nkoj. Miniature los ntawm Dzhohyo Monogotari. Nws muaj rooj xyoob ntoo hauv nws txhais tes! "Pob" xim av hauv pob ib ncig ntawm lub caj dab yog cov zaub mov faib: cov mov ci, uas tom qab ntawd qhuav thiab muab tso rau hauv cov pob ntawd. Ib "pob" - ib pluas mov, thiab nws yooj yim heev los ua cov mov no, thaum peb ua noj hnub no "doshirak" - nchuav dej kub thiab noj!
Peb yuav pib peb zaj dab neeg los ntawm kev qhia tias tus kws sau ntawv tshaj tawm txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tub ceev xwm tshiab teppo ko-gashiru (tus thawj coj ntawm cov tub rog thauj khoom), uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tuaj yeem yog tus neeg zoo tib yam nkaus. Thaum tus yeeb ncuab tseem nyob deb, nws yuav tsum faib cov cartridges rau nws cov tub rog, thiab lawv muab lawv tso rau hauv daim kab xev, uas yuav tsum tau nqa kom nws yooj yim tshem lawv tawm ntawm qhov ntawd. Ntawd yog, cov cuab yeej yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo. Thaum cov yeeb ncuab tuaj txog ze li ntawm 100 metres, nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum tau hais kom ntxig cov teeb ci rau hauv cov xauv ntawm teppo arquebus. Ntxiv mus, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej tias txhua yam tau ntxig kom raug, txwv tsis pub lub fuse tuaj yeem tawm mus. Txog qhov xwm txheej tsis zoo no, nws yuav tsum muaj ob peb lub khoob khoob khoob thiab teeb pom kev sai ntawm lawv cov phooj ywg.
Teppo ua tsaug. Miniature los ntawm Dzhohyo Monogotari.
Matsudaira sau hais tias ammo tau siv nrawm heev hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua (tib yam teeb meem txhua lub sijhawm!) Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov tsim nyog uas cov tub qhe - vacato - muab rau lawv tas li. Txwv tsis pub, qhov hluav taws yuav tsum ua ntu zus, uas yuav tsum tsis txhob tso cai. Ib txoj cai tseem ceeb yog arquebus hauv rooj plaub tawv, tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, muaj ob lossis tsib lub ramrods ntawm sab xis, ntawm sab. Ntawd yog, qhov tseeb tias lawv tau ntoo, cov ramrods no pom tseeb. Thiab nws tseem pom tseeb tias lawv tsoo ntau zaus, yog li ntawd txawm tias tsib lub ramrods seem tsis tau suav tias yog qee yam uas tsis zoo ib yam!
Tom qab ntawd Matsudairo Nabuoki sau qhov uas cov tua yuav tsum ua. Piv txwv li, tias thaum thauj khoom, koj yuav tsum txav ramrod nce thiab nqis, thiab tsis txhob qaij lub thoob, txwv tsis pub koj tuaj yeem pom nws hauv qhov muag ntawm tus phooj ywg. Ntawd yog, cov xub sawv ze heev, hauv qhov hnyav thiab ua raws li ib qho. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los tua ua ntej ntawm cov nees, thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb. Yog tias koj plam tus nees, koj yuav tsoo tus neeg caij tsheb, uas yuav ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntau rau tus yeeb ncuab. Tab sis yog tias cov yeeb ncuab cov neeg caij tsheb tuaj ze, cov neeg tua phom loj yuav tsis tuaj yeem ua dab tsi, thiab tom qab ntawd lawv yuav tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv ntawm rab hmuv.
Yog tias cov yeeb ncuab nyob ntawm koj lub qhov ntswg, muab lub arquebus tso rau hauv lub npog (!), Tshem lub ramrod, thiab siv koj rab ntaj. Koj yuav tsum tau tsom mus rau lub kaus mom hlau, tab sis "yog tias koj ntaj ntog (qhov no yog li cas" cov neeg ruam thiab cov neeg ruam ib txwm thiab txhua qhov chaw "!) "Yog tias cov yeeb ncuab nyob deb, ua kom zoo dua qhov no thiab ntxuav lub thoob; thiab yog tias lawv tsis pom txhua, tab sis nws paub tias nws nyob ze - nqa lub arquebus ntawm koj lub xub pwg."
Qhov tseem ceeb tom ntej yog cov hneev taw, hais los ntawm ko-gashiru o-yumi. Thawj qhov xwm txheej: tsis txhob nkim cov xub. Nws yog ko-gashiru uas tau saib thaum muab cov lus txib kom pib tua. Matsudaira hais ntxiv tias nws nyuaj rau txiav txim siab thaum yuav ua qhov no txhawm rau tua cov hneev tua hluav taws kom zoo. Cov hneev taw yuav tsum tau muab tso rau nruab nrab ntawm cov arquebusiers, thiab npog lawv thaum lawv rov nqa lawv cov riam phom. Yog tias koj raug tua los ntawm tub rog, tom qab ntawd koj yuav tsum tua ntawm tus nees - qhov no yog txoj cai tseem ceeb.
Tab sis cov neeg tua hneev taw, zoo li arquebusiers, yuav tsum tau npaj rau kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub sijhawm twg los tau: Yog tias cov xub hauv rab phom tau los txog qhov kawg, ces txhua tus xub mus rau ib qho yuav tsum tsis txhob siv. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los ua kab thiab ua siab loj koom tes sib ntaus sib tua. Yog tias koj thim rov qab, tom qab ntawd koj yuav tsum thim rov qab los ntawm kev tiv thaiv koj rab hmuv, tab sis tsuas yog tom qab ntawd, tom qab ntawd pib tua dua. Nov tsuas yog cov tswv yim uas tuaj yeem ua tiav. Thiab koj tsis tas yuav saib mus rau lub ntsej muag ntawm cov tub rog yeeb ncuab. Nws tau txais txoj hauv kev. Koj tsuas yog tua cov xub ntawm lub hom phiaj nrog lub zog siab tshaj plaws thiab nrawm. Nws raug nquahu kom rov ua rau koj tus kheej "Watakusi wa!" - (Jap. "Kuv nyob zoo!")
"Dzhohyo monogotari" tseem qhia txog riam phom tshiab yumi -yari - hneev nrog tus hmuv. Lawv tsis raug tshaj tawm hauv keeb kwm kev ua tub rog, txij li lawv tau pib siv tsuas yog nyob rau lub sijhawm Edo thaum ntxov: “Lawv tuaj yeem tawm tsam qhov ntsej muag ntawm lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag thiab saw xa ntawv. Tom qab ntawd koj yuav tsum tau ntaj ntev thiab luv thiab tua tus yeeb ncuab, thiab ntaus nws ntawm caj npab thiab txhais ceg. Txoj hlua yuav tsum tau muab qhwv kom nws tsis tawg."
Nws hloov tawm tias qhov qub thiab, ib tus yuav hais tias, kev kos duab dawb huv ntawm kev tua hneev taw tau dhau los ntawm cov samurai mus rau cov neeg ua teb, thiab lawv siv hneev tsuas yog pab cov arquebusiers thaum lawv rov thauj cov arquebus. "Mos txwv" ntawm tus hneev taw ashigaru suav nrog 25 xib xub, zoo li lus Askiv (24) thiab Mongolian hneev taw (30). Tab sis ashigaru tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lawv vim tias lawv tau txais kev pabcuam los ntawm wakato nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm thiab komono cov tub qhe, uas nqa cov thawv loj loj rau ntawm lawv nraub qaum, muaj 100 tus xub.
Cov nqa phom. Sab laug muaj rab phom thiab cov mos txwv hauv nws lub hnab, sab xis nqa cov xub.
Zoo, kev siv hneev nti es tsis txhob siv rab hmuv tuaj yeem suav tias yog kev nrhiav tau zoo, vim tias Nyiv Nyij Pooj tau ntev heev - 1800 - 2000 cm.
Raws li tau sau tseg, tias tus samurai, tias ashigaru yuav tsum nyob twj ywm kiag thaum raug rho tawm thiab tsis xav txog lub hom phiaj nws tus kheej, lossis txog yuav ntaus nws li cas! Hauv hneev thiab xub, nws yuav tsum pom "txoj hauv kev thiab txhais tau tias" kom tsim nyog rau "kev qhia zoo" ntawm kev tua, thiab cov xub lawv tus kheej yuav tsum nrhiav lawv lub hom phiaj! Kev tua neeg zoo li coj txawv txawv rau peb, tab sis rau cov neeg Nyij Pooj nws yog "ib txwm muaj", thiab cov xub ntawm Nyij Pooj tuaj yeem tsoo lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov deb li ntawm 500 m, thiab cov neeg tua hneev ntaus lub hom phiaj ntawm tus dev los ntawm qhov deb ntawm 150 m os.
Ashigaru tus hneev taw. Txhuv. A. Sheps. Cov xub tau npog nrog ntaub npog rau kev tiv thaiv los ntawm huab cua. Ob leeg ntawm lub kaus mom hlau thiab ntawm lub plhaub yog cov cim ntawm caj ces uas tus ashigaru ua haujlwm no.
Hneev, txawm tias rau ashigaru, tau ua los ntawm cov xyoob zoo tshaj plaws. Cov xub xub tau ua los ntawm xyoob lossis ntoo ntoo, thiab plumage tau ua los ntawm cov dav dawb hau. Cov lus qhia tau ua los ntawm cov hlau, pov los ntawm tooj liab lossis tooj liab, txua los ntawm pob zeb lossis pob txha, thiab tom kawg, txawm tias lawv tsis tau hle khaub ncaws ntawm samurai, ua rau lawv cov nees raug mob hnyav.
Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau tsim tias cov hmuv ashigaru tau ntev dua li yav tas los xav, thiab zoo ib yam li European pikemen's lance. Ua ntej kev txhais lus ntawm Dzhohyo Monogotari, nws tsis tuaj yeem hais meej tias lawv tau siv li cas: tom qab tag nrho, ib tus yuav tsum muaj peev xwm siv rab hmuv loj nrog rab riam ntev. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob uas ntau qhov tshwm sim ntawm "Dzhohyo Monogotari" tau mob siab rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib ntaus nrog hmuv. Ashigaru nogo-yari hmuv tuaj yeem ncav cuag tsib lossis ntau dua metres, thiab nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias lawv tseem ceeb heev hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua.
Ua ntej sib ntaus nrog hmuv, nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum tau muab lub npog los ntawm nws tom qab muna-ita (hlau daim hlau). Npog los yog scabbards los ntawm hmuv, uas muaj tus ncej ntev, yuav tsum tau muab txuas rau txoj siv ntawm ib sab. Ntawd yog, ob qho taw qhia hauv rooj plaub thiab cov ncej hauv rooj plaub - thiab yog li nws yog ib txwm rau lawv! Tab sis yog tias samurai ua nrog hmuv, ib yam li cov tub rog, cov ashigaru siv lawv los tua cov yeeb ncuab lub cav nees.
Ib zaug ntxiv, nws yog nees uas yuav tsum tau ntaus ua ntej. Matsudaira Nabuoki sau hais tias "Ntaus tus nees nrog rab hmuv hauv plab yuav tua tus nees thiab muab tus neeg tua pov tseg."
Koj yuav tsum tau kab ntawm qhov deb ntawm ib 'meter' ntawm txhua lwm yam kom tau raws li cov tub rog nrog lub palisade ntawm hmuv. "Mus ntawm ib lub hauv caug, tso koj rab hmuv rau hauv av thiab tos ntsiag to." Thaum tus yeeb ncuab nyob ntawm qhov deb me ntsis ntau dua qhov ntev ntawm hmuv, tsa nws sai, tsom lub taub hau ntawm tus nees lub hauv siab, thiab ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws kom khaws hmuv hauv koj txhais tes thaum nws hla nws lub hauv siab! Nws tsis muaj teeb meem txhua tus neeg uas koj thawb - tus neeg caij tsheb lossis tus nees, koj yuav hnov tias rab hmuv raug rub tawm ntawm koj txhais tes. Tab sis nws yuav tsum tau khaws cia, thiab tom qab ntawd rov tsom mus rau tus yeeb ncuab. Koj yuav tsum caum tus yeeb ncuab rov qab tsis ntau tshaj li ob peb kaum metres, vim tias kev khiav nrog rab hmuv tsis yooj yim, tab sis koj yuav tsum sim lo nws qhov twg los xij. Yuav tsum nqus rab hmuv mus rau hauv yeeb ncuab lub cev li cas? Tsis tob heev, tab sis tsuas yog mus txog rau mekuga - cov cuab yeej uas cov hniav txuas nrog rau tus ncej; "Nws yuav yooj yim dua kom tau rov los li no!"
Raws li cov lus qhia dav dav, Matsudairo Nabuoki muab cov lus pom zoo rau rab hmuv thiab lawv cov thawj coj:
1. Kab yuav tsum tau tsim ntawm ib lub meter nrug.
2. Thaum nthuav tawm riam phom, khaws daim kab xev.
3. Cavalry yuav tsum tau ntsib, sawv ntawm ib lub hauv caug, thiab rab hmuv yuav tsum pw ze.
4. Thaum hnov cov lus txib sai, koj yuav tsum sawv tam sim thiab tsa hmuv.
5. Txhua qib yuav tsum khaws lawv rab hmuv ncaj.
6. Cov hmuv yog tsom mus rau lub hom phiaj nrog rau sab tes laug, lub tshuab yog xa nrog sab xis.
7. Tom qab tsav hmuv, sim tuav nws.
8. Ua raws tus yeeb ncuab raws li qhia.
Ntawd yog, peb pom tias txhua qhov kev ua ntawm Nyij Pooj Ashigaru zoo ib yam li kev nqis tes ua ntawm Swiss cov tub rog, uas, ib yam li ntawd, nrog "phab ntsa ntawm pike" teeb ib qho rau lwm qhov, tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog caij nkoj. raug kaw hauv ris tsho hnav. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov neeg hla hneev taw thiab cov tub rog tua phom tua nws, thiab tsis ntshai tias lawv yuav tiv thaiv tsis tau nrog riam phom tawm hauv lawv txhais tes. Thiab Ashigaru tau ua ib yam hauv Nyij Pooj!
Raug lub kaus mom Jingasa los ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th nrog lub cim Tokugawa caj ces.
Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias ashigaru nqa lawv rab hmuv ntev los ua ob peb daim, thiab txawm tias dai lub hnab nrog lub nra ntawm lawv. Cov pob no tau nqa los ntawm ob tus neeg, muab nws tso rau ntawm lawv lub xub pwg nyom. Ntawm qhov nres, hmuv tau siv los ua dai rau khaub ncaws kom qhuav, nws yog lub laj kab yooj yim kom dhia hla tus kwj deg yam tsis tau koj txhais taw ntub, thiab txawm tias … tus ntaiv ntawm ob txoj hlua nrog crossbars khi rau lawv. Ib tus tub ceev xwm tuaj yeem nqa nws rab hmuv kom nws ntws mus raws hauv av, tab sis phau ntawv hais tias yog txoj kev yog pob zeb, ces qhov no tsis tsim nyog.
Haraate -do - cov cuab yeej ntawm cov tub rog Ashigaru. Txhuv. A. Sheps.
Tab sis, tsis zoo li cov tub rog nyob sab Europe, yuav luag txhua tus ashigaru thiab txawm tias cov tub rog caij nkoj muaj cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, txawm li cas los xij, sib dua thiab pheej yig dua li samurai. Ntawm nws lub taub hau, ashigaru hnav lub kaus mom hlau jingasa conical - daim ntawv theej ntawm cov neeg pluag lub kaus mom uas ua los ntawm cov quav nplej thiab ob npaug ntawm ob sab - ua nrog lub tiab carapace - kusazuri, uas zoo ib yam li cov phaj legguards ntawm European pikemen. Cov hlau hlau rau caj npab, ceg thiab caj npab tuaj yeem siv tau: lawv tau xaws rau ntawm cov ntaub, lossis txuas rau cov khaub ncaws nrog cov ntaub sib txuas. Ntawm lub hauv siab thiab nraub qaum, nrog rau ntawm lub hauv ntej ntawm lub kaus mom hlau, lub cim ntawm caj ces uas cov Ashigaru koom nrog no feem ntau tau piav qhia. Yog li peb tuaj yeem tham txog qee qhov cim cim uas twb tau siv los ntawm ashigaru thiab txawm hais txog qee yam ntawm "khaub ncaws", txij li cov ris tsho tiv thaiv rau lawv feem ntau koom ua ke thiab xaj ntau ntau.
Lub ntsej muag tooj liab hachimaki tiv thaiv lub taub hau ntawm cov tub rog txom nyem tshaj plaws.
