Kev tiv thaiv caj dab (ntu ob)

Kev tiv thaiv caj dab (ntu ob)
Kev tiv thaiv caj dab (ntu ob)

Video: Kev tiv thaiv caj dab (ntu ob)

Video: Kev tiv thaiv caj dab (ntu ob)
Video: Tswv Yexus lub neej thaum pib txug thaum xaus 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Anonim

Yog li, nyob ib puag ncig 1250, txiav txim los ntawm cov ntawv me me los ntawm "Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum ntawm Matsievsky", cov tub rog tub rog, uas hnav lub kaus mom hlau, tau tiv thaiv caj dab, nco txog … "dab tshos dab tshos". Cov neeg caij nkoj tau txaus siab nrog cov saw xa ntawv hood, nyob rau hauv uas (tejzaum nws) lawv tso rau lwm yam quilted thiab nqis ib ncig ntawm lub caj dab. Cov ntaub thaiv npog zoo li lub kua muag ua rau nws muaj peev xwm zais tag nrho lub cev tom qab nws, yog li ntau dua, pom tseeb, tsis tas yuav tsum tau ua. Tab sis los ntawm 1300, cov cuab yeej ua rog nyuaj dua, thiab cov ntaub thaiv npog (zoo li cov hlau, zoo li tuaj yeem pom meej hauv kev rov tsim dua ntawm Angus McBride, muab rau thawj ntu) txo qhov loj me. Xws li daim ntaub thaiv tsis tas npog lub caj pas. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, daim npog caj dab qub tau tshwm sim, los ntawm cov hlau lossis los ntawm "tawv tawv" ntawm qhov tuab txaus. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev tiv thaiv zoo rau lub sijhawm ntev tseem yog aventail chainmail mantle, uas tau txuas nrog lub kaus mom hlau.

Duab
Duab

Effigius Pieter de Grandissant (1354) Hereford Cathedral. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, nws hnav lub kaus mom hlau hauv qab, thiab lub aventail aventail tau txuas nrog nws raws nws ntug.

Kev tiv thaiv caj dab (ntu ob)
Kev tiv thaiv caj dab (ntu ob)

Lub kaus mom hlau nrog lub qhov ntswg qhov ntswg thiab aventail. Zurich Tsev khaws puav pheej.

Duab
Duab

Ntawm ntau lub kaus mom hlau, piv txwv li, hauv ib qho no (Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Valerie Castle hauv Switzerland), cov aventail tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm, rau qhov tsim nyog khawm tau muab rau ntawm ntug ntawm lub kaus mom hlau. Nws tseem tsis tau paub tias puas muaj cov saw hlau txuas hauv qab lub kaus mom hlau. Tab sis lub kaus mom quilted yog, tau kawg, yuav tsum muaj.

Cov duab me me, cov duab kos thiab cov khoom cuav uas tau muaj sia nyob niaj hnub no ua rau nws tuaj yeem ua kom ncaj ncees rov tsim dua cov tsos ntawm cov tub rog ntawm nruab nrab ntawm XIV xyoo pua, uas yog, lub sijhawm "sib xyaw ua ke". Tej zaum qhov kev piav qhia zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov tub rog ntawm lub sijhawm no, thiab nthuav dav, tau ua los ntawm tus kws kos duab Askiv nto moo Graham Turner. Hauv nws daim duab, ua ntej, muaj daim duab ntawm txhua hom kev siv lub kaus mom hlau nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, suav nrog "txiav duab ntxoov ntxoo", thiab qhov thib ob, cov khaub ncaws tiv thaiv ntau txheej uas tau ua rau lub caij nyoog no.

Duab
Duab

Graham Turner. Knights ntawm Teutonic Order ntawm nruab nrab ntawm XIV xyoo pua.

Cov duab no tau lees paub los ntawm ntau qhov pom hauv kev faus rau ntawm qhov chaw sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Visby xyoo 1361, uas dhau los ua qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm peb cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev tiv thaiv riam phom ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Los ntawm txoj kev, cov duab ntawm rab ntaj tau hloov pauv raws li. Los ntawm rab riam uas siv rab riam tsis huv, nws hloov mus ua rab riam. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntxiv rau nws yog rab riam, uas ib txwm tsis tau pom dua ntawm cov duab tib yam.

Ib zaug ntxiv, peb hais qhia tias nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw cov txheej txheem no tau ua tiav nrog kev siv sib txawv thiab muaj nws tus kheej cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb, tsis hais ntau npaum li cas los ntawm kev ua kom tau zoo ib yam li tib yam.

Duab
Duab

William Fitzralf, 1323 Pembrash. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, daim duab ntawm Pieter de Grandissant yog 30 xyoo laus dua qhov no. Ntawd yog, rau lub sijhawm ntawd, lub sijhawm ntev heev. Tab sis tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv, thiab leej twg laus dua thiab tus twg yog tus yau yog qhov yooj yim hais tsis tau.

Duab
Duab

Thomas Kain, 1374 Ntawm no, 50-xyoo sib txawv tau pom meej. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, lub tsho ntev-legged tau hloov los ntawm luv luv jupon. Tom qab ntawd peb pom tias cov ris tsho npog ob txhais ceg tau dhau los zoo dua. Tam sim no cov no tsis yog cov hlua hlau txuas rau cov saw xa ntawv, lossis nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm nws, tab sis lub cev ua tau zoo ua cov hlau txhuas. Tab sis ntawm no yog qhov xav tsis thoob: aventail, txuas rau lub hauv paus lub kaus mom hlau, tsis tau hloov pauv me ntsis.

Duab
Duab

Thiab ntawm no yog lwm daim duab uas yog Richard Pembridge ntawm Hereford Cathedral hauv 1375. Ob qho tib si zoo ib yam, thiab peb tuaj yeem pom ntau ntau yam zoo sib xws.

Ntawd yog, txij thaum pib ntawm XIV xyoo pua mus txog rau nws lub hlis kawg, qhov hloov pauv pom tau tshwm sim hauv cov tub rog uas muaj zog ntawm Western Europe. Tab sis lawv tau kov feem ntau ntawm daim npog rau ob txhais ceg, tom qab ntawd ntawm cov khaub ncaws hnav (!) thiab aventail tsis tau hloov pauv. Qhov kev xaus qhia nws tus kheej tias, txiav txim los ntawm txoj kev txhim kho txoj kev tiv thaiv mus li cas, cov neeg raug mob yooj yim tshaj plaws yog cov ceg. Tab sis lub caj dab … lub caj dab tau tiv thaiv "raws li txoj cai seem." Ntawd yog, kev sib tham theoretical hais txog dab tsi uas tus tub rog tuaj yeem nqa nrog hmuv nrog nuv rau aventail, lossis tias tus yeeb ncuab rab hmuv tuaj yeem tau txais ntawm no thaum caij sib ntaus sib tua, tsis muaj teeb meem. Theej, lawv tsis ua. Tag nrho cov no yog qhov kev xav niaj hnub no theorizing, tsis yog ua raws li lwm yam uas tsis yog kev xav logic. Auj, cov laj thawj no, ua tsis tau zoo rau peb ntau zaus.

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Duab

Ua ntej peb yog tus caij Timurid cavalry 1370 - 1506. los ntawm Metropolitan Museum of Art hauv New York.

Txog kev sib piv, cia peb tig mus rau "cov tub rog sab hnub tuaj". Lawv txawv li cas ntawm lawv "cov kws tshaj lij ua haujlwm" piav qhia hauv cov duab saum toj no? Los ntawm thiab loj, tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis spire ntawm lub kaus mom hlau. Ntawm nws, kuj tseem muaj qhov ntim zoo ntawm aventail, yog li tsis muaj ib yam zoo li los tiv thaiv hmuv los tsoo qhov chaw no. Tab sis … qee yam, pom tseeb, tiv thaiv los ntawm kev ua qhov no ob qho tib si sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob, yog tias nws yog ib feem ntawm tus tub rog cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv uas hloov pauv qeeb tshaj plaws.

Duab
Duab

1401 Thomas Beauchamp lub mis los ntawm lub Koom Txoos Warwick.

Cia hla lwm peb lub hlis twg ntawm ib puas xyoo thiab tig mus rau lub phaj zeb tooj dag, uas yog, lub mis ntawm 1400. Qhov no yog 1401 Thomas Beauchamp lub hauv siab los ntawm lub Koom Txoos Warwick. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev xaiv hauv qhov no yog qhov ua tsis raug kiag li, txij li cov duab ntawm von Totenheim los ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees (1400), Grunsfeld zoo ib yam; Hugh Newmarsh (1400), Watton ntawm Valais (UK); Edmund Peacock breaststroke (1400), St. Albans: Thomas de Freuville (1400) - khub niam txiv nrog nws tus poj niam, los ntawm Me Shelford thiab ntau, ntau lwm tus.

Ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv peb pom zoo kawg ua "cov duab lub cev" ntawm cov tub rog "saw hlau" thiab … muaj cov saw xa ntawv aventail ncig lawv caj dab! Qhov tseeb, nws tseem yog tib daim saw hlau uas muaj nyob rau ntawm peb lub qhov muag. Txhua yam ntxiv yog cov phaj hlau forged!

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Duab

Cov ris tsho ntawm Nicholas Hauberk (1407) los ntawm Cobham zoo ib yam nkaus. Edmund Cockayne (1412), los ntawm lub Koom Txoos ntawm St. Oswald hauv Ashborn - ib yam nkaus, cov duab ntawm Georg von Bach (1415), lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Yakhauj hauv Steinbach (Lub Tebchaws Yelemees) - zoo ib yam, thiab tsuas yog cov duab ntawm Nicholas Longford (saib daim duab saum toj no) los ntawm 1416 los ntawm pawg ntseeg hauv Longford qhia peb lub caj dab npog ua los ntawm hlau! Tab sis dua, qhov no tsis tuaj yeem ua pov thawj nrog qhov tseeb. Nws yog qhov ua tau zoo uas nws cov saw xa ntawv aventail tsuas yog npog … cov ntaub zoo tib yam!

Nws siv sijhawm yuav luag 80 xyoo ntxiv rau cov ntawv xa xov kom raug tshem tawm hauv qab cov cuab yeej hlau, thiab lub caj pas npog tau ua txhua yam hlau.

Duab
Duab

Ib qho piv txwv nthuav ntawm cov cuab yeej zoo li no tau qhia rau peb los ntawm cov duab ntawm Don Luis Paquejo xyoo 1497 los ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Valladolid.

Duab
Duab

Cov duab ntawm Don Luis Paquejo 1497. Valladolid Tsev khaws puav pheej.

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Duab

Thiab lub dab tshos, raws li peb pom, yog ob txheej!

Nws qhia tau meej tias lub dab tshos tau ua los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib txuas hauv lawv, nws tau siv hauv nws cov cuab yeej ua kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub xub pwg pluaj thiab "tiab" hauv qab phaj legguards, uas, hauv paus ntsiab lus, tuaj yeem tso tseg tau zoo.

Duab
Duab

Ib qho alabaster piav qhia txog tus tub rog ntawm Kev Txiav Txim ntawm Santiago de Campostella (c. 1510-1520). Los Angeles County Museum of Art.

Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias ntawm qhov no, twb lig dhau lawm, peb tseem pom cov saw saw dab tshos thiab cov saw xa ntawv, tsis tas yuav "tiab". Hauv txoj ntsiab cai, qhov no yuav qhia tau ob yam. Thawj yog tias cov cuab yeej siv qub qub, uas yog, lawv muaj ntau xyoo thiab kev hloov pauv tshiab ntawm cov cuab yeej siv riam phom yooj yim tsis kov lawv. Qhov thib ob yog kev coj noj coj ua hauv zos. Cia peb hais tias nws tau nyob hauv Spain tias "nws tau txais kev lees paub" thiab tias lawv tau ua nrog nws, yog li tsis txhob sawv ntawm lwm tus.

Kuj ceeb tias, txawm tias nyob rau xyoo pua 15th - uas yog, nyob rau hauv "era of all -metal armor" nrog cov cuab yeej ua rog tag nrho, cov saw saw saw tseem siv tau! Piv txwv li, qhov no tau qhia meej meej rau peb los ntawm cov cuab yeej ntawm Matches German ntawm 1485-1505. los ntawm Landshut. Feem ntau lawv tsis tuaj yeem raug hu ua raug. Tab sis lawv tau. Ib yam li cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv nrog lub phaj caj dab npog txuas rau hauv qab ntawm lub kaus mom hlau.

Duab
Duab

Armor 1485-1505 Qhov hnyav 18.94 kg. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)

Ntawd yog, txuas ntxiv mus kawm cov duab kos, cov hniav thiab cov khoom cuav uas tau nqis los rau peb, peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov tseeb tias cov saw xa ntawv aventail tau siv ntev heev, txog rau thaum xyoo pua 16th, thiab thaum kawg tsuas yog zoo nkaus li cov hlau "saw caj dab" tiv thaiv caj pas los ntawm 1530 tus tub rog. Thiab nws yog nyob ib puag ncig lub sijhawm no uas lawv tau pib txuas nws mus rau lub kaus mom hlau. Sab qis ntawm lub caj npab tau tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm txoj hlua hollow, thiab sab saud ntawm caj dab tau ua hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov menyuam tawm, uas nws nkag mus. Yog li ntawd, lawv tau sib koom ua ke. Cov kaus mom hlau no tau paub tias yog Burgundy Arme lossis Burgonet.

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Duab

Burgonet. Augsburg 1525 - 1530 Nws Nyhav 3004 (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)

Tom qab ntawd, qis dua ntawm lub xub pwg pib tig mus rau hauv txoj saw caj dab txav mus los, yam tsis tau nruj nruj. Yog li, tam sim no tus tub rog tuaj yeem tig nws lub taub hau tsis zoo dua li tus tub rog, uas yog, lub caj dab tau raug tiv thaiv tag nrho los ntawm tshuab ob sab pem hauv ntej thiab tom qab. Cov saw xa ntawv tau tso tseg tag nrho nyob rau xyoo 17th, uas tau qhia los ntawm cov cuab yeej ua rog ntawm lub sijhawm no.

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Duab

Cuirassier armor 1610 - 1630 Nyhav 39.24 kg. Milan, Brescia: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim? (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)

Thaum kawg, nws yuav tsum rov nco txog qhov zoo li daim npog lub caj pas raws li kev sib tw "kaus mom kaus mom". Qhov tseeb, lub kaus mom hlau tag nrho no tau txhim kho lub caj dab npog, uas tau khov kho kom ruaj khov rau cov cuirass. Kev suav tau ua tiav kom raug rau lub caj pas nrog rab hmuv, uas, qhov tseeb, tseem tsis tau sim tawm tsam! Tab sis … kev sib tw tseem tsis yog tsov rog, thiab muaj cov cai thiab riam phom tshwj xeeb.

Duab
Duab

Kev sib tw armor. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)

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