Russia thaj av, tam sim no koj tau tom qab Tsar Solomon! Qhuas peb tus Vajtswv.
Zadonshchina
Muaj ntau yam nthuav thiab qee zaum lom zem kev coj noj coj ua hauv Russia, txawm li cas los xij, zoo li lwm qhov. Tab sis ib qho ntawm lawv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nthuav. Nws yog ib txwm rau peb sau kab lus rau cov hnub qub sib txawv. Yog li peb hnov hnub yug, hnub tuag, thiab hnub ntawm kev tawg ntawm lub tshuab fais fab nuclear, thiab hnub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej khov txhua lub sijhawm, hauv ib lo lus, peb nyob hauv ib puag ncig ib puag ncig ntawm cov hnub nco tseg. Thiab tsis muaj ib yam xav tsis thoob hauv qhov no. Peb nyob hauv lub tebchaws zoo nrog ntau txhiab xyoo keeb kwm, yog li cov xwm txheej tau sau tseg. Hauv Soviet lub sijhawm, piv txwv li, kuv tau sim sau ua ntej hauv cov ntawv xov xwm hauv cheeb tsam hais txog kev ua koob tsheej ntawm lub Peb Hlis 8, Tsib Hlis 1, Ntiaj Teb Menyuam Hnub, thiab ntxiv rau. lwm yam. Cov ntaub ntawv no mus tau zoo, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, thaum sau lawv, tsis tas yuav xav ntau dhau. Koj qhib qee qhov kev tshaj tawm zoo ib yam li Cov Menyuam Encyclopedia, rov sau cov ntaub ntawv koj tus kheej cov lus thiab … mus tom ntej.
Hais txog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm VO lub vev xaib, nws yog qhov zoo uas pom tias qhov kev coj noj coj ua no tsis tau tuag hnub no. Tsis ntev los no muaj lwm hnub nco txog - Hnub Ua Tub Rog Hwjchim ci ntsa iab ntawm Russia, sijhawm ua ke nrog hnub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kulikovo, thiab lwm qhov khoom "nco" tau tshwm sim tam sim ntawd, ua rau muaj kev sib tham zoo. Tab sis kev xav yog kev xav, thiab cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub no yog qhov zoo vim tias nws pab txhawb kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv thiab tso cai rau koj sau cov ntaub ntawv txaus nyiam yam tsis tau tawm hauv koj lub tsev.
Kuv xav sau tseg tias lub sijhawm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev sib tham txog cov ncauj lus no - nto moo "cua sab qab teb" uas tau tawm ntawm Kulikovo teb thaum lub sijhawm raug, rau qee qhov laj thawj tsis pom ntawm cov neeg tawm tswv yim. Tab sis nyob rau hauv vain! Nws nyob ntawm no tias "dev tau faus" ntawm qhov tseeb nthuav thiab cov ntawv tseeb uas tau puag ncig qhov xwm txheej no ntau pua xyoo dhau los. Vim tias, tau kawg, muaj keeb kwm los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv phau ntawv, keeb kwm ntawm kev ua tub rog kos duab los ntawm E. A. Razin, tab sis muaj keeb kwm keeb kwm thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Ntxiv mus, tsuas yog hnub no, txhawm rau kom tau ntsib lawv, koj tsis tas yuav mus rau Moscow, mus rau Archive of Ancient Acts. Txhua yam nyob hauv Web, koj tsuas yog yuav tsum ntaus thiab nyeem.
Yog li cia peb los paub txog qhov xwm txheej niaj hnub no los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm. Txawm li cas los xij, peb tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj cov lus xaus ntawm no ib yam. Tab sis cov lus xaus no yuav ua raws cov ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no tib yam, vim lwm qhov chaw tau muab pov tseg ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm … yooj yim tsis yog!
Tab sis kom pib zaj dab neeg txog qhov xwm txheej no, uas thaum kawg ua rau muaj kev xav tsis thoob txog keeb kwm nruab nrab ntawm Russia, Kuv xav pib nrog … me me "suab paj nruag digression", txawm li cas los xij, qhia tau zoo thiab duab.
Mamai hla Volga nrog tag nrho nws lub zog. Tej yam me me los ntawm "Cov Dab Neeg ntawm Tsov Rog Kulikovo", XVI caug xyoo.
Xav txog tias koj thiab koj cov phooj ywg mus tom hav zoov los noj hmo. Thiab tom qab noj mov, raws li xav tau, lawv tau pib khawb qhov av hauv av kom faus nws cov pov tseg. Thiab tom qab ntawd koj tau hla tus tes ntawm rab ntaj nruab nrab. Los ntawm nws daim ntawv, koj muaj kev paub txaus los txiav txim siab tias nws yog XIV xyoo pua. Hnub tom qab koj tuaj txog ntawd nrog lub tshuab ntsuas hluav taws xob, pib khawb thiab … pom cov khoom seem ntawm cov saw xa ntawv, crosshairs ntawm sabers, taub hau. Koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov twg los ntawm cov kev tshawb pom no? Qhov ntawd nyob hauv qhov chaw no, ib zaug dhau los, muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua, thiab feem ntau yuav nyob hauv XIV xyoo pua. Koj tsis tuaj yeem kos lwm cov lus xaus nrog txhua qhov koj xav tau. Tom qab ntawd koj tshaj tawm koj qhov kev tshawb pom rau cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm, lawv tau khawb ntawm qhov chaw no tau 10 xyoo thiab thaum kawg los txog qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua loj heev, muaj coob tus neeg tawm tsam thiab ntawm ib sab muaj cov neeg Lavxias, thiab ntawm lwm cov tub rog ntawm Golden Horde. Thiab qhov ntawd yog nws! Txhawm rau kom paub seb kev sib ntaus sib tua nws yog leej twg thiab nws yeej nws, koj yuav tsum tau xa mus rau keeb kwm, khi lawv cov ntawv rau qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev nqis tes uas koj pom, thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd nws yuav dhau los ua meej rau txhua tus neeg uas koj tau pom tiag tiag!
Yog li peb paub txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kulikovo los ntawm … cov ntawv sau nyob rau lub sijhawm "cov no". Muaj plaub txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Kev Sau Laus Lavxias, uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev sib ntaus sib tua. Cov no yog Cov Dab Neeg luv luv thiab nthuav dav, "Zadonshchina" thiab "Cov Dab Neeg ntawm Mamayev tua neeg pov tseg." Qee yam kuj tseem tuaj yeem pom hauv "Cov Txheej Ntawm Lub Neej thiab Kev Tuag Ntawm Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich" thiab tseem nyob hauv "Lub Neej ntawm Sergius ntawm Radonezh".
Ntxiv rau cov peev txheej hauv tsev, tseem muaj cov ntawv keeb kwm German ntawm Franciscan tus hauj sam ntawm Thorn Monastery Dietmar Lubeck (uas tau coj tuaj rau 1395, thiab nws tus ua tiav rau 1400), tus thawj coj los ntawm Riesenburg Johann Poschilge (los ntawm 60s-70s ntawm XIV) xyoo pua mus rau 1406, thiab tom qab ntawd txog 1419), thiab tseem muaj cov npe "Torun annals" tsis qhia npe. Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias cov lus hauv lawv hais txog Kev Sib Tw ntawm Kulikovo zoo sib xws. Ntxiv mus, lawv kuj luv heev. Yog li ntawd, nws tsim nyog los txheeb xyuas lawv tag nrho.
Hauv "Torun annals" cov ntawv luv heev: "Hauv tib lub xyoo, Rutenas thiab Tartars tau sib tsoo ze ntawm Dej Xiav. Plaub txhiab leej raug tua ntawm ob sab; Ruthenes tau dhau mus. " TXHUA!
Johann Poschilge sau hais tias: "Hauv tib lub xyoo muaj kev tsov rog loj hauv ntau lub tebchaws: Cov neeg Lavxias tau tawm tsam txoj kev no nrog cov Tatars ntawm Sinyaya Voda, thiab kwv yees li 40 txhiab tus tib neeg raug tua nyob rau ob sab. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg Lavxias tau tuav txoj haujlwm. Thiab thaum lawv tau rov qab los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, lawv tau khiav mus rau cov neeg Lithuanians, uas tau hu los ntawm Tatars nyob ntawd kom pab, thiab tua ntau tus neeg Lavxias thiab coj los ntawm lawv ntau ntawm cov khau, uas lawv tau coj los ntawm Tatars."
Dietmar Lubeck hais tias: "Tib lub sijhawm muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua loj nyob rau ntawm Sinyaya Voda ntawm cov neeg Lavxias thiab cov Tatars, thiab tom qab ntawd plaub puas txhiab tus neeg raug ntaus ob sab; ces cov Russians yeej kev sib ntaus sib tua. Thaum lawv xav rov mus tsev nrog cov khau loj, lawv tau khiav mus rau cov neeg Lithuanians, uas tau raug hu los pab los ntawm cov neeg Tatars, thiab nqa lawv cov khoom los ntawm cov neeg Lavxias, thiab tua lawv ntau nyob rau tom teb."
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, muaj cov ntaub ntawv me me heev. Thiab nws yog qhov tseeb vim li cas. Ib qhov chaw tawm mus, nyob deb, cov neeg Lavxias tau tawm tsam nrog Tatars / Tartars (qhov no yog lub npe nyob rau sab hnub poob thaum ntawd, tsis muaj ib qho ntsiab lus hauv kev tsim cov kev xav ntawm lub hauv paus no!). Tus sau phau ntawv sau keeb kwm muab tus lej poob rau ob tog ntawm plaub txhiab, Poshilge qhov poob yog 40 txhiab lawm, thiab rau Dietmar nws yog 400 txhiab. Tab sis cov neeg German qhia qee yam uas tsis nyob hauv keeb kwm Lavxias. Ua ntej, cov neeg Lithuanians tau tawm tsam cov tub rog Lavxias rov qab los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab kov yeej lawv (ntawm Poshilge thiab ntawm Ditmar). Thiab qhov thib ob, qhov chaw sib ntaus sib tua tau hu ua Blue Water.
Foom koob hmoov rau cov tub rog. Tej yam me me los ntawm "Cov Dab Neeg ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Kulikovo". XVI xyoo
Karamzin xa mus rau daim ntawv thib tsib ntawm xyoo pua 15th los ntawm tus kws sau keeb kwm German A. Krantz hu ua "Vandalia". Thiab ntawm no yog qhov nws hais:
"Lub sijhawm no, kev sib ntaus sib tua loj tshaj plaws hauv kev nco txog tib neeg tau tshwm sim ntawm cov neeg Lavxias thiab cov neeg Tatars hauv qhov chaw hu ua Blue Water. Raws li ib txwm muaj, lawv sib ntaus, tsis sawv [hauv txoj haujlwm], tab sis khiav hauv kab loj, ntuav hmuv thiab ntaus [ntaj] thiab tsis ntev rov qab. Ob puas txhiab tus neeg tuag [tib neeg] tau tshaj tawm tias tau poob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua no. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg Lavxias uas muaj yeej tau txeeb ntau heev - nyuj, vim tias [Tatars] yuav luag tsis muaj lwm yam [khau raj]. Tab sis cov neeg Lavxias tsis zoo siab rau qhov kev yeej no ntev, vim tias Tatars, koom nrog cov neeg Lithuanians, tau nrawm tom qab cov neeg Lavxias, uas twb tau rov qab los lawm, thiab cov khoom uas lawv tau poob tau raug tshem tawm thiab ntau tus neeg Lavxias, overthrown, tua. Nws yog xyoo 1381 tom qab yug Yexus. Lub sijhawm no, kev sib tham thiab sib sau ua ke ntawm txhua lub nroog hauv zej zog hu ua Hansa sib sau ua ke hauv Lubeck.(Kuv xav tsis thoob vim li cas “Neeg German” ntawm Lomonosov, Catherine, thiab lwm yam., Leej twg xav hais lus phem thiab ua rau peb lub keeb kwm puas tsuaj, tsis tau ntxig cov nqe lus no rau hauv ib qho ntawm peb cov ntawv sau tseg? Tsis yog … lawv tsis kov Kulikovo sib ntaus sib tua!)
Ntawm no, los ntawm txoj kev, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg raug tua yog 200 txhiab. Kev sib ntaus sib tua hu ua "qhov loj tshaj plaws hauv kev nco txog tib neeg." Thiab cov tub rog Lavxias raug tawm tsam no tsis yog los ntawm cov neeg Lithuanians nkaus xwb, tabsis tseem yog cov Tatars. Xyoo yog lub npe tsis raug, tab sis yuav muaj ntau yam laj thawj rau qhov no.
Tam sim no cia digress ib pliag los ntawm cov ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los thiab pom dab tsi tau sau txog lub sijhawm txiav txim siab tshaj plaws ntawm Kulikovsky sib ntaus sib tua hauv phau ntawv "Cua ntawm Kulikovo Field" - xws li kev paub zoo los ntawm tus kws sau nto moo zoo ib yam Mityaev AV, uas ntau dua ib tiam ntawm peb cov menyuam nkag siab txog peb keeb kwm. Thiab tsis yog menyuam yaus …
Nov yog nws cov ntawv: "Tus Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vladimir Andreevich Serpukhovskoy tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus Tatar yeej thiab hais rau Dmitry Volynts:" Teeb meem loj, kwv tij, peb siv dab tsi? Nws yuav tsis yog kev thuam rau peb? Peb yuav pab leej twg? "Thiab Dmitry hais tias:" Qhov teeb meem, tub huabtais, yog qhov zoo, tab sis peb lub sijhawm tsis tau los txog: txhua tus neeg uas pib lub sijhawm tsis raug coj teeb meem rau nws tus kheej. Cia peb ua siab ntev me ntsis kom txog rau lub sijhawm yooj yim thiab tos kom txog thaum peb muab peb cov yeeb ncuab rau txim. " Nws yog qhov nyuaj rau cov menyuam yaus kom pom cov neeg los ntawm lawv cov tub rog tuag. Lawv quaj thiab tsis tu ncua maj mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, zoo li falcons, zoo li yog tau caw mus rau lub tshoob kom haus cawv qab zib. Volynets kuj txwv tsis pub lawv, hais tias: "Tos me ntsis, tseem muaj ib tus neeg nplij koj siab." Thiab lub sijhawm tuaj, tam sim ntawd cua sab qab teb rub lawv hauv lawv nraub qaum. Volynets tau qw nrov nrov rau Vladimir: "Lub sijhawm tau los txog, lub sijhawm tau los txog!" lawv cov chij tau xa los ntawm tus thawj coj zoo."
Cov ntawv tau muab rau hauv txoj hauv kev uas ib tus yuav xav tias nws sawv cev rau qhov rov hais dua ntawm cov keeb kwm, tsis yog? Tab sis leej twg? Qhov no yog nthuav !!!
Cov lus paub ntxov tshaj plaws txog Tsov Rog Kulikovo yog zaj dab neeg luv luv "Txog Kev tua neeg ntawm lwm tus ntawm Don", uas tau muaj nyob hauv phau ntawv sau txog 1408 (uas yog nyob hauv Trinity Chronicle tau hlawv hauv qhov hluav taws kub xyoo 1812, hauv Simeon Chronicle thiab Rogozhsky Chronicle). Nws ntseeg tias qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog qhov ntxov tshaj plaws, tab sis kuj yog qhov kev ntseeg tshaj plaws ntawm cov xwm txheej ntawd.
Peb nyeem:
HAIS TXOG KEV ZOO TSHAJ PLAWS ZOO TSHAJ PLAWS RAU DON
Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, tus vaj tswv tsis ncaj ncees Horde tus tub huabtais, Mamai cov neeg lwj, tau sib sau ntau pab tub rog thiab txhua thaj av Polovtsian thiab Tatar, ntiav cov tub rog ntawm Fryaz, Cherkasy thiab Yass - thiab nrog rau cov tub rog no tau mus rau Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich thiab mus rau tag nrho Russia av. Thaum Lub Yim Hli, cov xov xwm tuaj ntawm Horde mus rau Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich tias Tartar pab tub rog tau tawm tsam cov ntseeg, cov neeg lim hiam ntawm Ishmaelites. Thiab Mamai tus neeg phem, npau taws heev rau Grand Duke Dmitry txog nws cov phooj ywg thiab cov nyiam thiab cov thawj coj uas raug ntaus ntawm tus dej Vozha, tau npaj nrog pab tub rog loj, xav kom tau txais av Russia.
Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich tau kawm txog qhov no, sib sau ntau tus tub rog thiab tawm tsam cov neeg Tatars txhawm rau tiv thaiv lawv cov vaj tse, rau cov tsev teev ntuj dawb huv thiab rau txoj kev ntseeg ntseeg tseeb, thiab rau tag nrho tebchaws Russia. Thaum tus tub huabtais hla Oka, lwm cov xov xwm tuaj rau nws tias Mamai tau sau nws cov tub rog nyob tom qab Don, sawv hauv tshav pob thiab tos Yagaila, pab tub rog Lithuanian, los pab nws.
Grand Duke hla Don, qhov uas muaj thaj chaw meej thiab dav. Muaj qhov qias neeg Polovtsy, Tatar cov tub rog sib sau ua ke, ntawm qhov chaw qhib ze ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm Nepryadva. Thiab tom qab ntawd ob pab tub rog tau sib tw thiab maj mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, cov neeg tawm tsam tuaj ua ke - thiab muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua ntev thiab kev tua neeg phem. Lawv tawm tsam txhua hnub, thiab suav tsis txheeb tuag poob rau ob sab. Thiab Vajtswv tau pab Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich, thiab cov neeg lim hiam Mamaev tau khiav, thiab peb - tom qab lawv, thiab ntaus thiab nplawm cov qias neeg yam tsis muaj kev hlub tshua. Nws yog Vajtswv uas ua rau Hagarian cov tub ntshai nrog lub hwj chim ua txuj ci tseem ceeb, thiab lawv tau khiav, tso lawv nraub qaum hauv qab cua tshuab, thiab ntau leej raug ntaus, thaum lwm tus poob rau hauv dej. Thiab cov neeg Lavxias tshem cov Tatars mus rau Dej Mechi thiab nyob ntawd lawv tua lawv ntau leej, thiab qee tus Tatars pov lawv tus kheej rau hauv dej thiab poob dej, tsav los ntawm Vajtswv txoj kev npau taws thiab tuav los ntawm kev ntshai. Thiab Mamai tau khiav tawm nrog cov neeg me me mus rau nws thaj av Tatar.
Qhov kev tua neeg no tau tshwm sim rau lub Cuaj Hlis 8, nyob rau Hnub Ywj Pheej ntawm Vajtswv Leej Niam Dawb Huv, hnub Saturday, ua ntej noj su.
Thiab hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua raug tua: Tub Vaj Ntxwv Fyodor Romanovich Belozersky, nws tus tub Prince Ivan Fedorovich, Semyon Mikhailovich, Mikula Vasilyevich, Mikhail Ivanovich Okinfovich, Andrei Serkizov, Timofey Valui, Mikhail Brenkov, Lev Morozov, Semyon Melik, Alexander Peresvet thiab ntau lwm tus.
Thiab tus tub huabtais loj Dmitry Ivanovich nrog rau lwm tus thawj coj ntawm Lavxias thiab nrog cov tswv xeev, thiab nrog cov tub rog, thiab nrog cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe, thiab nrog cov tub rog Lavxias tseem muaj sia nyob, tau sib ntaus sib tua thiab ua tsaug rau Vajtswv thiab tau nyo hau rau nws cov tub rog, uas tawm tsam nyuaj nrog cov neeg txawv tebchaws thiab tawm tsam rau nws lawv tiv thaiv cov ntseeg txoj kev ntseeg hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua.
Thiab tus tub huabtais rov qab mus rau Moscow, rau nws cov khoom uas muaj yeej zoo, tau yeej kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab kov yeej nws cov yeeb ncuab. Thiab ntau tus ntawm nws cov tub rog tau zoo siab, txeeb tau cov khoom nplua nuj: lawv tau tsav tsheb qab lawv ntau pab tsiaj ntawm nees, ntxhuav, nyuj, uas suav tsis tau, thiab muaj tej cuab yeej, thiab khaub ncaws, thiab khoom.
Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich hais lus nrog nws cov neeg tawm tsam Khan Mamai. Tej yam me me los ntawm "Cov Dab Neeg ntawm Tsov Rog Kulikovo", XVI caug xyoo.
