Tus lej xov xwm los ntawm Xibfwb Anatoly Klyosov ntawm DNA kev nrhiav caj ceg ua rau muaj lus teb ntau los ntawm peb cov neeg mloog. Qhov tseeb tiag ntawm cov lus teb thiab cov lus nug los ntawm cov nyeem. Peb tau hu rau tus xibfwb thiab nws tau muab kev xam phaj tshwj xeeb rau peb kom paub meej txog nws cov kev tshawb fawb.
- Dab tsi ua tiav ntawm DNA kev nrhiav caj ceg hauv kev kawm keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg Lavxias koj puas xav txog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws niaj hnub no?
- Ntau tus hmuv tau tawg nyob ib puag ncig uas Rus yog leej twg thiab lawv tuaj qhov twg tuaj. Ntau qhov kev txhais lus tau tsim, uas qhov tsis muaj qhov tseeb yog "them nyiaj" los ntawm kev xav zoo.
DNA kev nrhiav caj ceg tau txais cov lus teb meej rau lo lus nug no. "Qhov tseeb" ntawm no yog qhov uas zoo tshaj plaws nrog cov pov thawj tshawb fawb lub hom phiaj. Yog li, cia kuv ceeb toom koj tias Corded Ware Culture thiab Fatyanovo kab lis kev cai yog qhov tseem ceeb rau keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias Plain. Thawj zaug pib txog 5200 xyoo dhau los thiab xaus 4500 xyoo dhau los. Nws yog nws uas dhau mus rau hauv Fatyanovo kab lis kev cai, uas nthuav los ntawm Belarus mus rau thaj tsam ntawm Tatarstan-tam sim no-hnub Chuvashia.
Yog li, Fatyanovites tsis tau hu ua Rus tsuas yog vim tias, raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntau tus kws sau keeb kwm, Slavs tsis tuaj yeem yog ancient. Allegedly, Slavs thiab Russians tau xyaum tsis muaj cag. Hauv lwm lo lus, nws tau xav tias yog lub hauv paus uas Slavs feem ntau, thiab cov neeg Lavxias tshwj xeeb, tsis muaj poj koob yawm txwv thaum ub thiab tsis muaj nyob.
Qee cov ntaub ntawv tseem tuaj yeem pom hauv cov ntaub ntawv hais txog ntsaum thiab sklavens, tab sis tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi txog leej twg yog Fatyanovites. Zoo li, nws tsis paub meej tias lawv yog leej twg. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshuaj xyuas DNA pom tias Fatyanovites koom nrog R1a haplogroup, thiab ib nrab ntawm cov neeg Lavxias niaj hnub no kuj yog R1a.
Ntxiv mus, qhov chaw faus neeg ntawm Fatyanovites kuj tseem raug rau cov neeg koom nrog haplogroup R1a. Hauv lwm lo lus, Fatyanovites yog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm ib nrab ntawm cov neeg niaj hnub haiv neeg Lavxias uas muaj tib yam haplogroup R1a (ib nrab ntxiv muaj haplogroups I2a, N1c1, thiab me haplogroups, lossis genus).
Tam sim no cov lus nug yog: vim li cas cov neeg ntawm Fatyanovo kab lis kev cai tsis hu ua Ancient Rus? Yog, tsuas yog vim tias lub taub hau tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsev kawm keeb kwm tsis tau muab kev pom zoo rau lub sijhawm. Cov npe tau nkag los ntawm cov neeg hauv txoj cai, thiab qhov ntawd yog lo lus teb rau lo lus nug. Thiab lawv, ua ntej, tsis paub tias Fatyanovites yog cov poj koob yawm txwv ib nrab ntawm cov neeg Lavxias niaj hnub no, thiab qhov thib ob, lawv tsis xav hloov dab tsi, vim tias kev ywj pheej yuav hu lawv tam sim ntawd "haiv neeg", uas yog phem dua li kev ua tsov ua rog rau keeb kwm kev kawm - nyob zoo, cov nyiaj pab txawv teb chaws, leej twg muaj.
Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshuaj ntsuam DNA tsis meej qhia qhov kev sib txuas ncaj qha ntawm haiv neeg Lavxias thiab Fatyanovites, thiab qhov no, kuv ntseeg, yog ib qho ntawm cov lus qhia tseem ceeb tsis ntev los no hauv DNA caj ces.
- Muaj ntau qhov kev xav txog qhov raug liam Finno-Ugric keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg Lavxias. DNA kev nrhiav caj ceg hais dab tsi txog qhov no?
- Tau kawg, Kuv tau hla qhov kev sib cav ntau dua ib zaug thiab txiav txim siab lawv ua ib feem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ua rog. Los ntawm tib pawg raws li kev tsis paub txog Normanism. Normanism thiab Finno-Ugricism yog kwv tij ntxaib. Ntxiv mus, lawv tau siv lub suab zoo li yog tias Finno-Ugric cov neeg yog qee yam tsis zoo.
Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb ntawm kev dag keeb kwm keeb kwm Ukrainian tsis ntev los no thiab lawv cov phooj ywg tsis paub ntawv "los ntawm pawg neeg." Qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas lawv xav txog yog cov neeg Lavxias yog sib xyaw ntawm Finno-Ugric thiab Mongolian. Ua ntej, qhov no yog kev ntxub ntxaug lwm haiv neeg, uas kuv tsis lees txais, txhua tus tib neeg, tau kawg, yog sib npaug, tsis muaj cov neeg siab dua lossis qis dua lwm tus.
Qhov thib ob, kev tshuaj ntsuam DNA tau txiav txim siab tias haplogroup N1c1, uas tsis raug hu ua "Finno-Ugric", hauv haiv neeg Lavxias niaj hnub no nyob rau nruab nrab 14%, tab sis qhov no yog qhov nruab nrab. Yog tias peb tsiv los ntawm Pskov thiab mus rau sab qaum teb ntxiv, tus lej no nce ntxiv, thiab hauv cheeb tsam Hiav Txwv Dawb nws nce txog 40%.
Yog tias peb tsiv mus rau sab qab teb ntawm Russia, tom qab ntawd hauv Kursk, Belgorod, Orel cheeb tsam lawv cov lej txo mus rau 5%, thiab dhau los ua tsawg dua, hais, hauv Ukraine. Thiab qhov laj thawj yog qhov tseeb - qhov yooj yim thaj chaw. Ntxiv mus rau sab qab teb koj yog los ntawm Baltic, qis dua cov ntsiab lus ntawm haplogroup N1c1. Piv txwv li, hauv Balkans, tsis muaj ib qho hlo li. Thiab ntawm cov neeg Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, cov ntsiab lus ntawm haplogroups R1a thiab N1c1 yog sib npaug - 40% txhua, qhov seem yog qhov tsis huv me me, raws li txoj cai, "cov neeg tuaj saib" rau ob peb xyoos dhau los.
Qhov thib peb, Cov neeg Lithuanians thiab Latvians, nrog rau cov nqa cov haplogroup N1c1 ntawm haiv neeg Lavxias, yam "Finno-Ugrians" lawv yog dab tsi? Raws li qhov paub zoo txog kev txhais lus, "Finno-Ugric" yog tus hais lus ntawm Finno-Ugric lus. Thiab hauv Lithuania, Latvia, hauv Pskov thiab Kursk, cov lus Finno-Ugric tsis tau hais. Yog li ntawd, lo lus nug tsis yog tias ua Finno-Ugric yog qee yam txaj muag lossis tsis txaus siab, tab sis qhov ntawd tsis yog lawm.
Plaub, haplogroup N1c1 tau tshwm sim hauv Baltic States thiab ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Lavxias Plain txog 2500 xyoo dhau los, nyob nruab nrab ntawm thawj ib txhiab xyoo BC, thiab nws tau tshwm sim thawj zaug nyob rau yav qab teb Baltic, thiab nws cov neeg hais lus, pom tseeb, twb tau hais lus lawm Ntawm tsev neeg Indo-European, nrog rau cov nqa ntawm haplogroup R1a, thiab tom qab ntawd nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Finland niaj hnub, txog 1500-2000 xyoo dhau los.
Los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, kev coj noj coj ua Fatyanovo tau muaj nyob ntev ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Lavxias Plain. Cov neeg koom nrog haplogroup R1a nyob ntawd. Qhov ntxim nyiam tshaj plaws yog tias thaum kuv nrhiav keeb kwm ntawm dab neeg hais txog Finno-Ugric keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg Lavxias, Kuv pom tias thaum pib daim ntawv thesis no tau tsim los ua qhov kev xav xwb. Nws tsuas yog kev kwv yees, koj puas paub? Tsis muaj lub hauv paus rau qhov kev xav ntawd, lawv tau tsim los ntawm kev txhais cov ntaub ntawv tsis ncaj. Lossis lawv tsuas yog tuaj nrog nws thaum tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv.
Thaum qhov kev xav tau dhau mus raws li qhov tseeb tsis tuaj yeem lees paub, tom qab ntawd peb tau ntsib nrog txoj kev xav. Thiab nws lub hom phiaj yog pob tshab: txhawm rau tshaj tawm ntawm cov neeg Lavxias txoj kev ntseeg tias lawv nyob hauv lwm lub tebchaws. Cov Slavs yog cov neeg txawv tebchaws nyob ntawm no, thiab thaj chaw tsis raug cai rau lawv.
Ib txoj hauv kev zoo sib xws, hauv kuv lub tswv yim, Norman txoj kev xav tab tom tsim. Lawv hais tias Lavxias lub xeev tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg tuaj tshiab, qee tus "Scandinavians" uas tau tso txhua yam - thiab khoom siv tes ua, thiab kev ua haujlwm, thiab kev ua tub rog. Thiab muaj lawv nyob hauv Russia, pom tsis pom, qee tus Normanists hais tias ntau txhiab leej, lwm tus - ntau pua txhiab leej.
Ib qho hmoov tsis zoo - lawv cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv tau ploj mus nyob qhov txhia chaw ntawm Lavxias Plain. Txawm hais tias tsuas muaj 100-200 tus neeg 1000-1200 xyoo dhau los, tam sim no yuav muaj ntau ntawm lawv cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv. Thiab lawv tsis yog. Tom qab tshawb nrhiav ntev rau cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm "Scandinavians" hauv Russia, lawv tsis pom plaub tus neeg uas tsis paub tias muaj daim ntawv lo "Scandinavian" hauv lawv cov DNA. Lawv paub lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv tsuas yog ua ntej lawv yawg. Tsis muaj leej twg pom nyob hauv Ukraine, tsis muaj nyob hauv Belarus, tsis muaj nyob hauv Lithuania.
Hauv DNA kev nrhiav caj ces, cov cim "Scandinavian" hu ua Z284. Nws, ntawm chav kawm, yog tag nrho hauv Sweden, Denmark, Norway, thiab koj paub qhov twg ntxiv? Hauv tebchaws Askiv Isles - hauv tebchaws Askiv, Ireland, Scotland, qhov twg, raws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, Vikings tau mus. Thiab lawv, nws hloov tawm, tsuas yog mus rau sab hnub poob, lawv tsis mus rau sab hnub tuaj.
Tsis muaj "Normans" hauv Russia, tshwj tsis yog cov neeg nyob hauv lub fortress Oreshek, thiab nrog pab tub rog ntawm Charles XII nrog kev paub zoo. Lawv tsis muaj sijhawm los txais cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm no. Nws hloov tawm tias cov Slavs tau nqa "Scandinavian" ntaj los ntawm kev ua tub rog, ua khoom plig, lossis tseem ua rau lawv tus kheej. Tib yam muaj tseeb rau cov tsev "Scandinavian kev tsim kho". Nrhiav "Scandinavian chromosomes" hauv cheeb tsam Ladoga, koj yuav tsis pom nws. Tsis muaj lawv, thiab yeej tsis yog. Nov yog li cas "Norman txoj kev xav" sib nrug zoo li lub tsev ntawm daim npav.
-Nws tau hais ntau zaus tias lub npe peev ntawm Russia yog Finno-Ugric keeb kwm, thiab qhov no suav tias yog ib qho pov thawj ntawm Finno-Ugric keeb kwm ntawm tag nrho cov neeg Lavxias.
- Yog lawm, lawv hais tiag tias lo lus "Moscow" txhais tau tias yog txhais los ntawm Finno-Ugric. Lwm tus, txawm li cas los xij, sib cav tias nws yog los ntawm Turkic. Tseem lwm tus - tias nws yog los ntawm Arabic lo lus "mosk", uas txhais tau tias "mosque" (los ntawm Arabic مسجد [æmæsdʒɪd] - "qhov chaw pe hawm").
Tab sis qhov tseeb, muaj tsawg kawg yog ob lub kaum tawm ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lo lus no, mus txog qhov tseeb tias hauv Latin muaj lo lus "Mosqa" (txiv neej koom ua ke, kwv tij neej tsa, tsev teev ntuj). Txawm li cas los xij, txhua qhov hloov pauv "tsis nco qab", tsuas yog ib qho kev txhais tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej, thiab txawm tias qhov no tau nthuav tawm tsis yog qhov kev xav, tab sis raws li qhov raug liam "pov thawj" qhov tseeb. Nov yog qhov tsis muaj txoj hauv kev tshawb fawb - mus pedal tsuas yog ib qho, uas tau muab pov rau hauv, thiab lwm qhov zoo li yuav ploj mus.
Feem ntau, kuv pom tias lawv tawm ntawm lawv txoj kev li cas, sim "ua pov thawj" tias nws tsis yog neeg Lavxias uas yog neeg nyob rau tebchaws Russia Plain. Lawv tham txog cov neeg Suav, hais txog Finno -Ugrians, txog cov neeg German thaum ub - tsis yog cov neeg Lavxias. Hmoov zoo, tam sim no muaj cov cuab yeej siv ua lej (DNA caj ces) uas ua rau qhov tsis meej pem xaus rau txhua qhov ntawv tseeb.
Qhov zoo ntawm DNA kev nrhiav caj ces yog qhov nws yog ib qho txuj ci tseeb uas tsis tso cai rau ntau lub ntsiab lus rov txhais dua tshiab. Peb tsis cuam tshuam nrog qhov sib haum xeeb ntawm qee lub npe qub, peb tsis coj ob lub lauj kaub tawg thiab, raws li cov ntsiab lus zoo sib xws ntawm lawv qhov tsos, tsis kos cov lus xaus kom deb, thiab tsis txhob ntseeg leej twg thiab vim li cas thiaj hais nyob rau lub sijhawm puag thaum ub, Herodotus lossis Homer.
Peb tsuas lees txais qhov tseeb, pov thawj ncaj qha. Peb yog rau kev tshawb fawb ncaj ncees, tsis yog rau ib qho raws li "kev xav", thiab kev xav tig mus rau txhua qhov kev xav tau, nyob ntawm qhov kev sab nrauv lossis sab hauv.
- Xav txog lwm qhov kev paub zoo uas nthuav los ntawm sab qab teb Urals mus rau Dniester. Nov yog Yamnaya kab lis kev cai, hnub tim 4600-5300 xyoo dhau los
- Cov thesis tau hais tawm hauv cov ntaub ntawv kev kawm uas cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Yamnaya kab lis kev cai tsim Afanasyevsk kab lis kev cai ntawm Altai. Qhov kev xaus no tau ua los ntawm qhov tsuas yog qhov zoo sib xws sab nraud ntawm cov yam ntxwv khoom ntawm ob kab lis kev cai.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov lus nug tshwm sim: dab tsi yog lub hauv paus rau qhov kev xaus uas Afanasyevites coj kev coj noj coj ua mus rau sab qab teb ntawm Siberia, thiab tsis hloov pauv? Thiab lawv, lawv hais tias, muaj ntau yam sib xws, ntawm Yamnaya thiab Afanasyevskaya. Zoo heev, tab sis vim li cas qhov kev zoo sib xws tsuas yog txhais hauv ib qho xwb? Thiab vim nws tau ntev tau hais tawm, thiab "bronzed". Tam sim no, qhov no tsis yog science ib yam nkaus.
DNA kev nrhiav caj ceg muaj peev xwm qhia tau meej tsis yog tsuas yog kev sib txuas ntawm kab lis kev cai, tab sis kuj yog kev taw qhia ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw ntawm tib neeg. Tam sim no, nrog kev pab los ntawm kev kuaj DNA, nws tau ua pov thawj tias cov neeg los ntawm sab qab teb Siberia, suav nrog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm lub qhov taub, tau tsiv mus rau sab hnub poob. Lub hauv paus ntawm Yamnaya kab lis kev cai tau pom hauv Afanasyevsk kab lis kev cai, thiab tsis hloov pauv. Thiab los ntawm Yamnaya kab lis kev cai, cov neeg qub (haplogroups R1b) tau mus rau sab qab teb, hla Caucasus mus rau Mesopotamia, thiab tsis mus rau sab hnub poob, xav tias yog Europe, raws li keeb kwm thiab kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm ntseeg tau ib nrab xyoo lawm.
Tsis muaj DNA ntawm "pitmen" hauv Europe, tab sis muaj ntau ntawm lawv hauv lawv cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv - hauv Caucasus thiab hauv Turkey, thiab ntxiv mus, hla hla hiav txwv Mediterranean - ntawm Iberian Peninsula. Thiab los ntawm qhov ntawd - kev daws teeb meem nrawm ntawm cov teb chaws Europe 4800-4400 xyoo dhau los, thiab tom qab ntawd maj mam thiab ntxaws dua - txog 3000 xyoo dhau los, ua ntej pib ntawm thawj ib puas xyoo BC.
Rau cov kws sau keeb kwm, qhov no tau dhau los ua kev daws teeb meem thaum ub - lub tswb -zoo li lub pob zeb kab lis kev cai tuaj ntawm qhov twg? Thiab nws tau mus rau Tebchaws Europe txuas ntxiv los ntawm Iberian Peninsula, pib los ntawm 4800 xyoo dhau los. Muaj, ntawm txoj kev, ntau qhov kev daws teeb meem tau daws, suav nrog qhov uas cov neeg Europe nkag los tham, vim li cas thiab li cas "Qub Europe" tuag, leej twg Celts yog thiab lawv tuaj qhov twg tuaj, thiab ntau ntxiv.
- Koj cov neeg tawm tsam hais qhia tas li tias koj tsis yog tus kws tshuaj caj ces, tab sis yog kws tshuaj, uas txhais tau tias koj tsis yog tus kws tshaj lij hauv qhov koj tau ua. Txawm tias cov neeg tawm tsam tshaj plaws tsis nug koj txog kev ua tiav hauv ntiaj teb hauv kev siv tshuaj lom neeg. Tab sis qhov no tsis yog noob caj noob ces, puas yog?
- Muaj qhov hloov pauv theem pib ntawm thesis. DNA kev nrhiav caj ceg thiab noob caj noob ces yog yam sib txawv, kev kawm txuj ci sib txawv. Kuv yeej tsis tau hais tias kuv yog tus kws tshuaj caj ces, Kuv yeej tsis tau lees tias kuv tab tom tshawb fawb caj ces. Kuv tsis yog tus kws phais neeg lub cev lossis rab ntaj nqos, tab sis DNA kev nrhiav caj ceg yuav ua li cas nrog nws? Qhov no kuj yog rooj plaub nrog caj ces.
DNA kev nrhiav caj ceg sawv ntawm lub xub pwg ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb caj ces, qhov tseeb dua, ntawm ib lub xub pwg. Lwm lub xub pwg yog tshuaj lom neeg lub cev. Lub xub pwg thib peb, yog tias muaj qhov zoo li no, yog keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb. Thiab kuv yog tus kws tshaj lij hauv tshuaj lom neeg lub cev, uas cov kws tshuaj caj ces tsis nkag siab. Yog li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb caj ces tsis tuaj yeem tsim cov caj ces DNA. Thiab kuv tsis tuaj yeem tsim noob neej, uas kuv tsis thov.
Hauv kev dag, DNA kev nrhiav caj ceg yog siv cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg los ua cov ntaub ntawv tau los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb caj ces. Koj puas pom qhov txawv lossis tsis yog?
Yooj yim muab, DNA yog dab tsi? Qhov no yog deoxyribonucleic acid. Acid, koj puas nkag siab? Zoo, cia ib tus neeg tam sim no hais tias tshuaj lom neeg tsis cuam tshuam nrog cov kua qaub thiab qhov no tsis yog lawv tus kheej ntawm kev ua haujlwm tshaj lij. Qaib luag!
Qhov tseeb tiag, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm DNA kev nrhiav caj ceg yog kev hloov pauv ntawm daim duab ntawm kev hloov pauv, nthuav tawm hauv lub sijhawm, mus rau cov cim qhia sijhawm. Hauv lwm lo lus, nyob rau lub sijhawm uas tau dhau los txij li qee yam xwm txheej keeb kwm thiab tshwm sim, xws li kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw thaum ub, kev tsim cov kab lis kev cai qub thaum ub, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw mus rau lwm thaj tsam thiab mus rau lwm lub tebchaws, teeb meem ntawm tib neeg kev hloov pauv - muaj, ib yam nkaus, kev hloov pauv coj qhov chaw nyob rau lub sij hawm.
Ntawm no, tus nqi ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv Y-chromosome, qhov tseeb dua, hauv ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov chromosome, ua lub luag haujlwm loj, thiab rau qhov no nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum paub qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev suav tshwj xeeb.
Qhov no tsis yog noob caj noob ces, thiab tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog caj ces. Nov yog DNA caj ces. Thiab noob caj noob ces nkag siab me ntsis hauv tshuaj lom neeg lub cev thiab keeb kwm. Tsis yog lawv cov txheej txheem. Nov yog DNA kev nrhiav caj ces thiab tawm ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Tam sim no qhov no hu ua “kev qhia ntau txoj hauv kev”. Qhov no yog hais txog peb.
-Ua tsaug rau cov lus teb ntxaws. Tseem tshuav ntau cov lus nug tseem tshuav, thiab peb yuav rov tig los ntsib koj dua, yog tias koj tsis mloog.
-Yog lawm, thov.
