Cov tub ntawm Ivan

Cov tub ntawm Ivan
Cov tub ntawm Ivan

Video: Cov tub ntawm Ivan

Video: Cov tub ntawm Ivan
Video: Saib Mis paub Poj niam (hluas nkauj) tus yam ntxwv lub siab 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Anonim

Lub hnub nyoog raug cai ntawm Kerch yog 2600 xyoo. Kuv tsis txawm paub leej twg xub tuaj nrog qhov tsis zoo no: los teeb hnub tim thiab ua kev zoo siab nws nyob ntawd? Tom qab tag nrho, cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm thov tias thawj tus neeg nyob ntawm no ntev ua ntej ntawd. Lub sijhawm no, rau ntau yam laj thawj, kaum tawm tus tib neeg tau xaus rau ntawm no, tab sis ua tsis paub txog Lavxias teb sab patronymic IVANOVICH tau tshwm sim ib sab ntawm cov npe ntawm cov uas hloov lub nroog no kom zoo dua.

Eduard IVANOVICH Totleben

Ua ntej, ferry "Kavkaz-Crimea". Tom qab ntawd, nrog txoj hauv kev tawg nrog lub npe piav qhia tus kheej ntawm Txoj Kev Cimmerian, Kuv tau mus rau Kerch Fortress, lossis Lavxias Fortress. Nws kev tsim kho tau ua tiav los ntawm 1857 txog 1877. Kev tsim kho lub zog tub rog ruaj khov, muaj peev xwm thaiv txoj hauv kev ntawm cov yeeb ncuab lub nkoj mus rau Hiav Txwv Azov, tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev swb ntawm Russia hauv Kev Tsov Rog Crimean. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, thawj chav kawm ntawm lub fortress tau tshwm sim, uas tau dhau los ua ib hom khoom zoo rau lub zog tiv thaiv zoo Eduard Ivanovich Totleben. Qhov tseeb, hauv nws, nws tau suav tag nrho cov tswv yim kev ua tub rog zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd.

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German lub npe Totleben los ntawm cov lus "Treu auf Tod und Leben" ("Ncaj Ncees txog thaum tuag"). Thiab Suav Eduard Ivanovich Totleben tau lees paub nws tag nrho. Tus kws tshaj lij Lavxias, tus kws tshaj lij tub rog. Hauv nws lub neej, tus txiv neej no tau tswj kom sib ntaus hauv Caucasus (1848-1850), thiab nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb hauv kev tiv thaiv Sevastopol thaum Tsov Rog Crimean (1854-1857), thiab ua haujlwm ua tus thawj coj rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Dub. thaum Tsov Rog Sab Hnub Tuaj (1877-1878). Nws tau tsim lub tsev tiv thaiv thiab tiv thaiv hauv Kerch, Ochakov, Odessa, Sevastopol, Sveaborg, Dinaburg, Nikolaev, Vyborg, Kronstadt, Kiev thiab lwm lub nroog uas muaj kev phom sij ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws.

Kev tsim kho lub fortress "Kerch" tau saib xyuas los ntawm Alexander II nws tus kheej, uas tau mus xyuas lub nroog peb zaug. Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws tau siv ntau dua 12 lab rubles, thiab vim li ntawd, tau txais ib ntawm xya lub zog muaj zog tshaj plaws nyob hauv Russia, kev txhawb nqa ntawm lub teb chaws nyob ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub.

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Ib tug tub hluas Kerch kws sau ntawv Dmitry Markov ntsib kuv hauv lub fortress. Dima tau dhau los ua cov lus qhia zoo siab heev: "Peb tau taug kev ntawm no tsis ntev dhau los - txog thaum xyoo 2000 Lub Tsev Ruaj Ntseg raug kaw. Nyob rau lub sijhawm Soviet, muaj tub rog nyob ntawm no, muaj lub chaw muag khoom mos txwv. Tom qab ntawd lawv coj lawv tawm ntau xyoo. Thiab kuv tseem tsis paub tseeb tias tsis muaj dab tsi nyob ib puag ncig. Peb fortress! Taug kev hla cov chav, cov tub rog, qhov av, xav txog cov uas ua haujlwm ntawm no. Mus ncig ib puag ncig cov txheej txheem tsis tsim nyog uas tau dim kev tsov kev rog uas nws tau tsim, mloog lub suab nrov nrov hauv nws lub labyrinths thiab zoo siab hauv Ntiaj Teb!"

Lub fortress tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm cov riam phom du thiab tau ua tiav thaum cov phom phom tau tshwm sim, yog li nws tsis koom nrog hauv ib qho kev tsov kev rog uas nws tau npaj tseg, thiab thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob nws tau raug puas tsuaj ntau vim yog kev foob pob. - Yuav luag tsis muaj cov txheej txheem hauv av tseem nyob, tab sis feem ntau, tsawg dua ib nrab ntawm nws cov qauv tau muaj sia nyob rau peb.

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Lub fortress kuj tseem phem heev los ntawm vandals. Hauv qab no, yuav luag tsuas yog muaj txoj sia nyob ntawm cov rooj vag hlau uas sawv hauv txhua kab lus los ntawm sab hauv ntawm lub fortress mus rau lub pas dej. Lub qhov hluav taws xob qhov cua nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm tus ncej.

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Lub fortress "Kerch" tau muab zais hauv qab cov av hauv av, nws nyuaj rau pom nws hauv av, huab cua lossis dej, tab sis tib lub sijhawm nws muaj txhua tus yam ntxwv ib txwm muaj ntawm cov qauv tiv thaiv qub: ditch, ramparts, loopholes, phab ntsa.

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Lawv tau ua los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv ib puag ncig: pob zeb pob zeb, pob zeb liab, limestone. Qhov tom kawg tau khov heev hauv cov qauv. Thaum lub nucleus tsoo phab ntsa, nws tsis ya mus ua tej daim thiab tsis tsoo neeg coob coob.

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Feem ntau, thaum hais txog qhov chaw ua tub rog, ua tau zoo, muaj kuab, tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev tuaj txog. Txhua yam yog qhov sib txawv kiag li hauv Totlebena fortress: cov tsev uas tsis tsim nyog tshaj plaws tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov cib zeb zoo nkauj. Qhov kev tiv thaiv loj loj, zais rau ntawm ntug hiav txwv ntawm qhov chaw nqaim tshaj ntawm Kerch Strait, zoo li tsis txaus ntseeg.

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Feem ntau ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub fortress txuas nrog ib leeg los ntawm cov kab hauv qab (daim ntawv loj loj). Qhov ntev tshaj plaws ntawm lawv coj los ntawm Fort Totleben mus rau roj teeb ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv. Qhov ntev ntawm qhov no yog li 600 metres, thiab nws yog hais txog nws tias feem ntau ntawm cov dab neeg, dab neeg thiab cov dab neeg yooj yim txaus ntshai tau tsim, uas tsis tshua muaj ib yam dab tsi nrog qhov tseeb.

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Lub rooj vag uas coj mus rau Ak-Burun fortification.

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Qhov cua nkag

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Ib qho ntawm cov rooj vag coj los ntawm sab hauv ntawm lub fortress mus rau qhov chaw tiv thaiv.

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Duav tiv thaiv.

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Ib nrab-caponir hauv lub nroog.

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Cov ntawv sau rau ntawm phab ntsa sab hauv ntawm lub nroog.

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Saib ntawm ib nrab-caponier hauv lub nroog.

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Kev nkag mus rau ib nrab-caponier yog los ntawm lub pas dej.

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Qhov cua nkag.

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Ib qho ntawm cov tub rog ua ntej kev tawm tsam thiab cov staircase puas rau nws (tejzaum nws twb yog los ntawm lub sijhawm Soviet).

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Tej zaum yog hmoov ntawv xov xwm.

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Barracks.

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Lub caponier nyob rau hauv lub pas dej, tawg thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog.

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Cov ntawv sau tau pom tseeb los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Red Army xyoo 1941.

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Saib los ntawm lub fortress mus rau Mithridates ridge.

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Ntug dej.

Giorgio IVANOVICH Torricelli

Tom qab taug kev ncig lub tiaj suab puam, kuv mus rau hauv plawv nroog, mus rau ko taw ntawm Mount Mithridates. Ib zaug dhau ib zaug muaj lub tuam tsev zoo nkauj - Thawj Tsev khaws puav pheej Lavxias hauv Kerch. Thaum peb nce tus ntaiv zoo nkauj nrog griffins nce roob, nws tau meej: tsis muaj dab tsi los saib.

… Xyoo 1834 Kerch tau muaj hmoo. Qhov kev txiav txim siab tshaj plaws tau txais los ntawm kev qiv nyiaj 50,000 rubles rau kev tsim kho lub tsev khaws puav pheej txoj cai ntawm Mount Mithridates, thiab twb tau ua tiav xyoo 1835 lawm. Lub tuam tsev Athenian ntawm Hephaestus (tus neeg saib xyuas kev lag luam), nyob hauv agora (kev lag luam xwmfab) ib sab ntawm lub nroog, tau coj los ua qauv. Tus kws kes duab vajtse raug xa mus rau lub nroog kws tsim vaj tsev ntawm Odessa Giorgio Ivanovich Torricelli.

Giorgio Ivanovich Toricelli yog ib tus kws tshaj lij loj tshaj plaws ntawm Odessa hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua puv 19. Xyoo 1823-1827 nws tau ua "tus pab tsim vaj tsev", thiab tom qab ntawd dhau los ua lub nroog kws tsim vaj tsev ntawm Odessa. Xyoo 1828 nws tau kos cov phiaj xwm dav dav hauv nroog.

Ntawm cov tsev thiab cov qauv tsim thiab ua hauv Odessa raws li kev saib xyuas ntawm Toricelli, nws tuaj yeem sau tseg: Archangel-Mikhailovsky Cathedral (puas tsuaj xyoo 1931), St. Paul lub Koom Txoos, lub tsev ntawm Odessa phooj ywg ntawm Pushkin, Suav I. O. Vitta, English Club (tam sim no Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Tub Rog), Birzhevaya Square ua ke, Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Imperial Odessa Society of History thiab Antiquities, Tolstoy lub tsev (tam sim no lub tsev ntawm Cov kws tshawb fawb), cov tub lag luam pauv (tam sim no lub nroog Odessa. Council) ntawm Primorsky Boulevard, Sabaneev Choj, ntxiv rau 44 lub khw ntawm Pale -Royal.

Tsuas yog xyoo 1841, tom qab txhua qhov kev npaj, lub tsev khaws khoom tau qhib nws lub qhov rooj rau pej xeem. "Ib tus tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov kev xav nws ua los ntawm txhua sab ntawm Bosphorus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum qhov loj tshaj plaws no, pom kev los ntawm hauv qab ntawm lub pediment mus rau sab saum toj, yog pom nyob rau hauv nthwv dej," sau Swiss tus neeg ncig tebchaws Dubois de Montpere.

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Tus Anglo-Fab Kis, uas txeeb Kerch thaum lub Tsib Hlis 12, 1855, tau rhuav tshem lub tsev khaws khoom pov tseg thiab teeb tsa lub tsev rau khoom ntim hmoov. Cov neeg tsaws tsaws tau qhia tag nrho "lub zog ntawm kev coj noj coj ua nyob sab Europe": "Lub tsev khaws puav pheej lub qhov rooj tau tawg … cov pob zeb marble tau tawg, lub qhov cub tawg tau tawg, lub qhov rais hauv lub qhov muag tau tawg, cov rooj tog thiab cov txee hauv cov niches tau raug puas tsuaj. Cov khoom qub khaws cia hauv lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau raug nyiag … Cov tsov ntxhuav Marble thiab tombstones uas nyob hauv kab ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej, txhua tus raug nyiag, tsuas yog qee qhov uas tsis muaj teeb meem. " Raws li N. P. Kondakov, hauv pem teb ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau npog nrog cov tais diav tawg thiab iav rau ntau qhov sib txawv. Cov nqi tseem tshuav (suav nrog cov khoom siv hauv tsev) raug coj mus txawv tebchaws los ntawm British Colonel Westmaket.

Qhov tseeb, ib puas xyoo tom qab ntawd, lub tsev dhau los ntawm tes mus rau tes. Tom qab kev ua tsov rog, lub tsev tau ua lub tsev teev ntuj thiab tau khaws cia zoo, thiab tom qab av qeeg uas pib thaum xyoo 1880, nws tau ua kom muaj zog, tom qab ntawd kho dua - tau rov muaj dua ib lub tsev teev ntuj, thiab ua ntej Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob - lub tsev khaws puav pheej. Lub tsev tau raug rhuav tshem thaum ua tsov rog uas nws yuav tsum tau rov tsim kho dua tshiab, uas Soviets tsis xav ua, thiab xyoo 1959 ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb hauv Kerch lub ntsej muag tau raug rhuav tshem.

Cov pej xeem daim duab Eduard Desyatov, uas kuv tau ntsib, yog nyob rau hauv kev pom zoo ntawm kho dua tshiab ntawm Theseus lub tuam tsev. Nws xav tsis thoob los ntawm kev tsis txaus siab nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev ntawm cov thawj coj hauv nroog los teeb tsa cov teeb meem no ntawm qib tseem hwv: “Hauv qab daus tau khaws cia, kos duab, pleev xim, kos duab, duab tseem nyob. Dab tsi ploj? Cov neeg Kerch tiag tiag paub tus nqi ntawm lub tuam tsev no, lawv tau pom nws. Thiab tiam neeg tshiab ntawm cov neeg hauv nroog thiab cov thawj coj, tsis tau npaj txhij los ua, vim rau lawv tsis muaj lub tuam tsev."

Tus kws sau keeb kwm hauv nroog Konstantin Khodakovsky tsis pom zoo nrog nws: "Kuv txhawb nqa txoj haujlwm no, tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv Mithridat txoj haujlwm yuav tsum tam sim no yog cov kauj ruam ploj mus - nws yuav tsum yuav luag tau rov txav mus, thiab tom qab ntawd lub tsev teev ntuj, theem kawg yuav tsum yog Tuam Tsev ntawm Theseus - peb lub tsev no tsim cov duab ntawm lub nroog rau ntau tshaj li ib puas xyoo, thiab txog tam sim no nws tsis tuaj yeem xav txog Kerch yam tsis muaj Mithridates staircase."

Mithridates staircase

Cov tub ntawm Ivan
Cov tub ntawm Ivan
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[chaw]

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Konstantin IVANOVICH Mesaksudi

Cov chaw cuam tshuam nrog phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg muaj koob npe ntawm Kerch, tus tswv ntawm lub tsev luam yeeb loj, lub suab nkauj ntawm Kerch-Yenikalskaya Duma, tus thawj coj ntawm Greek Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Konstantin Ivanovich Mesaksudi, suav tsis tau nyob hauv nroog. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, Mesaksudi tsev neeg muaj vaj tsev nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw hauv nroog, tag nrho thaj tsam ntawm thaj tsam li 145 txhiab square metres. thiab tau kwv yees ntawm 336 336 rubles 50 kopecks.

Lub tsev uas lub Hoobkas Mesaksudi tau nyob yog khaws cia zoo. Qhov txaus siab, tseem muaj ib lub tsev nyob hauv lub tshav puam, ua ua ke nrog cov tuam tsev tseem ceeb hauv xyoo 1915 thiab rov ua kom pom lub tsev Mesaksudi thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1867, tab sis twb tau ua lub tsev kawm ntawv rau cov menyuam ua haujlwm lawm.

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Lub teb chaws kev lag luam loj tshaj plaws rau kev tsim cov khoom lag luam luam yeeb tau nyiam lub koob npe zoo thiab muab nws cov khoom lag luam mus rau lub tsev hais plaub huab tais, thiab tus tswv ntawm cov khoom lag luam tau txais lub koob meej ntawm tus ua lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Tus tsim lub tuam txhab luam yeeb, Konstantin Ivanovich, thiab tom qab ntawd nws cov menyuam Grigory thiab Dmitry, uas yog tus ua lag luam, qhia kev txhawj xeeb tas li rau lawv cov neeg ua haujlwm. Ntawm tsob ntoo muaj kev pab nyiaj txiag sib pab, koom tes nrog cov khoom lag luam pheej yig dua li hauv nroog, thiab chaw zov me nyuam rau menyuam yaus. Cadre cov neeg ua haujlwm tau txais nyiaj tshwj xeeb, khoom plig thaum lub sijhawm sib yuav thiab yug menyuam. Cov nyiaj pab tau raug them thaum raug mob lossis xiam oob qhab. Tus tswv txhawb lub tsev muag tshuaj thiab lub tsev kho mob sab nrauv.

Lub koomhaum tau ua tebchaws nyob rau xyoo 1920 thiab muaj txog thaum xyoo 1941, tseem yog cov lag luam loj tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam luam yeeb hauv Crimea. Thaum Tsov Rog Loj Patriotic, xyoo 1941, raws li qee cov ntaub ntawv, ib feem ntawm cov cuab yeej raug tshem tawm mus rau Armavir. Cov neeg ntxeem tau hloov pauv cov tshuab seem thiab cov khoom lag luam raw rau Feodosia txhawm rau rov pib tsim cov luam yeeb rau qhov xav tau ntawm cov tub rog. Lub tuam txhab tsis tau rov ua dua.

Koj tuaj yeem nyeem txog kev mus ntsib ntawm cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Konstantin Ivanovich Mesaksudi ntawm no. Kerch Historical and Archaeological Museum

Georges IVANOVICH Matrunetsky

Georges Ivanovich Matrunetsky yug, nyob thiab ua haujlwm ntawm no, hauv Kerch. Nws tau sau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, xaiv rau nws tus kheej ntau txheej txheej (phooj ywg hais tias nws siv ntau xim, thiab tus kws kos duab tau sim ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas nws tuaj yeem ua tau, sib xyaw ntau yam hauv lawv). Hauv lub sijhawm 90s, nws yuav tsum tau khwv tau nyiaj raws li tus tsim qauv ntawm Zaliv lub nkoj xa khoom, tab sis, qhov txaus txaus, qhov no tsis cuam tshuam rau nws txoj kev muaj tswv yim thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws cov duab. Nws tseem muaj kev ntseeg rau lub ntsiab lus xaiv ib zaug, "sau cov duab dav dav ntawm Kerch Peninsula - ib txoj kab nqaim ntawm thaj av, nyob nruab nrab ntawm ob lub hiav txwv, duab zoo nkauj, tsis mob siab rau, nyob mus ib txhis, hiav txwv grey."

Ib zaug nws txiv, tus rauj-ua haujlwm Ivan Konstantinovich Matrunetsky, tuaj ntawm no los ntawm Ukraine thiab ua lub tsev nrog nws tus kheej txhais tes, uas tseem sawv ntawm txoj kev Chernyakhovsky. Tam sim no tus kws kos duab poj ntsuam Maria nyob ntawm no thiab qhov no tej zaum tsuas yog qhov chaw hauv Kerch qhov uas koj tuaj yeem pom tsawg kawg ob peb ntawm nws cov duab. Kuv vam tias muaj ib hnub yuav muaj lub tsev khaws khoom pov thawj ntawm tus kws kos duab.

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm Georges Matrunetsky nyob hauv Feodosia Art Gallery, Simferopol Art Museum, tsev cia puav pheej hauv Odessa, Kiev, cov khoom ntiag tug ntawm ntau lub nroog thiab lwm lub tebchaws …, chav ua yeeb yam, tsev kawm ntawv, tab sis tsuas yog qee tus tuaj yeem ua thiab xav khaws cov duab kos no rau cov neeg tom ntej: cov duab tau muag thiab pauv rau cov khoom lag luam nyob rau xyoo nyuaj, thiab qee zaum lawv tsuas yog "ploj" los ntawm cov tsev khaws cia hauv zos. Lub sijhawm tau los rau lawv kom rov qab mus rau lawv lub tebchaws.

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PS Xws li qhov sib txawv "Ivanovichs".

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