Taborits thiab "menyuam ntsuag"

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Taborits thiab "menyuam ntsuag"
Taborits thiab "menyuam ntsuag"

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Taborits thiab "menyuam ntsuag"
Taborits thiab "menyuam ntsuag"

Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Jan ižka, nws pab tub rog, hu ua "menyuam ntsuag", tau coj los ntawm Kunesh los ntawm Bialowice. Tus qub Prague tus kws tshaj lij Velek Kudelnik thiab Jan Kralovec tau los ua nws cov neeg sawv cev. Tam sim no lawv tau ua haujlwm ze nrog Taborites, uas nws tus thawj tswj hwm yog Jan Hvezda, Boguslav Schwamberk, Jan Rogach.

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Thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Hussites tau nyob hauv txhais tes ntawm Sigismund (Zhigimont) Koributovich los ntawm Gediminich tsev neeg, tus tub ntawm Novgorod-Seversky tus tub huabtais thiab tus ntxhais fuabtais Ryazan (tau qhia me ntsis txog nws hauv kab lus los ntawm Jan Zhizhka. Qhov muag tsis pom thiab leej txiv ntawm "menyuam ntsuag").

Sigismund Koributovich thiab hmuv ntawm Txoj hmoo

Ib qhov kev xav paub ntawm Hussite kev tsov kev rog cuam tshuam nrog tus tub huabtais no - kev kaw ntawm Karlštejn tsev fuabtais, uas muaj lub hmuv Dawb Huv nto moo, tseem hu ua hmuv ntawm Phinees (Cov pov thawj Hebrew) thiab Longinus hmuv, uas tus tub rog no raug liam tus tav ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig Khetos. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv no tus hmuv tau los ntawm Saint Mauritius, tus thawj coj Roman Aetius, Emperor Justinian, Charlemagne, Otto I, Frederick I Barbarossa, Frederick II Hohenstaufen. Thaum kawg, Vaj Ntxwv Charles IV ntawm Luxembourg (uas tseem yog tus vaj ntxwv ntawm Bohemia) coj nws mus rau Bohemia.

Qhov tseeb, muaj peb qhov khoom cuav uas lees tias yog "Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv". Ib ntawm lawv nyob hauv Basilica ntawm St. Peter hauv Vatican, qhov thib ob yog hauv txhab nyiaj ntawm Armenian Echmiadzin monastery. Thiab hmuv uas peb txaus siab rau tam sim no khaws cia hauv Austrian tsev fuabtais Hoffburg. Nws yog nws uas, tom qab kev koom nrog Austria, tau pauv mus rau Nuremberg, thiab tom qab ntawd rov qab los ntawm Asmeskas General George Patton.

(Tseem muaj Antioch hmuv, tab sis nyob rau xyoo pua 18th Pope Benedict XIV lees paub tias nws yog kev zam txim, thiab Krakow, lees paub tias yog daim ntawv theej ntawm Vienna.)

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Lub tsev fuabtais nws tus kheej yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev xaiv, thiab nws tsis ua mob rau ntes nws, yog li cov neeg tawg rog yuav tsis tsim kev xav rau nws. Thiab kev muaj Peev Xwm ntawm Txoj Hmoo yuav tsum tau nce txoj cai ntawm Zhigimont ob qho tib si ntawm Hussites thiab ntawm lawv cov neeg sib tw.

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Sigismund -Zhigimont tus kheej cov tub rog tau tawm ntawm kev sib tw, thiab Prague chasnicks (cov tub rog ntawm Taborites thiab Jan Zhizhka lub sijhawm ntawd tau tawm tsam tiv thaiv Sigismund ntawm Luxembourg - Tub Vaj Ntxwv Oldrich ntawm Rozmberk).

Txawm tias txiav txim siab lub zog ntawm Karlštejn phab ntsa, txoj haujlwm tsis zoo li tsis yooj yim thaum xub thawj, txij li lub tsev fuabtais lub tsev tub rog muaj tsuas yog 400 tus tub rog. Tab sis ntawm no, raws li lawv hais, nws pom tus scythe ntawm lub pob zeb: 163 hnub ntawm kev thaiv thiab foob pob ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub fortress tsis tau ua tiav. Thiab tom qab ntawd Zhigimont txiav txim siab siv "riam phom lom neeg": nrog kev pab cuam ntawm lub tshuab pov tseg, kwv yees li ob txhiab pob tawb tau raug pov tom qab lub tsev fuabtais phab ntsa, cov ntsiab lus uas yog cov tsiaj qus sib xyaw ua ke ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu seem, diluted nrog kev tso tawm. Tab sis nws tsis muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev kis thoob qhov txhia chaw ntawm ib puag ncig.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, Zhigimont, ua ke nrog Taborites, tau tsav cov neeg tawg rog uas tab tom taug kev mus pab Karlshtein yam tsis muaj kev sib ntaus. Yog li Thib Peb Kev Tsov Rog tawm tsam Hussites tau xaus zoo. Tom qab ntawd, cov neeg tiv thaiv ntawm Karlštejn tsev fuabtais cog lus tias yuav nyob nruab nrab rau ib xyoos. Thiab thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1423, tus huab tais tsis ua tiav ntawm Bohemia, Zhigimont, nrog kev tsis txaus siab, tab sis tseem yuav tsum rov qab mus rau Krakow. Ntau tus tub rog uas tuaj nrog nws los ntawm Lavxias Voivodeship ntawm Lithuania xaiv nyob hauv Czech koom pheej.

Kev sib ntaus ntawm Hussites tom qab kev tuag ntawm Jan ižka

Tom qab i ofka tuag, Taborites thiab "menyuam ntsuag" tau mus rau Moravia ua ke, thiab xyoo 1425 lawv tau tawm tsam tiv thaiv Prazhans thiab Chasniks. Cov thawj coj qub thiab cov thawj coj tau tuag nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tsis tu ncua, thiab cov thawj coj muaj peev xwm tshiab tau hloov chaw. Thawj tus tuag yog tus thawj coj ntawm Taborites, Jan Gvezda, uas tau coj cov tub rog sib koom thaum lub sijhawm kaw ntawm Vožice fortress.

Tom qab ntawd, tau rov swb cov neeg sib tw hauv Bohemia, "cov menyuam ntsuag" thiab Taborites thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1425 rov mus rau Moravia thiab txuas ntxiv mus rau Austria. Ntawm no, thaum cua daj cua dub ntawm lub tsev fuabtais Retz, lwm Taborite hetman, Boguslav Švamberk, raug tua. Taborites thiab "menyuam ntsuag" yeej, tab sis kev tuag ntawm Jan ižka, uas nws lub npe ib leeg ua rau txhua tus yeeb ncuab ntawm "Vajtswv cov tub rog", txhawb cov neeg Hussites tawm tsam. Cov phooj ywg thiab cov thwjtim ntawm Qhov Muag Tsis Pom Kev zoo li tsis txaus ntseeg thiab tsis muaj kev sib tw, thiab thaum lub Tsib Hlis 19, 1426, kev noj zaub mov tsis txaus ntseeg tau muaj nyob hauv Nuremberg, uas tseem tau mus ntsib los ntawm tus txiv plig txiv plig, Cardinal Orsini. Ntawm no nws tau txiav txim siab los teeb tsa Kev Tsov Rog Tom ntej tiv thaiv Hussites, uas cov tub rog ntawm Saxony, Austria, Poland thiab ntau tus thawj tswj hwm German me tau koom nrog. Kev hem thawj sab nraud tau rov kho dua ib ntus tag nrho Hussite cov qauv. Tus thawj coj tshiab ntawm Taborites, Prokop Goliy, tau raug xaiv los ua tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog tseem ceeb, uas tseem raug hu ua Great - rau nws qhov siab (zoo ib yam rau Prokop Maliy, uas yog los ntawm 1428 tus "menyuam ntsuag"). Thiab yav dhau los tus pov thawj Utraquist los ntawm tsev neeg muaj nyiaj Prague tau hu ua liab qab tsis yog rau nws txoj kev txom nyem thiab tsis yog rau nws txoj kev hlub ntawm "qhov muag liab qab", tab sis rau kev taug kev nrog "lub puab tsaig liab qab," uas yog, txiav nws hwj txwv. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li lwm qhov hloov pauv, nws tau liam nws lub taub hau, thiab yog li ntawd nws qee zaum hu ua Bald. Tab sis hauv daim duab hauv qab no, Prokop cov plaub hau tseem nyob ntawd.

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Lwm tus thawj coj ntawm Hussites hauv qhov kev sib tw ntawd yog Sigismund Koributovich, uas tau rov qab mus rau Prague yam tsis tau tso cai.

Cov yeeb ncuab pab tub rog tau ntsib ntawm lub nroog muaj zog tiv thaiv Usti (Aussig), uas muaj cov tub rog ruaj khov ntawm lawv tus yeeb ncuab tseem ceeb - Sigismund ntawm Luxembourg. Cov Hussites tuaj ua ntej, tso ib puag ncig lub nroog, uas tau los ze zog los ntawm cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg tawg rog thaum Lub Rau Hli 1426.

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Lawv hais tias lawv pab tub rog tau tsib npaug tshaj Hussite. Tej zaum qhov no yog kev tshaj tawm, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg nug txog qhov tseeb ntawm kev ua lej loj tshaj ntawm cov neeg tawg rog. Cov keeb kwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hais txog 70,000 tus neeg tawg rog (tsis suav cov tub rog ntawm Usti cov tub rog) thiab 25,000 Hussites.

Raws li kev hem los ntawm ob sab, Prokop thim nws cov tub rog tawm hauv nroog thiab, raws li kev coj noj coj ua tsim los ntawm Jan ižka, tso lawv rau saum toj ntawm ob kwj dej, puag ncig nws tus kheej nrog ob lub nplhaib ntawm lub laub. Tab sis, tsis zoo li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Hussite kev ua tsov rog, nws tau hais qhia sai sai tias cov yeeb ncuab hais kom tso cov neeg raug kaw tseg thiab tsis ua kom raug mob. Lawv coj qhov kev thov no los ua lub cim ntawm kev qaug zog thiab khav theeb tsis kam.

Thaum Lub Rau Hli 16, 1426, Cov tub rog German tsoo hla txoj kab sab nrauv ntawm Hussite cov chaw tiv thaiv, tab sis tau khiav mus rau hauv phab ntsa sab hauv, tab tom tawm tsam loj heev thiab tawm tsam. Tsis muaj peev xwm dais nws, lawv pib thim rov qab, uas tsis ntev dhau los ua dav hlau. Cov Hussites tau caum lawv ntawm lub nroog Usti mus rau cov zos Přeblice thiab Grabowice, rhuav tshem ntau dua kaum txhiab tus neeg tuaj tshiab thiab ntes cov khoom plig nplua nuj.

Nco ntsoov qhov khav theeb tsis lees paub ntawm kev ua phem ntawm cov neeg Czechs rau kev sib koom siab hlub ntawm cov neeg raug kaw? Cov Hussites tau lees paub cov cai no ntawm qhov kev ua si thiab, ntawm lwm tus, tua 14 tus tub rog German uas tau tso tseg thiab tso tseg. Cov neeg ua phem rau cov neeg tawg rog rov qab los, cov tub rog ntshai ntawm Usti tau swb.

Nws tsis muaj peev xwm ua kom yeej cov yeeb ncuab vim yog lwm qhov kev sib cais hauv cov Hussites. Chashniki tsis kam mloog Prokop thiab thim lawv cov tub rog los ntawm nws pab tub rog. Txoj kev mus rau Saxony, npaj los ntawm Prokop Noly, tsis tau tshwm sim, tab sis tom qab ntawd nws tseem tau mus ntsib nws, nrog rau Silesia, Bavaria thiab Austria. Feem ntau, tus thawj coj no tau txiav txim siab yeej tus yeeb ncuab ntawm nws thaj chaw.

Thawj zaug nws tau ua thaum Lub Peb Hlis 14, 1427, thaum cov tub rog ntawm Albrecht ntawm Austria raug swb hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Zwettl. Txawm tias tus thawj coj-tus thawj coj tus chij raug ntes.

Thiab thaum lub Tsib Hlis, Prokop, ntawm lub taub hau ntawm Taborites, thiab Kudelnik nrog "menyuam ntsuag" ntaus Silesia, thiab qhov txaus ntshai ntawm lawv qhov zoo li zoo heev uas cov yeeb ncuab pab tub rog khiav tawm yam tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo qhib kev sib cav nrog lawv.

Lub caij no, cov neeg tawg rog tshiab rau Czech koom pheej tau coj los ntawm ib nrab tus nus ntawm tus Vaj Ntxwv Askiv Henry IV - Npis Sov ntawm Winchester Heinrich Beaufort, nrog leej twg tau tshem tawm cov neeg paub lus Askiv nto moo tuaj.

Cov hluas tawm hauv kab

Rub tawm ntawm thaj ua rau thaj, Cloak dai nrog crosses.

Txhua qhov dag, zoo li hauv cov cim, Kev xyiv fab, kev tuag, kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab kev hlub, Txawm yog ntshav los ntawm qhov txhab ntawm Tswv Yexus

Hnov zoo li tus number case

Hauv tebchaws Askiv zoo.

(Los ntawm zaj nkauj ntawm pab pawg "Tin Soldiers".)

Tsis yog, mob, ntshav thiab tuag txawm li cas los ua qhov tseeb: thaum Lub Yim Hli 4, 1427, Prokop Bolshoi thiab Prokop Maly kov yeej lawv ntawm Takhov.

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Prokop Naked tsis tau nres qhov ntawd thiab ua raws cov neeg tawg rog mus rau Saxon nroog Naumburg. Cov neeg hauv nroog tau yuav cov Hussites. Txhawm rau zam txim rau lawv, lawv kuj xa lawv cov menyuam, hnav khaub ncaws dawb, los sib tham. Qhov txav Prokop, raws li cov lus dab neeg, tsis ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov menyuam tsis muaj txim thiab txawm kho lawv rau txiv ntoo qab zib. Nyob rau lub asthiv kawg ntawm Lub Rau Hli, Naumburg tseem yog tus tuav txhua xyoo Cherry Festival, ib txwm coj los rau cov xwm txheej no.

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Ntshai Prokop thiab tus menyuam tsis muaj txim txhaum ntawm qhov tsis tsim nyog (nyiaj thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev) 1920

Hauv 4 xyoos tom ntej no, cov ntseeg Catholics thiab Hussites tau hloov chaw: tam sim no "Czechs zoo" (raws li lawv hu lawv tus kheej) tau tawm suab mus rau Tebchaws Yelemees, Austria thiab Hungary, xyoo 1430 lawv tau mus txog Polish Czestochowa, txhua qhov chaw qhia meej tias lawv tau nqa dab tsi raws nraim. tsoo cov tub rog mus rau lawv thaj av, thiab caw cov neeg nyob ntawm cov tebchaws nyob sib ze kom haus khob tib yam. Lawv twb tau kawm los tawm tsam zoo heev, qhov kev ntshai uas lawv tau tshoov siab tsis pub cov neeg nyob hauv nroog thiab cov neeg muaj zog thiab ua siab loj, thiab yog li ntawd cov Czechs lawv tus kheej tau hu cov kev tua no "taug kev zoo" lossis "mus ncig zoo" (spaniel jizdy).

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Nws tau mus txog qhov uas Joan ntawm Arc nkag mus rau hauv kev sib tham nrog lawv, leej twg hauv nws tsab ntawv yaum kom lawv tso tseg kev teev ntuj, txwv tsis pub cog lus tias yuav raug txim saum ntuj ceeb tsheej xwb. Tab sis Taborites thiab "menyuam ntsuag" muaj lawv tus kheej vaj tswv - qhov tseeb dua, uas ntxub cov neeg siab phem Catholic hierarchs, cov neeg nplua nuj tsis ncaj ncees thiab ua rau cov tub nkees tsis zoo. Nrog nws lub npe, lawv tsoo ib pab tub rog tom qab ib leeg.

Kev taug kev zoo ntawm Czechs zoo ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg pluag hauv Central Europe. Yog li, tom qab kev sib tw hauv Silesia hauv 1428, nws tau muab tawm tias pab tub rog ntawm Prokop Naked tsis tau txo qis, tab sis nce ntxiv - vim yog cov neeg txawv teb chaws ua teb uas koom nrog nws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus tub huabtais Lavxias Fyodor Ostrozhsky, uas nyob hauv kev poob cev qhev, tau koom nrog Hussites, uas pib hais kom nws cov phooj ywg thiab Litvin, uas yav dhau los tuaj rau Bohemia nrog Sigismund Koributovich. Ntawm sab ntawm Hussites, cov neeg tawg rog Polish ntawm cov neeg dawb huv Dobek Puhal kuj tau tawm tsam.

Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1430, taborites ntawm Prokop Naked tau hla Silesia, nyob hauv ntau lub nroog, ib qho uas, Gliwice, tau muab rau tus huab tais Czech uas tsis ua haujlwm Sigismund Koributovich. "Cov menyuam ntsuag", hais los ntawm Velek Kudelnik thiab Prokupek, thaum lub sijhawm ntawd nkag los ntawm Moravia mus rau Austria thiab Hungary, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau Slovakia. Ntawm no lawv nkag mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav nrog pab tub rog ntawm Emperor Sigismund ntawm Trnava. Nws yog thaum ntawd cov neeg tawg rog Hungarians tau hais kom ua los ntawm Fyodor Ostrozhsky, uas tau hla mus rau ntawm tus yeeb ncuab, tswj kom hla mus rau Wagenburg, tab sis "cov menyuam ntsuag" muaj txoj sia nyob, txawm hais tias lawv poob lawv tus thawj coj, Velek Kudelnik, hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua no. Thaum kawg, lawv tau rhuav tshem Imperials.

Feem ntau, kev ntshai ntawm Czechs cov neeg nyob sib ze Catholic tau mus txog qhov txwv ntawd, txawm tias muaj kev hem thawj loj zuj zus los ntawm Ottoman, lawv tau teeb tsa qhov tshiab, thib tsib kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv Hussites. Nws tau raug coj los ntawm Cardinal Cesarini thiab ob tug Friedrichs - Saxon thiab Bradenburg, uas tau coj mus txog 40 txhiab tus neeg caij nees thiab los ntawm 70 txog 80 txhiab tus tub rog.

Cov neeg tawg rog tau kaw lub nroog Domazlice, nyob ze uas cov tub rog Hussite tos - 50 txhiab tus tub rog, 3 txhiab lub tsheb laij teb, ntau dua 600 rab phom loj ntawm ntau yam calibers thiab 5 txhiab tus neeg caij nees.

Thaum Lub Yim Hli 14, 1431, Hussites tau hu lawv cov nkauj Ktož jsú Boží bojovníci? ("Leej twg yog Vajtswv cov tub rog?") Tsiv mus rau cov neeg tawg rog.

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Tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus lawv cov tawg, cov neeg tawg rog tau khiav tawm, tso lub tsheb ciav hlau nqa lub hnab (2 txhiab lub tsheb laij teb), lub txhab nyiaj thiab txhua lub phom loj (300 phom).

Qhov xav paub tshaj plaws yog daim cardinal cov neeg tawg rog lub sijhawm no tau sim tsim lawv cov Wagenburg, tab sis lawv tau ua nws qias neeg, thiab lawv lub laub tsis haum rau cov laj thawj no.

Prokop nrog Taborites tau mus rau Silesia, rov qab los, koom nrog cov "menyuam ntsuag" ntawm Prokop Me Me - ua ke lawv yeej cov tub rog ntawm Austrian Duke Albrecht.

Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1433, Jagailo Polsky tau hu rau Hussites kom pab ua rog ntxiv nrog Teutonic Order (thiab nws tus kwv Svidrigailo tib lub sijhawm). "Me nyuam ntsuag" thiab Taborites raws li kev hais kom ua ntawm Jan Czapek (tus thawj coj los ntawm pab pawg "menyuam ntsuag") nkag mus rau sab hnub tuaj Prussia dhau Neumark, nyob Tczew (Dirschau) thiab mus txog qhov ncauj ntawm Vistula thiab Danzing (Gdansk).

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Nws zoo li nyob hauv txhua lub tebchaws Europe tsis muaj lub zog muaj peev xwm nres lawv. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1433, tus neeg sawv cev Czech tau raug caw mus rau Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj hauv Basel, thiab Prokop Naked tau suav nrog hauv nws. Tsis tau pom zoo qhov ntawd, tab sis kev sib tham tau txuas ntxiv hauv Prague. Kev txhawj xeeb txog kev cuam tshuam kev xav ntawm Chaschniks, Prokop Goliy tseem tsis tau mus ua rog nrog Teutons, tso siab rau cov lus txib rau Chapek. Nws muaj lub zog me me (nws pab tub rog twb ua tsis tau zoo nyob ib puag ncig Pilsen tau ntev lawm), thiab yog li ntawd, thaum chasniks txawm li cas los xij tau pom zoo nrog papists, nws raug yuam kom tawm hauv Prague, qhov twg thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 5 Lub Nroog Qub tau ntsib hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog Taborite Novy, thiab tuag hauv kev tua neeg coob ntawm nws cov neeg txhawb nqa. Tsuas yog kev pab ntawm tus thawj coj thiab tus thawj coj ntawm "cov menyuam ntsuag" Prokop Maly tau pab nws kom nyab xeeb mus rau Tabor.

Lub caij no, kev sib sau ua ke ntawm nws pab tub rog twb hloov pauv lawm. Kev yeej ntawm Taborites tau muaj qhov tshwm sim tsis tau xav txog: nyob rau hauv kev cia siab ntawm cov neeg tua tsiaj loj, European cov neeg taug txuj kev nyuaj ntawm txhua kab txaij pib ua raws lawv. Thiab tam sim no Hussites hu ua Tabor "tsom mus rau rabble thiab scum ntawm txhua haiv neeg." Qhov no tuaj yeem tsis cuam tshuam rau kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Taborite pab tub rog, tab sis qhov txaus ntshai ntawm lawv lub npe ib leeg yog qhov zoo heev uas ob peb tus neeg nyob sib ze muaj kev pheej hmoo koom nrog kev ua tub rog loj nrog lawv. Tam sim no Prokop yuav tsum tau sib ntaus nrog lwm tus Czechs, coob leej uas tau hla lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Jan Zizka, thiab cov thawj coj ntawm Utrakvists tuaj yeem kos cov lus xaus raug los ntawm kev ua tsis tiav ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua yav dhau los nrog Taborites thiab "menyuam ntsuag".

Pom zoo: