Hauv cov ntawv dhau los, nws tau hais txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm Armenians, cov neeg Yudais thiab cov neeg Greek hauv tebchaws Ottoman. Thiab tseem - txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm Bulgarians hauv Turkey thiab Muslim nyob rau hauv socialist Bulgaria. Tam sim no peb yuav tham txog Serbs.
Serbia nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm teb chaws Ottoman
Coob leej ntseeg tias Serbia tau kov yeej los ntawm Ottomans xyoo 1389 - tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua nto moo ntawm Kosovo. Qhov no tsis yog qhov tseeb, vim tias Serbs tau dhau los ua tsis yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm Turkish sultans, tab sis lawv cov vassals, khaws lawv cov thawj coj (zoo li Lavxias tus thawj coj hauv Iga lub sijhawm).
Serbian despots (lub npe tau txais los ntawm Byzantium los ntawm Stefan Lazarevich, tus tub ntawm tus tub huabtais tua los ntawm Bayazid Kuv tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kosovo teb) ua pov thawj kom muaj kev ntseeg siab thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Nws yog qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Serbs ntawm tus flank ntawm kev nce qib Hungarian cavalry uas coj Ottomans yeej dhau cov neeg tawg rog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Nikopol (1396).
Xyoo 1402, Cov Serbs tau tawm tsam ze Ankara hauv pab tub rog ntawm Bayezid I ntawm Xob Laim, xav tsis thoob Tamerlane nrog lawv lub siab tawv thiab muaj zog. Tom qab swb, lawv tau them rov qab ntawm Bayazid tus tub hlob (Suleiman) thiab tau cawm nws tiag tiag los ntawm kev tuag lossis kev poob ntsej muag poob ntsej muag.
Serbian despot Georgy Brankovich (leej txiv ntawm Sultan Murad II) zam kev koom nrog kev tawm tsam zaum kawg tiv thaiv Ottomans thiab tsis koom nrog Kev Sib Tw ntawm Varna. Tom qab ntawd, raws li ntau tus kws tshawb fawb, nws tsis tso cai rau Albanian pab tub rog ntawm Skanderbeg hla nws thaj av, uas thaum kawg tsis tuaj yeem koom nrog Kev Tsov Rog Zaum Ob ntawm Kosovo Field. Thiab tom qab kev kov yeej cov ntseeg, George tau ntes tag nrho cov neeg tawm tsam Hungarian tus thawj coj Janos Hunyadi thiab tso nws los ntawm kev poob cev qhev tsuas yog tom qab tau txais tus nqe txhiv nplua nuj.
Tau ntev tau muaj kev tawm tsam rau Belgrade, uas cov Turks hu ua "Rooj vag ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Dawb Huv". Thiab thaum kawg Serbia tau kov yeej los ntawm Ottomans tsuas yog xyoo 1459. Zoo li txhua yam uas tsis yog Muslim Muslim Ottoman, Serbs tau them se se (jizye), se av (kharaj), thiab se tub rog. Lawv cov menyuam tau raug tshem tawm ib ntus raws li txheej txheem "devshirme" (kev txhais cov lus ntawm lo lus no yog "hloov pauv": txhais tau tias hloov kev ntseeg). Tab sis thaum xub thawj nws tsis tuaj yeem hu lawv qhov xwm txheej tsis txaus ntseeg kiag li.
Kev ntseeg kev ntseeg uas Ottoman sultans tau qhia ua ntej tso cai rau Serbs los khaws Orthodoxy, ntxiv rau kom zam kev ua phem rau kev teev ntuj. Raws li tus kws sau keeb kwm yav dhau los, kev kov yeej tebchaws Ottoman tau pab khaws thiab nthuav dav thaj av Serbian, uas tau hais los ntawm cov neeg nyob ze. Piv txwv li, nws kwv yees tias txij li 1100 txog 1800 Belgrade koom nrog Serbia tsuas yog 70 xyoo. Tab sis Hungary muaj lub nroog no nyob rau lub sijhawm no: 1213ꟷ1221, 1246ꟷ1281, 1386-1403, 1427ꟷ1521. Tsuas yog tom qab kev ntes lub nroog no los ntawm cov neeg Ottomans xyoo 1521 nws puas yog Serbian mus ib txhis.
Lub sijhawm ntawm Serbian viziers
Lub xyoo pua 16th hauv tebchaws Turkey qee zaum hu ua "xyoo pua ntawm Serbian viziers" (thiab xyoo pua 17th yog lub sijhawm ntawm Albanian viziers, txhais tau tias kav ntev ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Köprülü caj ces). Cov neeg nto moo tshaj plaws hauv Serbian yog Mehmed Pasha Sokkolu (Sokolovic).
Tus tub Serbian Bayo Nenadic yug hauv lub zos Sokolovichi hauv Herzegovina xyoo 1505. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog kwv yees li 14 xyoos, cov neeg Ottomans coj nws mus rau hauv cov txheej txheem devshirme thiab hloov nws mus rau Islam, muab nws lub npe tshiab. Hauv Janissary corps, nws tau tawm tsam ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Mohacs xyoo 1526 thiab koom nrog hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm Vienna xyoo 1529. Cov haujlwm ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas Serb tau yooj yim heev. Xyoo 1541, peb pom nws ua lub taub hau ntawm lub tsev hais plaub tus saib xyuas ntawm Suleiman I Qanuni (Tus Zoo Tshaj) - thaum ntawd nws muaj 36 xyoos. Xyoo 1546, nws ua tiav lub npe nrov Ottoman admiral Khair ad-Din Barbarossa ua kapudan pasha. Xyoo 1551, Mehmed tau raug tsa Beylerbey ntawm Rumelia, thiab ua tiav kev sib ntaus hauv Hungary thiab Transylvania. Tab sis lub ncov ntawm Serb txoj haujlwm no tseem ua ntej. Hauv qab peb tus sultans (Suleiman I the Magnificent, Selim II thiab Murad III) tau 14 xyoos, 3 lub hlis thiab 17 hnub, nws tau ua tus vizier loj. Hauv qab tus tub thiab tus tub xeeb ntxwv ntawm Suleiman I, nws yog Mehmed Pasha Sokkolu uas tau kav lub xeev.
Kev ua siab ntev thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm ob qho kev tsis txaus siab - Serb Mehmed Pasha Sokkolu thiab Italian Uluja Ali (Ali Kilich Pasha - Giovanni Dionigi Galeni) tau tso cai rau Ottoman Empire kom rov kho lub nkoj sai tom qab swb ntawm Lepanto.
Mehmed tau hais rau Uluju, uas yog tus saib xyuas kev tsim kho lub nkoj tshiab:
"Pasha, lub zog thiab lub zog ntawm lub xeev Ottoman yog xws li yog tias tau xaj, nws yuav tsis nyuaj ua cov thauj tog rau nkoj los ntawm cov nyiaj, cov hlua los ntawm cov xov txhob lo lo ntxhuav, thiab cov nkoj los ntawm satin."
Hais rau Venetian tus sawv cev, Barbaro Mehmed Pasha hais tias:
"Tau coj Cyprus tawm ntawm koj mus, peb txiav koj txhais tes. Koj, tau rhuav tshem peb lub nkoj, tsuas yog txiav tawm peb cov hwj txwv. Nco ntsoov, txiav caj npab yuav tsis loj hlob rov qab, thiab txiav cov plaub hau feem ntau loj hlob rov qab nrog lub zog tshiab."
Ib xyoos tom qab, cov tub rog Ottoman tshiab tau mus rau hiav txwv. Thiab cov neeg Venetians raug yuam kom thov kom muaj kev thaj yeeb, pom zoo them 300 txhiab nyiaj florins.
Mehmed Pasha tau sib yuav rau Esmekhan Sultan, Selim II tus ntxhais thiab Nurbanu, tus ntxhais xeeb ntxwv ntawm Suleiman tus zoo nkauj thiab Roksolana. Lawv tus tub Hasan Pasha tuav cov lus ntawm beylerbey ntawm Erzurum, Belgrade thiab tag nrho ntawm Rumelia. Tus ntxhais xeeb ntxwv tau sib yuav rau Grand Vizier Jafer. Mustafa tus tub tau raug xaiv los ua tus tswv xeev ntawm Buda. Lwm tus tub, Ibrahim Pechevi, dhau los ua keeb kwm Ottoman.
Xyoo 1459, Mehmed Fatih (tus kov yeej) kaw Patriarchate hauv Pec, tswj hwm lub Koom Txoos Serbian rau Bulgarian yawg koob. Tab sis xyoo 1567, Grand Vizier Mehmed Pasha Sokollu tau ua tiav txoj kev rov qab los ntawm Pec Patriarchate, uas yog nws tus tij laug Macarius, tom qab tau teev tseg los ntawm Serbian Orthodox Church.
Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Macarius, Serbian yawg suab yawg nws tus tub - Antim thiab Gerasim.
Thiab hauv Constantinople, yav dhau los Janissary tau tsim qhov hu ua "Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque" - yog ib qho zoo nkauj tshaj plaws hauv lub nroog no.
Qhov kev kos duab no, tam sim no khaws cia hauv Augsburg, qhia txog kev tua neeg ntawm Sokkol Mehmed Pasha los ntawm qhov tsis paub nyob hauv xyoo 1579.
Hayduks thiab Yunaki
Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Mehmed Pasha, Lub Tebchaws Ottoman pib muaj kev txom nyem poob qis hauv Balkans. Qhov kev ua tiav loj kawg ntawm Ottomans hauv Balkans yog kev ntes lub nroog Bihac xyoo 1592 (tam sim no nyob hauv Bosnia thiab Herzegovina). Xyoo 1593, qhov hu ua "Kev Tsov Rog Ntev" tau pib ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv thiab Austria, uas tau xaus rau xyoo 1606, thaum lub sijhawm qee thaj chaw Croatian tau rov qab los ntawm Ottomans.
Txoj haujlwm ntawm Serbs hauv tebchaws Ottoman tau ua rau poob qis tom qab qhov kawg ntawm "Holy League War" (uas cov Serbs ntxeev siab tau txhawb cov neeg tawm tsam ntawm Ottomans) thiab qhov xaus ntawm Karlovytsky Peace Treaty, uas tsis zoo rau Turkey, hauv 1699, raws li Serbia tseem tseem yog ib feem ntawm Tebchaws Ottoman. Thiab tam sim no sultan txoj kev npau taws poob rau cov av no.
Qee tus Serbs txawm tias ntxov dua (teb rau kev tsim txom) mus rau hav zoov thiab roob, dhau los ua Yunaks lossis Haiduks. Tam sim no tus naj npawb ntawm cov "koom nrog" no tau nce ntau.
Laus Novak (Baba Novak), uas yog suav tias yog lawv tus phab ej los ntawm Serbs thiab Romanians, yog ib tus thawj paub hayduks.
Nws yug hauv 1530 hauv Central Serbia. Nws hais peb yam lus kom zoo - Serbian, Romanian thiab Greek. Nws tau txais lub npe menyuam yaus "Laus" hauv nws cov hluas - tom qab Turks tsoo tag nrho nws cov hniav hauv tsev lojcuj (uas ua rau "hnub nyoog" nws lub ntsej muag).
Nws tau txais lub koob meej zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau xyoo 1595-1600, thaum, ntawm lub taub hau ntawm 2 txhiab haiduks, nws ua tau zoo tiv thaiv cov neeg Ottomans nyob sab Mihai lub siab tawv, uas kav lub sijhawm ntawd Transylvania, Wallachia thiab Moldavia. Koom nrog hauv kev dim ntawm Bucharest, Giurgi, Targovishte, Ploiesti, Ploevna, Vratsi, Vidin thiab lwm lub nroog. Tab sis xyoo 1601, Giorgio Basta (tus kws tshaj lij Italian hauv kev pabcuam Habsburgs) liam Novak ntawm kev ntxeev siab: ua ke nrog nws ob tus thawj coj, nws raug txim kom raug hlawv ntawm ceg txheem ntseeg. Qhov kev tua no tau tshwm sim rau 21 Lub Ob Hlis. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kom ua rau mob hnyav dua, lawv lub cev raug dej ntau dhau. Thiab thaum Lub Yim Hli 9 ntawm tib lub xyoo, Giorgio Basta tau xaj kom tua Novak tus phooj ywg, Mihai Lub Siab tawv.
Lwm lub npe hayduk yog Stanislav ("Stanko") Sochivitsa, uas nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th (1715-1777).
Ua ke nrog ob tug kwv tij, nws ua haujlwm hauv Dalmatia, Montenegro, Bosnia thiab Herzegovina. Cov quav nyab no tau ua phem heev - zoo li lub siab ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Txawm li cas los xij, cov nkauj hauv ntiaj teb thiab cov dab neeg hais tias nws yeej tsis tau tua lossis nyiag cov ntseeg.
Ob xyoos ua ntej nws tuag, cov neeg laus Sochivica tau so haujlwm thiab tau tsiv mus rau thaj chaw ntawm Austria-Hungary. Los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, nws lub koob meej tau nce siab txawm tias Vaj Ntxwv Yauxej II xav ntsib nws, leej twg, tom qab kev sib tham, tau tsa nws ua tus thawj coj ntawm kev tshem tawm ntawm Austrian pandurs (lub teeb pom kev ntawm cov tub rog tiv thaiv ciam teb ntawm lub tebchaws).
Cov neeg nrhiav cov vaj ntxwv ntawm cov vaj ntxwv Serbian - Kara -Georgiy thiab Obrenovic - kuj yog tus thawj coj ntawm Yunaki cov neeg sib cais.
Muaj Serbs ntawm Dalmatian Uskoks, tab sis peb yuav tham txog cov tub sab ntawm Adriatic hauv lwm tsab xov xwm.
Great Migration ntawm Serbs
Xyoo 1578, nyob ntawm ciam teb ntawm Austrian Empire, Cov Tub Rog Ciam Teb (lwm yam hu ua Tub Rog Krajina) tau teeb tsa - ib thaj av ntawm Adriatic Hiav Txwv mus rau Transylvania, uas yog nyob hauv kev tswj hwm ncaj qha ntawm Vienna. Tam sim no, thaj chaw ntawm Voennaya Krajina tau faib ntawm Croatia, Serbia thiab Romania.
Cov ntseeg uas tau tawm ntawm Tebchaws Ottoman tau pib nyob ntawm no, tsawg kawg ib nrab ntawm cov uas yog Orthodox Serbs - qhov no yog li cas Borichars nto moo tau tshwm sim. Qee tus kws sau keeb kwm hais txog qhov zoo sib xws ntawm tus tiv thaiv ciam teb nrog Russia Cossacks ntawm kab Caucasian.
Ob nthwv dej ntawm cov neeg tawg rog Orthodox, hu ua "Great Migration of Serbs", tshwj xeeb.
Thawj (1690) tau cuam tshuam nrog kev swb ntawm cov neeg ntxeev siab thaum "Kev Tsov Rog Dawb Huv", uas Serbs tau txhawb nqa "Holy Alliance" (koom nrog Austria, Venice thiab Poland) hauv nws kev ua rog nrog Ottoman Empire. Nrog kev pab los ntawm pab tub rog Austrian, cov neeg ntxeev siab tau tswj hwm kom yuav luag tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm Serbia thiab Macedonia los ntawm Turks. Nis, Skopje, Belgrade, Prizren thiab ntau lub nroog nyob hauv cov neeg ntxeev siab. Tab sis tom qab ntawd muaj kev swb ntawm Kachanik thiab tawm mus nyuaj. Kev txhim kho Ottomans tau rau txim hnyav rau cov pej xeem ntawm cov nroog thiab cov zos uas tso tseg. Kwv yees li 37 txhiab tus tib neeg tau tawm ntawm Kosovo thiab Metohija rau thaj tsam Austria.
Qhov nthwv dej thib ob ntawm "Kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw loj" tau tshwm sim xyoo 1740 tom qab Tsov Rog-Austro-Turkish Tsov Rog ntawm 1737-1739. Lub sijhawm no Serbs tsis yog txav mus rau Austria nkaus xwb, tabsis tseem mus rau Russia. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau koom nrog cov neeg tawg rog los ntawm Moldova thiab Bulgaria. Ua ke, xyoo 1753, lawv tau nyob hauv thaj chaw uas tau txais lub npe Slavic Serbia thiab New Serbia.
Kev sim ua kom Islamize Serbs
Raws li peb tau hais lawm, txij li kev ua tsov rog nrog "Pab Pawg Dawb Huv" thiab Karlovytsky Kev Thaj Yeeb, cov neeg Ottomans tsis ntseeg Serbs, uas, hauv lawv lub qhov muag, tsis muaj kev ntseeg tau. Tam sim no cov Turks tau pib txhawb txhawb kev hloov chaw ntawm Muslim Albanians rau Serbian thaj av thiab kom ua raws txoj cai ntawm Islamizing Serbs. Cov Serbs uas hloov mus rau Islam tau hu ua Arnautas los ntawm Serbs (lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob totaub nrog Albanian Arnauts, uas peb yuav tham txog hauv lwm tsab xov xwm). Nws yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Arnautas uas tau ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm Kosovar "Albanians" niaj hnub no. Thiab qee qhov ntawm Arnautash thaum kawg pib qhia lawv tus kheej li Turks.
Txij li qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm Orthodox yawg suab tau ua ib txwm muaj zog hauv Serbia, cov neeg Ottomans tau tshem tawm Orthodox Patriarchate ntawm Pech xyoo 1767, xa cov av no mus rau txoj cai ntawm Patriarchate ntawm Constantinople. Serbian npis sov tau maj mam hloov los ntawm Greek.
Hauv kab lus tom ntej, lub npe uas dhau los ua kab ntawm cov nkauj ib txwm muaj "Cov dej hauv Drina ntws txias, tab sis cov ntshav ntawm Serbs kub", peb yuav txuas ntxiv peb zaj dab neeg txog Serbia.
Hauv nws peb yuav tham txog kev tawm tsam ntawm Serbs rau kev ywj pheej ntawm lawv lub tebchaws, txog Kara-Georgiy thiab nws tus yeeb ncuab Milos Obrenovic.
