Cov tub rog-kev lag luam keeb kwm ntawm kev ua tsov rog tau ua tsis zoo thiab kawm ib leeg. Yog tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua loj tau piav los ntawm hnub, thiab qee zaum los ntawm feeb, rivets ntawm lub tso tsheb hlau luam tau suav nrog kev saib xyuas zoo, tom qab ntawd hais txog lub nraub qaum thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog kev ua tub rog nws tsis yooj yim mus nrhiav tau cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog.
Lub caij no, thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, hauv kev ua tub rog-kev lag luam tom qab ntawm lub tebchaws ua tsov rog, qee zaum kev sib ntaus sib tua loj rau kev lag luam tau nthuav tawm, raws li lawv qhov kev siv thiab qhov tseem ceeb rau kev yeej, tsis muaj txoj hauv kev qis dua rau kev sib ntaus sib tua loj tshaj plaws. Qhov tseeb tias cov tub rog-kev lag luam tom qab tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb tsawg dua li pab tub rog thiab nws txoj kev sib ntaus sib tua yuav tsum nco ntsoov tas li, qhov xwm txheej no yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus tsim kev tiv thaiv tam sim no.
Tam sim no kuv xav kov raws qhov paub me ntsis, tab sis lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau kev ua tub rog kev lag luam - cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob me me. Raws li kev faib tawm niaj hnub no, cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob me me tau suav hais tias yog cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob uas muaj peev xwm txog li 10 MW, lossis txog li 30 MW, nrog lub peev xwm ntawm ib chav dej loj txog 10 MW.
Txawm hais tias USSR ib txwm ua rau lub zog tsim hluav taws xob loj, tshwj xeeb, cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob loj, lub hauv paus ntawm lub teb chaws lub zog tsim hluav taws xob, txawm li cas los xij, txij thaum pib ntawm txoj kev npaj ua hluav taws xob, tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas rau cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob me uas tau muab rau. hluav taws xob rau ua liaj ua teb thiab MTS. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuab thiab tsheb laij teb, uas feem ntau suav nrog kho cov khw, xav kom tsim cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hauv zej zog. Thawj qhov chaw ua liaj ua teb siv hluav taws xob ua hluav taws xob tau suav tias yog Yaropoletskaya chaw tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hauv Volokolamsk koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cheeb tsam Moscow, tau pib rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 7, 1919. Tab sis lawv feem ntau tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1930s. Piv txwv li, Bukskaya HPP ntawm Gorny Tikich River hauv cheeb tsam Cherkasy ntawm Ukrainian SSR tau tsim nyob ib puag ncig lub sijhawm no thiab muab hluav taws xob xyoo 1936. Xyoo 1937, muaj 750 HPPs me me uas muaj peev xwm tag nrho ntawm 40 MW, thiab xyoo 1941 twb muaj 660 pawg ua liaj ua teb HPPs hauv USSR nrog rau tag nrho cov peev txheej ntawm 330 MW, uas tsim tau 48.8 lab kWh hluav taws xob. Feem ntau ntawm cov chaw ua liaj ua teb siv hluav taws xob ua hluav taws xob tau nyob hauv Belarus.
Muaj ntau lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob me me
Tsov rog tau dhau los ua lub zog loj rau kev tsim kho cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hauv zej zog. Xyoo 1941, thaum lub sijhawm rov qab los ntawm Ukraine, yuav luag tag nrho lub zog tau raug rhuav tshem, thiab qhov tawg ntawm Dnieper Hydroelectric Power Station thaum Lub Yim Hli 18, 1941 tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev puas tsuaj no. Cov neeg German pom nyob txhua qhov chaw tsis muaj lub hauv paus, lossis cov khib nyiab sib tw los ntawm kev tawg. Tam sim no lawv tau pib hu nws ruam, tab sis kev puas tsuaj ntawm Ukrainian lub zog kev lag luam thaum lub sijhawm tawm mus tau muaj qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tag nrho kev ua tsov rog. Cov neeg German ua tsis tiav siv cov peev txheej tsim khoom ntawm Donbass thiab Kharkov. Yog tsis muaj hluav taws xob, lawv tsis muaj peev xwm tso dej tawm ntawm cov mines (lawv raug dej nyab), lawv tsis muaj peev xwm tsim kom tau cov pob zeb loj loj. Yog tsis muaj hluav taws xob, nws tsis muaj peev xwm rho tawm thiab ua kom muaj cov hlau zoo, nws tsis tuaj yeem yaj cov hlau, vim tias lub qhov cub tawg thiab lub qhov cub qhib hluav taws xav tau cua txias, thiab cov twj tso cua txias yuav tsum tau hluav taws xob. Ntau lub tshuab tsim khoom lag luam poob rau hauv German txhais tes yuav luag tag nrho, tab sis lawv kuj tau dhau los ua qhov yuav luag tsis siv.
Cov neeg German tau nqa tag nrho lawv cov riam phom thiab mos txwv los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees; thee rau kev tsheb nqaj hlau thiab kev xav tau ntawm tub rog kuj tau tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws Yelemes, los ntawm Silesia. Qhov no, tau kawg, ua rau cov tub rog German tsis muaj zog thiab txo nws txoj kev muaj peev xwm ua phem. Tam sim no xav tias nws yuav zoo li cas yog tias nyob tom qab ntawm lub tebchaws German thaj chaw muaj kev lag luam loj, uas ua ntej tsov rog tau muab ib feem ntawm cov thee, hlau, txhuas thiab ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuab tsim khoom, pib ua haujlwm puv ntoob..
Cov tuam txhab khiav tawm hauv cheeb tsam sab hnub tuaj ntawm USSR tam sim ntawd pom lawv tus kheej hauv qhov xwm txheej tsis txaus ntawm hluav taws xob. Cov kws tsim hluav taws xob yuav tsum sib qhia cov peev txheej uas tsis muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom thiab chaw tsim khoom. Kuv nyuam qhuav kawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Chirchik Agricultural Engineering Plant hauv Uzbekistan. Nyob rau plaub lub hlis xyoo 1942, thaum tsob ntoo pib tsim lub cev FAB-100 thiab AO-25 lub foob pob, nws tau txais kwv yees li 30% ntawm cov hluav taws xob uas nws xav tau los ntawm Chirchik chaw tsim hluav taws xob. Muaj qee lub sij hawm thaum hluav taws xob tau muab siv rau teeb pom kev zoo nkaus xwb.
Hauv thaj chaw tom qab, kev tsim kho lub zog fais fab tshiab tau pib, thiab twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1944 qhov xwm txheej tau raug kho ntau thiab cov tsev tsim tub rog tau muab hluav taws xob txaus. Tab sis txawm li cas los xij, ntau tus neeg siv khoom, tib lub teb ua liaj ua teb thiab MTS, tau tso tseg yam tsis muaj lub zog siv. Qhov no cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev tsim cov qoob loo thiab lwm yam khoom lag luam ua liaj ua teb, yam uas nws tsis tuaj yeem tawm tsam.
Feem ntau, kuv qhov kev paub dhau los ntawm kev qhia ua phem ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog. Thaum ua tsov rog, lawv tau pib ua haujlwm tsim cov khoom me me ua liaj ua teb siv hluav taws xob. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 8, 1945, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Tib Neeg ntawm USSR tau txiav txim siab txog kev siv hluav taws xob nyob deb nroog, uas tau qhib txoj hauv kev rau kev siv hluav taws xob loj.
Qhov kev tsim kho tau mus txog ntau txhiab lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob me me hauv ib xyoos! Thaum pib xyoo 1950, muaj 6,600 qhov chaw ua liaj ua teb siv hluav taws xob hauv USSR. Qee thaj chaw tau txais kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob. Piv txwv li, hauv cheeb tsam Ryazan, uas tsis yog qhov loj tshaj plaws hauv lub tebchaws, muaj 200 lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob me me, muab hluav taws xob rau 500 koom ua liaj ua teb thiab 68 MTS. Xyoo 1958, muaj txog 5,000 lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob me me, uas tau muab 1,025 lab kWh ntawm hluav taws xob.
Kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob me me - tsis kam npaj rau kev ua rog
Xyoo 1958 yog lub xyoo ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob me me. Tom qab ntawd tuaj txoj kev. Nws tsis tuaj yeem hu ua lwm yam. Cov HPPs me tau tsim 901 lab kWh, thiab xyoo 1962 tsuas yog 2,665 HPPs me me tseem ua haujlwm, uas tau muab 247 lab kWh. Ntawd yog, tsawg dua li ib feem peb ntawm thawj qhov kev tsim khoom.
Tom qab ntawd, lawv tus lej tau poob qis. Xyoo 1980, muaj 100 HPPs me me uas muaj peev xwm tag nrho ntawm 25 MW, xyoo 1990 muaj 55 leej lawm. Tam sim no, raws li RusHydro cov ntaub ntawv rau xyoo 2018, muaj 91 HPPs me me hauv Russia, ua ke nrog cov uas nyuam qhuav tau tsim.
Hauv kuv lub tswv yim, qhov no yog qhia txog seb kev npaj puas tau ua rau kev ua tsov rog loj loj tiag lossis tsis yog. Stalin twv yuav raug hu ua qhov kev qhia no, thiab yog vim li cas cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob me me nyob hauv qhov chaw tsim txiaj hauv nws txoj haujlwm. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog theem pib. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob me me yog cov khoom uas nyuaj rau kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev foob pob vim nws qhov kev cog lus me me, thiab ntau txhiab lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob me me tau tawg nyob thoob plaws ib puag ncig. Kev tawg mus rau cov chaw siv hluav taws xob loj ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau kev lag luam tub rog. Piv txwv li, thaum xyoo 1943 Cov Neeg German tau tsim cov phiaj xwm rau kev tawm tsam loj hauv kev lag luam fais fab ntawm Central Industrial Region, raws li lawv kwv yees, kev tsim tub rog yuav tsum raug txo tsawg kawg 40%. Cov phiaj xwm German no, hu ua "Anti-GOELRO", tau kawm tom qab, thiab lawv yog ib qho laj thawj rau kev tsim kho loj ntawm cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob me me. Txawm hais tias yog tus hlub thiab hlub yav dhau los cov phooj ywg ua tiav kev tawm tsam nuclear ntawm cov chaw siv fais fab, tseem yuav muaj qee yam ntxiv. Nws yog kev tu siab rau lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob me me thiab "tsib puas", thiab txawm tias siv cov nqi nuclear rau lawv yog qhov pom tseeb heev pov tseg.
Tom qab Stalin, Soviet kev coj noj coj ua txiav txim siab tso tseg kev npaj rau kev ua tsov rog loj tiag tiag thiab tso siab rau kev hem cov yeeb ncuab. Ib qho ntawm cov kab lus ntawm qhov no yog kev tsis lees paub ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob me me. Lawv yooj yim pib kaw, tshem cov cuab yeej thiab tso lub pas dej thiab cov tsev tsis muaj kev saib xyuas thiab saib xyuas. Cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob loj yuav tau txais txiaj ntsig ntau dua, tab sis lawv muaj kev phom sij ntau dua hauv kev ua tsov rog ib puag ncig. Txhua lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob loj tau nyob hauv cov npe ntawm cov phiaj xwm tseem ceeb rau kev tawm tsam nuclear. Txawm hais tias qhov tawg nuclear tsis ua rau lub pas dej puas tsuaj, nws txhua tus yuav rhuav tshem cov hloov pauv, hloov pauv, nqa lub cav cua ntsawj thiab ua rau lub chaw nres tsheb tag nrho. Ntawm qhov piv txwv ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm Sayano-Shushenskaya lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, nws tuaj yeem pom tias kev kho dua tshiab ntawm lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tau siv sijhawm ntau xyoo, raws li qhov muaj peev xwm xaj thiab xa cov cuab yeej tsim nyog. Hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua tsov rog nuclear loj, nws nyob deb ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov hauv kev zoo li no yuav muaj nyob.
Dab tsi yog lub tshuab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob me me?
Nws yuav zoo li qhov tsis tseem ceeb-lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 10-30 MW lossis 10-30 txhiab kW. Txawm li cas los xij, cia saib cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lwm sab. Lub zog ntawm vuam inverter yog los ntawm 7.5 txog 22 kW, lub zog ntawm CNC tshuab dhos yog li 16 kW, lub zog ntawm CNC milling tshuab dhos yog 18-20 kW. Muaj ntau lub tshuab ntawm ntau lub peev xwm, los ntawm me me mus rau loj heev. Lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 10 txhiab kW tso cai rau siv hluav taws xob 100-200 units ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tshuab thiab cov cuab yeej siv vuam, uas yog, nws yog tsob ntoo uas tsim nyog uas tuaj yeem ua ntau yam: kho cov cuab yeej puas, tsim thiab kho riam phom, thiab tsim tawm mos txwv. Piv txwv li, ntawm qhov cascade ntawm Chirchik cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob, uas muaj peev xwm txog 100 MW ua ntej tsov rog, tag nrho pab pawg ntawm cov tub rog cog ntoo ua haujlwm, suav nrog Chirchik nitrogen chiv cog, uas tsim cov tshuaj nitric thiab ammonium nitrate, cov khoom siv rau tsim cov khoom tawg thaum ua tsov rog. Thaum kawg ntawm kev ua tsov rog, tsob ntoo no pib tsim cov dej hnyav rau lub phiaj xwm nuclear.
Cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob me me tuaj yeem thiab tau pab txhawb rau kev siv hlau. Qhov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob qub tshaj plaws hauv Russia, Porogi, uas ua haujlwm txij xyoo 1910 txog 2017, tau muab tam sim no rau cov nroj tsuag ferroalloy uas tsim cov ferrosilicon, ferrochromium, ferro -tungsten, ferromanganese - alloying additives, ntxiv rau silicon thiab calcium carbides. Piv txwv li, lub tshuab cua sov arc DP-1, 5, uas tuaj yeem yaj 1.5 tons ntawm cov hlau hauv 36 feeb, yuav xav tau 1280 kW. Ntawd yog, lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob me me uas muaj peev xwm ntawm 10 txhiab kW tuaj yeem muab hluav taws xob rau 3-4 lub cub tawg uas muaj tag nrho cov nplaim taws li ntawm 48-50 tons ntawm cov hlau hauv ib qho haujlwm ua haujlwm lossis nce txog 150 tons nyob ib ncig ntawm lub moos.
Yog li tsis txhob poob siab qhov peev xwm ntawm cov dej haus me me rau kev ua tub rog kev lag luam.
