"Thiab kuv pom tias Tus Menyuam Yaj tau tshem tawm thawj ntawm xya lub cim, thiab kuv tau hnov ib ntawm plaub tus tsiaj, hais tias, zoo li nws tau hnov lub suab nrov: mus thiab pom. Kuv ntsia, thiab, saib seb, ib tug nees dawb, thiab ntawm nws tus neeg caij nrog hneev, thiab muab lub kaus mom rau nws; thiab nws tawm mus yeej, thiab kov yeej."
(Tshwmsim ntawm John tus Evangelist 6: 1-2)
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm hneev lus Askiv tau tshwm sim ntawm nplooj ntawv VO tag los ntawm lub sijhawm. Thiab leej twg nkag siab cov lus Askiv zoo dua li Askiv lawv tus kheej? Tsis muaj leej twg! Yog li ntawd, nws tej zaum yuav nkag siab hais txog cov peev txheej lus Askiv, uas qhia cov hauv qab no txog lus hneev lus Askiv: rab hneev lus Askiv, tseem hu ua Welsh hneev, yog riam phom nruab nrab thaum muaj zog txog 6 feet (1.8 m) hauv qhov ntev, uas yog siv lus Askiv thiab Welsh xub rau kev yos hav zoov thiab ua riam phom hauv kev ua tsov rog nruab nrab. Cov lus Askiv hneev tau zoo tiv thaiv Fab Kis thaum Tsov Rog Ntau Xyoo, thiab ua tau zoo tshwj xeeb hauv Kev Sib Tw ntawm Kev Ua Phem (1340), Crécy (1346) thiab Poitiers (1356), thiab tej zaum muaj npe nrov tshaj plaws ntawm Agincourt (1415). Tsawg dua qhov ua tiav yog nws siv ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Verneus (1424) thiab ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Patai (1429). Lub sij hawm "Lus Askiv" lossis "Welsh" hneev yog txoj hauv kev tshiab ntawm qhov txawv ntawm cov hneev taw no los ntawm lwm yam hneev, txawm hais tias qhov tseeb tib lub hneev taw tau siv nyob rau sab qaum teb thiab Europe sab hnub poob.
Qhov hneev ntxov paub nyob hauv tebchaws Askiv tau pom ntawm Ashkot Heath, Somerset thiab hnub tim 2665 BC. Ntau tshaj 130 hneev taw tau nqis los rau peb los ntawm Renaissance. Ntau tshaj 3,500 tus xib xub thiab 137 hneev taw uas tsis tau rov qab los ntawm dej nrog rau Mary Rose, tus chij ntawm Henry VIII, uas tau poob hauv Portsmouth xyoo 1545.
Cov hneev lus Askiv kuj tseem hu ua "hneev loj" thiab qhov no yog li ntawd tiag tiag, txij li nws qhov ntev tshaj qhov siab ntawm tus neeg, uas yog, nws yog 1, 5 lossis 1, 8 meters hauv qhov ntev. Richard Bartelot ntawm Royal Institute of Artillery piav qhia txog rab hneev lus Askiv zoo li rab phom, 6 feet (1.8 m) ntev, nrog 3 taw (910 mm) xub. Gaston Phoebus sau hauv 1388 tias hneev taw yuav tsum yog "ntawm yew lossis ntoo thuv, xya caum ntiv tes [1.8 m] nruab nrab ntawm cov ntsiab lus txuas rau txoj hlua." Ntawm Mary Rose, hneev tau pom nyob hauv qhov ntev los ntawm 1.87 txog 2.11 meters, nrog qhov nruab nrab ntev ntawm 1.98 meters (6 taw 6 ntiv tes).
Cov hneev tua hneev, cov neeg hla hneev, thiab cov txias txias tau tawm tsam sab nraum phab ntsa ntawm New Orleans. Tej yam me me los ntawm "Vaj Keeb Kwm" los ntawm Jean Froissard. National Library ntawm Fabkis.
Kev quab yuam ntawm hneev taw ntawm lub caij nyoog nruab nrab yog kwv yees li ntawm 120-150 N. Niaj hnub no muaj ntau lub hneev taw niaj hnub nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 240-250 N.
Nov yog cov lus piav qhia yuav ua li cas cov tub ntxhais hluas Askiv tau nyo hau thaum lub caij Henry VII:
"[Kuv txiv] qhia kuv," sau qee yam Hugh Latimer, "yuav ua li cas tuav hneev kom raug thiab rub qhov xub … Kuv muaj hneev uas kuv txiv yuav kuv rau kuv lub hnub nyoog thiab lub zog, thiab tom qab ntawd kuv hneev tau loj dua thiab loj dua. Tus txiv neej yuav tsis tua zoo yog tias nws tsis niaj hnub qhia nrog rab hneev haum."
Cov khoom siv nyiam rau hneev yog yog, txawm hais tias ntoo tshauv, elm thiab lwm yam ntoo tau siv. Giraldus ntawm Cambria los ntawm Wales tau sau hais tias cov txheej txheem ua cov dos ib txwm suav nrog ua kom qhuav ntoo rau ib lub sijhawm ntawm 1 txog 2 xyoos thiab tom qab ntawd maj mam ua nws. Yog li tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua cov dos yuav siv sijhawm txog plaub xyoos. Ntawm Mary Rose, hneev muaj ib sab sab nraud. Sab hauv ("plab") ntawm hneev muaj cov duab sib npaug. Cov dos tuaj yeem khaws tau ntev yog tias tiv thaiv nrog txheej txheej tiv taus ya raws, ib txwm ua los ntawm "siv quav ciab, cob thiab lard".
Cov neeg Askiv tau khiav tawm sai ntawm cov khoom lag luam hauv tebchaws Askiv thiab pib yuav nws txawv teb chaws. Thawj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev xa khoom ntawm yew mus rau tebchaws Askiv rov qab rau xyoo 1294. Hauv xyoo 1350, muaj qhov tsis txaus ntawm qhov tseem ceeb, thiab Henry IV tau hais kom qhia txog kev ua tswv cuab ntiag tug ntawm thaj av uas yuav tau cog qoob loo. Los ntawm Westminster Txoj Cai ntawm 1472, txhua lub nkoj rov qab los ntawm Lavxias cov chaw nres nkoj yuav tsum nqa plaub pob ntawm cov yub rau hneev. Richard III nce tus lej no mus rau kaum. Xyoo 1483, tus nqi ntawm qhov chaw seem ntawd tau nce los ntawm ob txog yim phaus. Xyoo 1507, tus huab tais Loos tau thov Duke ntawm Bavaria kom tsis txhob tua cov yoov, tab sis kev lag luam tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo, thiab duke, ntawm chav kawm, tsis mloog nws, yog li xyoo pua 17th yuav luag txhua tus nyob hauv Europe tau raug tshem tawm!
Txoj hlua rau txoj hlua lus Askiv yog ib txwm ua los ntawm hemp. Cov xub sib ntaus tau xaj hauv cov pob ntawm 24 xub hauv ib pawg. Piv txwv li, nruab nrab ntawm 1341 txog 1359, Askiv lub kaus mom tau paub tias tau txais 51,350 ntawm cov pob no, lossis 1,232,400 xib xub!
3,500 xib xub ua los ntawm cov paj ntoo, ntoo tshauv, beech thiab hazel tau pom ntawm Mary Rose. Lawv qhov ntev tau txawv ntawm 61 txog 83 centimeters (24-33 ntiv), nrog qhov nruab nrab ntev ntawm 76 centimeters (30 ntiv tes). Cov lus qhia feem ntau yog cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv thiab dav, feem ntau zoo li lub hli, kom "txiav" lub nkoj cov iav.
Nws nyuaj rau kawm paub yuav ua li cas tua hneev zoo. Yog li ntawd, kev qhia hauv kev tua raug txhawb los ntawm huab tais. Yog li Vaj Ntxwv Edward III hauv 1363 tau hais tias: "Thaum cov neeg ntawm peb lub tebchaws, nplua nuj thiab neeg txom nyem, tau coj mus tua hneev hauv lawv cov game ua ntej … Nrog Vajtswv pab, nws paub zoo tias kev hwm thiab txiaj ntsig yuav tsis los rau peb ib yam li ntawd, tab sis txhawm rau kom tau txais txiaj ntsig hauv peb kev ua tsov rog zoo li no … txhua tus neeg hauv lub tebchaws no, yog tias nws muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm tau, yuav tsum siv hneev nti thiab xub hauv nws cov kev ua si thaum hnub so … thiab yog li xyaum ua hneev taw. " Thaum xub thawj, tus tub tau muab pob zeb hauv nws txhais tes laug thiab ua kom sawv ntsug li ntawd, tuav nws ncua. Lub pob zeb tau hnyav dua lub sijhawm, thiab lub sijhawm - ntau dua! Ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, cov kws tshawb nrhiav lus Askiv tau kawm kom lawv cov xub xub mus rau hauv av ntawm lawv ko taw, txo lub sijhawm nws mus txog thiab tua lawv. Tias yog vim li cas lawv siv quivers tsuas yog nqa lawv. Cov av qeeg ntawm qhov taub feem ntau yuav ua rau kis mob.
Cov kws sau keeb kwm Askiv tau hais qhia tias thaj tsam ntawm tus xub los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij tua phom ntawm lub sijhawm Edward III tuaj yeem mus txog 400 yards (370 m), tab sis qhov deb tshaj plaws ntawm qhov chaw qhia London hauv Finsbury thaum xyoo pua 16th yog 345 yards (320 m)). Xyoo 1542, Henry VIII teeb tsa qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tua rau cov neeg laus ntawm 220 yards (200 m). Kev sim niaj hnub nrog kev sib piv ntawm Mary Rose hneev taw tau pom tias nws muaj peev xwm tua tau ntawm lawv ntawm 328 m (360 yards) nrog lub teeb xub, thiab nrog qhov hnyav, hnyav 95.9 g, ntawm qhov deb ntawm 249.9 m (270) yards).
Xyoo 2006, Matthew Bane tau tua 250 yards nrog rab hneev 330 N. Kev tua tau nqa tawm ntawm cov cuab yeej ntawm hom brigandine, thaum lub qhov taub nkag mus rau qhov teeb meem los ntawm 3.5 ntiv tes (89 hli). Cov lus qhia zoo li lub hli tsis nkag rau hauv cov cuab yeej, tab sis tuaj yeem, yog tias raug, ua rau deformation ntawm cov hlau. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tua phom ntawm cov cuab yeej phom yog raws li hauv qab no: nrog "tuab tuab" ntawm cov hlau (1,2 mm), cov lus qhia nkag mus rau qhov teeb meem tsis tseem ceeb thiab tsis tas li. Bane xaus lus tias cov cuab yeej tuab dua (2-3 hli) lossis cov ris tsho nrog cov ntaub qhwv ntxiv yuav tuaj yeem ncua ib qho xub.
Xyoo 2011, Mike Loades tau ua qhov kev sim uas rab phom ntawm rab phom tau raug rho tawm ntawm 10 yards (9.1 m) nrog 60 N hneev taw. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, tsis muaj cov xub tau hle lub "tsho tiv no textile"! Tus kws sim, txawm li cas los xij, tau txiav txim siab tias qhov ntev, awl-shaped tip yuav nkag mus rau qhov teeb meem no.
Gerald ntawm Wales tau piav qhia txog kev siv Welsh hneev nyob rau xyoo pua 12th:
"… [Hauv] kev ua rog tawm tsam Welsh, ib tus txiv neej raug ntaus los ntawm tus xub ntawm Welshman. Nws mus ncaj los ntawm nws tus ncej puab, siab qhov uas nws tau tiv thaiv sab nrauv los ntawm nws cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm nws cov tawv tawv; tom qab ntawd nws nkag los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub eeb uas hu ua alva lossis lub rooj zaum; thiab thaum kawg tsoo tus nees kom tob heev uas nws tua tus tsiaj."
Kev tua hneev taw tau piav los ntawm cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig tias tsis muaj txiaj ntsig tiv thaiv phaj phom ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Neville Cross (1346), Siege of Bergerac (1345), thiab Battle of Poitiers (1356); Txawm li cas los xij, cov cuab yeej zoo li no tsis muaj rau European cov tub rog kom txog thaum kawg ntawm XIV xyoo pua. D. Nicole, hauv nws txoj kev kawm ntawm Pua pua Xyoo Tsov Rog, tau sau tias nws txaus rau ib tus tub rog los ntsaws nws lub taub hau kom cov xub hneev tawm ntawm nws lub kaus mom hlau thiab lub xub pwg, tab sis tuaj yeem tsoo nws hauv tus ncej puab. Tab sis lawv tau tsoo cov nees nees hauv lub croup thiab hauv caj dab, thiab lawv tsis tuaj yeem khiav thiab yooj yim tso rau hauv av.
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov yeeb ncuab hla tus neeg hla kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Crecy raug yuam kom thim rov qab los ntawm cov pos ntawm cov xub, vim tias lawv tsis muaj ntaub thaiv npog npog. Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm John Keegan hais ncaj qha tias hneev nti tsis yog riam phom tawm tsam tib neeg, tab sis tawm tsam nees ntawm Fabkis cov tub rog.
Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias txhua tus hneev taw muaj 60 - 72 tus xub thaum sib ntaus. Ua ntej, lawv tau tua nrog lub suab nrov raws txoj kab hinged txhawm rau txhawm rau tsoo cov neeg caij tsheb thiab lawv cov nees los saum toj no. Thaum qhov kawg tau nyob ze ib puag ncig (50-25 m), cov kws tua hneev tau tua nws tus kheej thiab nrawm tshaj plaws. Tias yog vim li cas tus naj npawb ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm Askiv hu hneev "rab phom tshuab ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog."
Yog tias xub tau daig hauv qhov txhab, tsuas yog txoj hauv kev tshem nws tawm yog txhawm rau txhawm rau dej los yog roj thiab thawb nws kom lub ntsis tawm ntawm lwm sab, uas yog qhov mob heev. Muaj cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb siv thaum lub sijhawm keeb kwm yav dhau los txhawm rau tshem cov xub yog tias lawv tau daig hauv tus neeg raug tsim txom lub cev. Tub Vaj Ntxwv Hal, tom qab Henry V, raug mob lub ntsej muag los ntawm tus xub ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Shrewsbury (1403). Tus kws kho mob hauv tsev hais plaub John Bradmore tshem tus xub ntawm lub qhov txhab, muab nws kaw thiab npog nws nrog zib ntab, uas paub tias muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob. Tom qab ntawd tau muab cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zib ntab tov nrog turpentine ua rau ntawm qhov txhab. Tom qab 20 hnub, lub qhov txhab tsis kis tus kab mob thiab pib kho.
Kev cob qhia cov neeg paub lus Askiv. Miniature los ntawm Luttrell's Psalter. OK. 1330-1340 Painting rau parchment. 36 x 25 cm. Tsev khaws puav pheej British Tsev khaws puav pheej, London.
Puas muaj hneev luv dua hauv tebchaws Askiv? Hauv xyoo 2012, Cai Them Nyiaj, raws li kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov khoom siv iconographic thiab cov pov thawj keeb kwm, tau xaus tias cov hneev luv ua ke nrog cov uas ntev dua ntawm Norman kev kov yeej thiab kev kav ntawm Edward III, tab sis cov hneev muaj zog uas tua cov xub hnyav tau tsawg txog thaum kawg xyoo pua 13th. Cov Welsh lawv tus kheej siv lawv rab hneev hneev taw, feem ntau tua los ntawm nws ntawm qhov taw tes tsis pub ntau, uas tso cai rau lawv cov hneev taw kom hle ib qho cuab yeej ua rog thiab feem ntau ua rau cov neeg Askiv raug mob ntau.
Cov hneev taw tseem nyob ua haujlwm kom txog rau thaum xyoo pua 16th, thaum kev nce qib hauv kev tsim cov phom ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv kev tawm tsam. Qhov piv txwv kaw zaum kawg ntawm kev siv hneev tua hauv tebchaws Askiv yog thaum tua ntawm Bridgnorth thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1642 thaum Tsov Rog Zaum Ob, thaum lub nroog cov tub rog, nrog hneev tua hneev taw, ua pov thawj zoo tiv thaiv musketeers tsis muaj tub rog. Cov hneev taw tau siv hauv Royalist pab tub rog, tab sis tsis tau siv los ntawm "puag ncig".
Tom qab ntawd, ntau tus neeg tawm tswv yim rov qab hneev rau cov tub rog, tab sis tsuas yog Jack Churchill tau ua tiav hauv kev siv nws hauv Fab Kis xyoo 1940, thaum nws tsaws nrog nws cov tub rog.
Lub tswv yim ntawm kev siv hneev tua ntawm cov neeg Askiv thaum Tsov Rog Ntau pua Xyoo tau ua raws li hauv qab no: cov tub rog (feem ntau yog cov tub rog caij nkoj thiab cov tub rog nyob hauv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, ua tub rog nrog cov pa phem - sib ntaus sib tua nrog hammers ntawm tus ncej ntev), tau los nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm txoj haujlwm.
Cov neeg paub lus Askiv niaj hnub no.
Cov hneev taw tau siv feem ntau ntawm cov flanks, qee zaum nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm cov tub rog nyob hauv qab npog ntawm cov ceg txheem ntseeg. Cov tub rog sawv ntawm ob sab lossis hauv nruab nrab hauv qhov chaw tshwj tseg kom tawm tsam ib qho ntawm qhov ua txhaum cai. Nyob rau xyoo pua 16th, cov hneev taw tau ntxiv los ntawm cov xub-txias, uas ua rau cov nees ntshai nrog lawv txhaj tshuaj.
Ntxiv nrog rau Mary Rose hneev taw, tsib hneev taw xyoo pua 15th tau muaj txoj sia nyob mus txog niaj hnub no, uas tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb Askiv kawm lawv zoo.
Hneev tau nkag mus rau kab lis kev cai Askiv, raws li muaj pov thawj los ntawm cov lus dab neeg ntawm Robin Hood, qhov uas nws tau piav raws li "tus hneev taw tseem ceeb ntawm lub tebchaws", ntxiv rau "Nkauj Ntawm Hneev" - paj huam los ntawm Sir Arthur Conan Doyle los ntawm nws phau ntawv tshiab "Lub Tuam Txhab Dawb".
Nws tau hais qhia tias cov yws tau cog tshwj xeeb hauv cov toj ntxas Askiv txhawm rau txhawm rau kom muaj ntoo rau hneev.
Rhais lus Askiv zoo hneev, 6 ft 6 (2 m) ntev.
