Txij li thaum tuaj txog ntawm rab phom, nws cov neeg tsim qauv tau sim nce tus nqi hluav taws, tk. qhov zoo ntawm qhov hluav taws kub loj tau pom meej yuav luag tam sim. Tau ntev heev, qhov hluav taws kub tau nce ntxiv hauv qhov tsis ncaj: los ntawm kev qhia tus tua. Tab sis tsis muaj teeb meem li cas koj qhia tub rog, tus nqi hluav taws yuav tsis nce ntxiv. Qee lub tswv yim xav tau txhawm rau txhim kho kev tsim riam phom. Ib qho ntawm cov tswv yim ntxov tshaj plaws thiab yooj yim tshaj plaws yog kom nqa phom nrog ntau lub thoob.
Volley los ntawm Tebchaws Europe
Thawj qhov piv txwv ntawm cov kab ke no tau tshwm sim ntau dua tsib caug xyoo dhau los. Tab sis kev thauj khoom los ntawm lub qhov ncauj, yam tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov ceev ntawm qhov hluav taws kub, muaj qhov tsis zoo rau tag nrho cov nqi hluav taws. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm riam phom tsis ntau dua li ntawm tus neeg tua. Lub tswv yim nrog ntau lub thoob yuav tsum tau ncua rau lub sijhawm tam sim no.
Austro -Hungarian mitrailleuse Montigny qauv 1870 Cov lej qhia 1 - qib ntawm lub cuab yeej rov ua dua tshiab, 2 - ntawv xov xwm, 3 - chav
Lub sijhawm ntawm ntau lub tshuab raj tuaj tsuas yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua puv 19. Xyoo 1851, Belgian Montigny tau ua rab phom nrog cov phom ntawm cov phom phom, thauj los ntawm lub qhov ncauj. Tsis ntev los no tau tshwm sim ua ib daim cartridges tig los ua ke heev. Nws tau yooj yim los thauj lawv mus rau hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab tshwj xeeb uas zoo li cov phaj hlau nrog qhov. Daim vis dis aus tau ntxig rau hauv lub breech ntawm kev teeb tsa thiab txhua daim cartridges raug rho tawm tib lub sijhawm. Vim yog cov yeeb yaj kiab, hauv kev sib piv nrog cov phom ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, qhov hluav taws kub tau nce ntau. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1859, cov qauv no tau txais hauv Fabkis raws li lub npe "mitraleza". Hauv tebchaws Russia, lo lus no tau txhais ua lus - txiv hmab -txhaj tshuaj. Txawm li cas los xij, cov mos txwv ya hauv "pab yaj" me me thiab thaj chaw cuam tshuam tsis siab. Nws tau tshwm sim tias ib tus tub rog yeeb ncuab tau tswj kom "ntes" ob peb daim hlau lead ib zaug. Kev faib tawm mus txog qhov txiaj ntsig tau txais txiaj ntsig tsuas yog nyob deb deb heev, qhov twg lub zog ntawm cov mos txwv poob mus rau qhov tsis lees paub qhov tseem ceeb. Lwm qhov teeb meem nrog thawj mitrailleuses yog kev sib tua ntawm txhua lub thoob. Hauv cov qauv tom qab, kev txuag cov mos txwv tau muab los ntawm kev sib tua ntau ntau kab ntawm cov thoob. Tab sis txawm tias nrog qhov kev hloov pauv tshiab no, cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tua tsis tau txais koob meej ntau. Qhov tseeb yog tias Fab Kis tsis thab plaub los tsim cov tswv yim rau lawv siv, thiab yooj yim muab lawv tso rau hauv tshav rog hauv kab, yuav luag "nyob qhov twg", thiab tsis yog cov lus qhia uas muaj peev xwm txaus ntshai.
Hurdy-gurdy ntawm kev tuag
Nyob txawv teb chaws, hauv Tebchaws Meskas, lub sijhawm ntawd tus kws kho mob R. J. Gatling tau ua haujlwm ntawm nws lub tswv yim. Nws kuj tau txiav txim siab siv ntau lub thoob, tab sis tsis yog siv hluav taws kub. Yog tias yuav tsum xa daim cartridge mus rau hauv lub thoob, tom qab ntawd nws tua, thiab tom qab ntawd lub thawv ntawv yuav tsum raug muab pov tseg … Vim li cas ho tsis ua ob peb lub thoob, txhua qhov uas tau thauj khoom thiab tshem tawm lub thawv ntawv thaum lwm tus tab tom tua? Qhov no yog qhov uas Gatling tau xav txog. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws qhov kev tsim tawm yog lub tshuab easel nrog rau lub thoob. Tus neeg tua neeg, zoo li ntawm lub plab hnyuv, ntswj tus tes tuav ntawm lub xub pwg nyom ntawm riam phom, teeb tsa lub zog ntawm cov phom. Cov cartridges los ntawm lub thawv ntawv xov xwm nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm rab phom tau pub rau hauv chav nyob hauv qab lawv tus kheej qhov hnyav. Rau txhua qhov tig ntawm lub thaiv, txhua tus neeg lub thoob muaj sijhawm kom tau txais daim cartridge, tua thiab pov tawm lub tes tsho. Kev rho tawm ntawm daim cartridges siv, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg, kuj tau ua tiav vim lub zog ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus. Nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom tau txais kev pom zoo: lub tswv yim zoo ntawm cov khoom sib hloov lub tog raj kheej tsis yog qhov tshiab, los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd twb muaj ntau rab phom ntawm rab phom hom. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm Gatling yog cov txheej txheem pub mis rau menyuam mos thiab faib cov khoom thauj mus los-txhaj-rho tawm mus raws txoj kev tig ntawm qhov thaiv.
Cov chav tseem ceeb ntawm R. Gatling lub kaus poom: 1 - thoob lub thoob, 2 - cov ntawv xov xwm tig, 3 - chav, 4 - axis ntawm kev sib hloov ntawm cov thoob
Thawj rab phom Gatling tau ua daim ntawv pov thawj xyoo 1862, thiab tau txais los ntawm Army of North hauv xyoo 1866. Thawj cov qauv tuaj yeem tua hluav taws ntawm tus nqi txog li 200 puag ncig ib feeb. Tom qab ntawd, siv lub zog, nws tuaj yeem nqa tus nqi hluav taws mus rau yuav luag ib txhiab txhaj tshuaj. Txij li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau sab nraud (rau tom qab ntawd rab phom Gatling - ib tus neeg), lub tshuab rab phom tau tsuav tsuav yog muaj cov mos txwv nyob hauv khw, kom txog thaum muaj hluav taws tsis zoo tshwm sim lossis ib daim cartridge jammed hauv lub thoob. Tom qab ntawd, riam phom tsis siv neeg nrog lub zog sab nraud yuav raug hu ua lub tshuab tsis siv neeg. Tab sis ua ntej lub npe no tseem nyob tau ntau caum xyoo.
Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, tau sim ua "wean" tus neeg los ntawm kev sib tw tuav thiab hloov nws nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Tab sis lub sijhawm ntawd, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau zoo ib yam uas tsis muaj 2500-3000 puag ncig ib feeb twg, uas lawv tau siv lub tshuab rab phom nrawm, tuaj yeem ua rau lawv pib lub neej. Ib qho ntxiv, tus neeg muaj suab npe H. Maxim twb tau tshaj tawm rau ntawm kev ua lag luam nws ntau lub tshuab rab phom mobile, qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm qhov hluav taws kub uas yog nyob rau theem ntawm thawj cov tshuab Gatling. Maj mam, rab phom ntau lub tshuab rab phom tau raug tshem tawm ntawm kev pabcuam, thiab tom qab ntawd feem ntau lawv tsis nco qab lawm.
Ib puas xyoo tom qab Dr. Gatling
Nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, riam phom nrog rau qhov siab ntawm qhov hluav taws kub tau rov xav tau dua. Tshwj xeeb, nws tau xav tau los ntawm kev ya dav hlau thiab tiv thaiv huab cua: tam sim no lawv yuav tsum tawm tsam nrog lub hom phiaj nrawm uas tus nqi hluav taws txawm tias ib thiab ib nrab txhiab yuav tsis txaus. Nws yog qhov ua tau, tau kawg, txhawm rau siv kev txhim kho ntawm rab phom tshuab zoo li UltraShKAS (kwv yees li 3000 puag ncig ib feeb), tab sis nws lub peev xwm tsis txaus, thiab nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los rov tsim cov qauv rau lwm daim cartridges. Lwm qhov uas tiv thaiv tus tsim qauv los ntawm overclocking cov txheej txheem qub tso rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias. Ib lub thoob ua kom sov thaum tua tas li, thiab, tau txais qhov kub thiab txias, nws tuaj yeem tawg. Tau kawg, ua ntej ntawd, vim deformation, ballistics yuav hnyav zuj zus. Nov yog qhov uas Gatling system tau ua ke. Muaj twb tau muaj kev paub nrog ua kom nrawm rau ob lossis peb txhiab txhaj tshuaj, uas, ua ke nrog cov khoom siv tshiab rau cov thoob, saib zoo siab.
Six-Barrel Cannon "Volcano"
Kev sim tau ua tiav hauv ntau lub tebchaws, tab sis Asmeskas M61 Vulcan tau dhau los ua thawj qhov qauv ntawm cov phom Gatling "tshiab". Tsim nyob rau xyoo 1949, nws muaj rau lub hli 20 lub thoob nrog lub tshuab ua haujlwm hydraulic. Vulcan muaj ob hom kev tua - 4 thiab 6 txhiab puag ncig ib feeb. Kev tsim qauv tso cai ntau dua, tab sis muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kev coj tus yam ntxwv ruaj khov ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm daim kab xev. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm M61A1 rab phom tau txais feem ntau tsis txuas cov mos txwv. Txawm tias rau txhiab txhiab qhov txaus los ua Vulcan phom loj rau cov tub rog Asmeskas cov tub rog tau ntau xyoo los.
Tom qab ntawd hauv Tebchaws Meskas, ntau qhov piv txwv ntawm "Gatling Guns" yuav raug tsim nyob rau hauv cov kab sib txawv thiab nrog cov tsav sib txawv. Kev sim XM214 Microgun rab phom tshuab ntawm 70s muaj lub zog me tshaj - 5, 56 mm; qhov loj tshaj plaws - hauv kev sim T249 Vigilante ntawm xyoo 56 - 37 hli.
Nyob rau hauv Soviet Union, riam phom nrog lub thaiv ntawm cov thooj av kuj tseem tsis quav ntsej. Rov qab rau xyoo 1939 I. I. Slostin ua nws tus kheej yim-barreled 7.62 mm tshuab rab phom. Rau ntau qhov laj thawj (hnyav hnyav thiab dampness ntawm tus qauv), nws tsis mus ua ntu, tab sis qee qhov kev txhim kho tau siv tom qab. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau lub barreled systems tau rov pib dua thaum ntxov 60s, thaum lub nkoj tau xaj cov phom me rau rau-rab phom 30 mm. Ua tsaug rau Tula KBP thiab tus tsim qauv V. P. Gryazev thiab A. G. Shipunova, cov neeg tsav nkoj tau txais rab phom tiv thaiv lub nkoj AK-630, me ntsis tom qab, lub dav hlau phom GSh-6-30 yuav tsim los ntawm nws lub hauv paus. Rab phom no muaj qhov hluav taws kub ntawm 4-5 txhiab rds / min, uas, nrog rau qhov muaj peev xwm, muaj ntau tshaj li txaus kom yeej feem ntau ntawm cov hom phiaj uas cov neeg sib ntaus ua haujlwm. Yuav luag ib txhij nrog rab phom 30-mm, tau tsim rab phom me me GSh-6-23 (23 mm). Nws twb yog thawj lub dav hlau phom nrog tus nqi hluav taws kub txog li cuaj txhiab teev. Ob lub Tula riam phom, GSh-6-30 thiab GSh-6-23, muaj lub cav roj rau tig lub tog raj thaiv, tab sis txawv ntawm qhov pib: ntawm rab phom thawj nws yog pneumatic, ntawm qhov thib ob-pyrotechnic.
TSH-6-23
GSHG
Xyoo 60s lig, kev pib ua haujlwm ntawm rab phom tshuab ntau rab phom. Cov no yog plaub-barreled GShG (Tula KBP) chambered rau 7, 62x54R, muab txog li 6 txhiab puag ncig ib feeb thiab YakB-12.7 (TsKIB, tus tsim P. G. Yakushev thiab BA Borzov) chambered rau 12, 7x108 mm, nrog rau qhov hluav taws kub 4 -4, 5 txhiab rds / min. Ob rab phom tshuab tau npaj rau siv hauv cov dav hlau. Tshwj xeeb, YakB-12, 7 tau teeb tsa ntawm tus lej hloov kho ntawm Mi-24 hauv kev teeb tsa txawb.
Ntau qhov lus xaiv txaus nyiam lossis, yog tias koj xav tau, cov lus dab neeg cuam tshuam nrog Soviet rab phom ntau rab phom. Ob leeg txhawj xeeb GSh-6-30. Raws li thawj zaug, rab phom no tau sim tsis yog ntawm cov tsheb thauj khoom, zoo li lwm yam riam phom, tab sis ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam, vim tias muaj qhov hluav taws kub ntawm 6000 qhov kev sib tw, ntaus pob ntawm tsawg dua li ib pliag ntev yuav tsum tau ua kom puas thawj zaug. Cov lus dab neeg thib ob hais tias thaum tua los ntawm GSh-6-30, cov foob pob ya tawm ntau zaus uas lawv yuav luag tsoo ib leeg hauv huab cua. Qhov txaus siab, yam txaus siab tseem tau hais txog Asmeskas GAU-8 / A Avenger rab phom (7 phom, 30 mm, txog li 3, 9 txhiab rpm). Piv txwv li, thaum tua los ntawm nws, A-10 lub dav hlau nres nres hauv huab cua los ntawm kev thim rov qab. Ntawm no nws yog, lub yeeb koob ntawm cov neeg.
Germans, cartridges, ob lub thoob
Kev siv riam phom ntau yam tsis xaus nrog Gatling cov phiaj xwm. Muaj lwm qhov, me ntsis tsis tshua muaj neeg nyiam thiab tsis paub lub tswv yim zoo - Gast system. Xyoo 1917, tus kws ntaus phom German K. Gast tau sib xyaw ua ke hauv ib rab phom tshuab tsis siv neeg nrog lub luv thooj stroke thiab ntau rab phom. Nws rab phom tshuab, hu ua Gast-Maschinengewehr Modell 1917 caliber 7, 92 mm, ua haujlwm raws li hauv paus ntsiab lus hauv qab no: ib qho ntawm ob lub thoob, thim rov qab tom qab txhaj tshuaj, ntsaws lub thoob thib ob los ntawm lub khwb tshwj xeeb thiab hloov pauv. Ntawm qhov kev sim, Gast tshuab rab phom tau nrawm mus rau 1600 puag ncig ib feeb.
Xyoo 1965, cov neeg tsim qauv ntawm Tula KBP tau tsim lawv tus kheej cov riam phom raws li txoj haujlwm Gast - GSh -23. Nws tau nruab nrog ntau hom dav hlau thiab nyoob hoom qav taub. Tsis tas li ntawd, ob qho tib si hauv cov khoom siv rau pem hauv ntej lub ntsej muag (MiG-23, Su-7B, thiab lwm yam), thiab rau kev teeb tsa ntawm kev teeb tsa phom ntev (Tu-95MS, Il-76, thiab lwm yam). Qhov txaus siab, txawm hais tias tus nqi hluav taws tsawg dua (txog 4 txhiab puag ncig ib feeb) ntau dua li rau-rau-barreled GSh-6-23, GSh-23 yog ib thiab ib nrab zaug sib dua-50.5 kg piv rau 76.
Nyob rau xyoo 70s lig, GSh-30-2 rab phom, kuj tau ua raws li txoj haujlwm Gast, tau tsim tshwj xeeb rau lub dav hlau Su-25 tom qab. Nws ob lub thoob tua hluav taws tsuas yog peb txhiab txhaj tshuaj, tab sis qhov no tau them nyiaj los ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm 30 hli. Tom qab ntawd, tau tsim cov phom uas muaj cov phom ntev dua, npaj rau kev teeb tsa ntawm Mi-24P helicopters.
Dab tsi ntxiv?
Xyoo tom ntej, Gatling system yuav muaj 150 xyoo. Gast txoj haujlwm yog me ntsis. Tsis zoo li lawv cov neeg ua ntej - mitralez - cov kab ke no tau nquag siv thiab tsis muaj leej twg yuav tso lawv tseg. Tib lub sijhawm, rau lub sijhawm ntev, ntau lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsis muaj qhov nce ntxiv hauv qhov hluav taws kub. Muaj ob qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau qhov no: ua ntej, rau qhov nce ntxiv ntawm qhov hluav taws kub, cov khoom siv tshiab thiab thev naus laus zis xav tau. Cov neeg Amelikas, piv txwv li, twb yuav tsum tau cuam tshuam nrog kev cuam tshuam ntawm qhov uas muaj tam sim no txuas txuas txoj siv sia. Qhov thib ob, muaj qhov tseeb, tsis nkag siab me ntsis kom nrawm cov phom lossis tshuab rab phom: qhov ceev ntawm cov hluav taws yuav loj tuaj tshwj xeeb nrog kev siv cov mos txwv. Raws li qhov tau hais ua ntej, nws tuaj yeem kwv yees tau tias yav tom ntej qhov zoo li riam phom sib ntaus sib tua yuav tsis hloov pauv, tab sis cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab ntau yam kev paub yuav ua li cas.
