Ustasha Croatia thiab Yugoslav Tsov Rog raws li kev tawm tsam Slavic txoj haujlwm ntawm Sab Hnub Poob

Ustasha Croatia thiab Yugoslav Tsov Rog raws li kev tawm tsam Slavic txoj haujlwm ntawm Sab Hnub Poob
Ustasha Croatia thiab Yugoslav Tsov Rog raws li kev tawm tsam Slavic txoj haujlwm ntawm Sab Hnub Poob

Video: Ustasha Croatia thiab Yugoslav Tsov Rog raws li kev tawm tsam Slavic txoj haujlwm ntawm Sab Hnub Poob

Video: Ustasha Croatia thiab Yugoslav Tsov Rog raws li kev tawm tsam Slavic txoj haujlwm ntawm Sab Hnub Poob
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Croatia ua kev zoo siab nws Hnub Ywj Pheej thaum lub Tsib Hlis 30. Cov keeb kwm ntawm lub xeev no, zoo li keeb kwm ntawm tag nrho Yugoslavia yav dhau los, yog qhov piv txwv meej ntawm kev sib cais thiab kev sib koom ua si tawm ntawm cov neeg Slavic. Hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev xwm txheej Ukraine tau dhau mus rau niaj hnub no, qhov xwm txheej ceev ntawm qhov teeb meem no tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej.

Raws li koj paub, feem ntau ntawm yav dhau los Yugoslavia, tshwj tsis yog Slovenia thiab Macedonia, ntxiv rau Kosovar Albanian xeev uas sib cais los ntawm Serbia nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thiab NATO, hais lus tib yam lus - Serbo -Croatian. Kev faib loj ntawm Serbs, Croats, Bosnians tsis yog haiv neeg, tab sis lees txim. Nws yog qhov kev lees paub uas thaum kawg tsim cov kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov tib neeg no sib txawv ntawm ib leeg. Serbs yog ib feem ntawm Orthodox ntiaj teb, uas tau loj hlob los ntawm Byzantine kab lis kev cai. Bosnians yog neeg Muslim thiab, yog li ntawd, tsis xav txog Slavs, tab sis rau Turks, nrog leej twg lawv tau koom tes nrog rau ntau pua xyoo. Zoo, Croats yog Catholics. Thiab lawv yog cov pab pawg ntawm Vatican feem ntau piav qhia keeb kwm kev ua phem rau Serbs thiab mus rau Orthodox ntiaj teb feem ntau.

Lub tebchaws keeb kwm ntawm Croats yog thaj av Carpathian, suav nrog thaj av ntawm sab qab teb ntawm Galicia. Ib ntawm Croatian ceg - Red Croats - los ntawm xyoo pua AD AD. tsiv mus rau Balkans - mus rau Dalmatia. Cov Croats Dub tom qab koom nrog Czech lub tebchaws, thiab Dawb Croats, uas tseem nyob hauv thaj av Carpathian, tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov neeg Ruthenian. Thawj lub xeev Croatian ntawm Balkan Peninsula tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo pua 9th thiab cuam tshuam nrog lub npe Trpimir, uas tau ua rau Trpimirovic dynasty. Yuav luag los ntawm thawj xyoo ntawm nws lub neej, Croatian lub xeev, txawm hais tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm Croats nrog rau lwm lub tebchaws Slavs yav qab teb uas tau nyob hauv qhov chaw ntawm Byzantine cuam tshuam, tsom mus rau Catholic West. Thaum lub sijhawm kav Vajntxwv Tomislav I, pawg ntseeg pawg sablaj hauv Split tau txiav txim siab ua qhov zoo tshaj ntawm Latin tshaj Slavic hauv kev pabcuam hauv pawg ntseeg.

Ntxiv "romanization" ntawm Croats txuas ntxiv mus raws li lawv tau koom nrog hauv German-Hungarian ntiaj teb ntawm Central Europe. Nyob rau xyoo 1102 Croatia tau nkag mus rau hauv kev sib koom ua ke nrog Hungary, thiab xyoo 1526, nrhiav kev nyab xeeb rau lub tebchaws los ntawm kev hem thawj ntawm kev kov yeej Turkish, Croatian pawg nom tswv tau muab lub crown rau Austrian tus huab tais Ferdinand Habsburg. Txij thaum ntawd mus txog xyoo 1918, yuav luag plaub caug xyoo, tebchaws Croatian yog ib feem ntawm Austria-Hungary. Hauv kev siv zog kom txo qis kev cuam tshuam ntawm Russia thiab Orthodoxy hauv Balkans, Austria-Hungary tau txhawb nqa ib feem ntawm Slavs uas tau lees paub Catholicism thiab tsom mus rau Central European kev coj noj coj ua hauv pawg. Cov Croats tau kho lawv thawj qhov, txij li lawv tau pom tias yog qhov hnyav rau cov neeg nyob sib ze Serbs, paub txog lawv txoj kev xav rau Lavxias.

Raws li ib feem ntawm Austria-Hungary, Croats tau nyob hauv qis rau tsoomfwv Hungarian, txij li Habsburgs tau sim hwm kev coj noj coj ua yav dhau los ntawm kev tswj hwm thaj av Croatian rau Hungarians, yos rov qab los koom ua ke ntawm Croatian thiab Hungarian vaj ntxwv hauv 1102. Tus kav tebchaws Croatian, uas ris lub npe "Ban", tau raug xaiv los ntawm huab tais Austria-Hungary ntawm qhov kev thov ntawm tsoomfwv Hungarian. Nyob rau hauv lem, Croatian nom tswv tsis nyiam tsis txhob sib cav nrog Habsburgs thiab, tsis zoo li cov neeg Hungarians, uas tab tom npaj phiaj xwm rau kev sib cais, qhia kev ncaj ncees rau nom tswv. Yog li, kev txwv tsis pub Croatian Josip Jelacic yog ib tus thawj coj ntawm kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam Hungarian xyoo 1848.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txij li nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua puv 19, Illyrianism tau nthuav tawm ntawm ib feem ntawm kev txawj ntse hauv tebchaws hauv tebchaws Croatia. Lub tswv yim kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev nom tswv no tau muab rau kev koom ua ke ntawm txhua pawg neeg South Slavic nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Illyria thaum ub los ua ib lub xeev Yugoslav. Ntawm cov Croats, Serbs, Bosnians, raws li cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm Illyrian lub tswvyim, muaj keeb kwm ntau dua, kev coj noj coj ua, kev sib tham hauv zej zog ntau dua li ntawm Croats thiab Hungarians lossis Germans.

Cov neeg Yugoslavian, raws li cov neeg koom nrog Illyrianism, xav tias yuav tsum tsim lawv tus kheej kev ywj pheej nyob hauv Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Hungary, thiab yav tom ntej - lub xeev ywj pheej uas yuav suav nrog tsis yog Austro -Hungarian Slavs, tab sis kuj yog Yugoslavs nyob hauv Lub teb chaws Ottoman. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas rau qee lub sijhawm Illyirism txawm tias tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Austrian kev coj noj coj ua, uas tau pom hauv tebchaws Croatian txoj kev txav chaw muaj sijhawm los ua rau txoj haujlwm ntawm tsoomfwv Hungarian tsis muaj zog. Nyob rau hauv lem, Hungarians txhawb nqa "Magyarons" txav - lwm qhov ntawm Croatian kev txawj ntse, uas tsis lees paub qhov xav tau ntawm Yugoslavian kev koom ua ke thiab hais kom txuas ntxiv thiab ze dua kev koom ua ke ntawm Croats rau hauv Hungarian zej zog.

Kev sib tsoo ntawm Austro -Hungarian Empire tom qab Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1 tau tshwm sim tshwm sim hauv Balkans ntawm lub xeev tshiab koomhaum - Xeev Slovenes, Croats thiab Serbs. Tom qab nws tau koom ua ke sai nrog Serbia rau hauv Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Serbs, Croats thiab Slovenes, kev npau suav tos ntev ntawm Illyrian cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm Yugoslav kev koom ua ke tau los tiag. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau muab tawm tias nws nyuaj heev rau kev sib koom ua ke rau cov tib neeg uas tau muaj nyob rau ntau pua xyoo hauv cov dav hlau sib txawv ntawm haiv neeg thiab nyob ze tsuas yog hauv cov lus xwb. Croats thiab Slovenes liam Serbs ntawm usurping tiag tiag lub zog hauv lub xeev tshiab, coj los ntawm Serbian vaj ntxwv los ntawm Karageorgievich dynasty.

Qhov kev tawm tsam tsis zoo ntawm Croatian zej zog rau txoj cai ntawm Serbian cov vaj ntxwv ua rau tsim cov koom haum ultra-nationalist. Xyoo 1929, hnub tom qab tsim kev tswj hwm los ntawm Vaj Ntxwv Alexander I Karadjordievich, haiv neeg Croatian, coj los ntawm kws lij choj los ntawm tog neeg txoj cai lij choj, Ante Pavelic, nrhiav tau Croatian kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam, uas dhau los ua lub zog Ustasha, piv txwv li. cov neeg tawm tsam. Tus kws lij choj Ante Pavelic, uas hu nws tus kheej Ustashe tus tub ceev xwm, tau koom nrog hauv kev tawm tsam haiv neeg txij thaum hluas, tswj hwm mus ntsib ob tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm Croatian Law Party thiab tus thawj coj ntawm lub ntsej muag tsis ncaj ntawm Croatian Peasant Party, ua ntej txiav txim siab los tsim Croatian. Kev Tawm Tsam Tawm Tsam.

Kev pab loj rau cov neeg Croatian haiv neeg tau muab los ntawm Ltalis nyob sib ze, uas nws cov kev txaus siab suav nrog kev faib tawm ntawm Yugoslavia ua ib lub xeev nkaus xwb thiab rov kho dua ntawm Italian kev cuam tshuam ntawm Adriatic ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm lub tebchaws. Ib qho ntxiv, Ustashi txoj kev xav, ua lub koom haum ncaj ncees, tau nyob ze rau pawg neeg fascist ntawm Benito Mussolini, uas tau muaj hwj chim hauv tebchaws Ltalis. Ustashi tau tig nrawm rau kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv tub rog, feem ntau suav nrog kev ua phem tawm tsam tsoomfwv nruab nrab. Ua ke nrog haiv neeg Macedonian los ntawm VMRO, lawv tau ua thaum Lub Kaum Hli 9, 1934 kev tua tus Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Yugoslavia, Alexander I Karageorgievich.

Kev tawm tsam Nazi Lub Tebchaws Yelemees ntawm Yugoslavia thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1941 tau tsim kev tsim los ntawm kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Nazis thiab lawv cov phoojywg Italian ntawm cov koomhaum kev nom tswv tshiab - Lub Xeev ywj pheej ntawm Croatia, uas yog lub zog tiag tiag hauv Ustasha txhais tes. Raws li txoj cai, Croatia dhau los ua vaj ntxwv kav los ntawm King Tomislav II. Nws tsis muaj teeb meem tias "Tomislav" tau raug hu ua Aimone di Torino thiab nws tsis yog neeg Croatian los ntawm haiv neeg, tab sis yog Italis - tus tub huabtais ntawm Royal House of Savoy thiab Duke of Aostia. Los ntawm qhov no, Croats hais txog lawv txoj kev ntseeg siab rau lub xeev Italian, thaum tib lub sijhawm tawm ntawm lub zog tiag tiag ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub xeev tshaj tawm tshiab hauv txhais tes ntawm Ustasha "taub hau" Ante Pavelic. Ntxiv mus, thaum lub xyoo nws tau kav, "Croatian huab tais" tsis thab mus xyuas thaj chaw ntawm Lub Xeev ywj pheej ntawm Croatia uas yog "raug" rau nws.

Nyob rau xyoo ntawm Nazi txoj haujlwm ntawm Yugoslavia, Croatian Ustashi tau muaj npe nrov rau lawv txoj kev lim hiam tsis txaus ntseeg thiab kev tsim txom ntawm cov pej xeem tsis muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. Txij li Serbs tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv Hitler tsis kam, German hais kom ua, txawj ua si ntawm kev ua phem ntev ntawm cov neeg Croatian thiab Serbian haiv neeg, hloov Ustashe xeev rau hauv cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb ntawm kev tawm tsam Serbian tsis kam.

Hauv kev rau siab ua kom tau raws li tus txheej txheem ntawm Nazism - Hitlerite Lub Tebchaws Yelemees - Ustashe Croatia tau txais kev lees paub txoj cai tsis muaj tseeb, xws li Txoj Cai Lij Choj ntawm Kev Xam Xaj ntawm Lub Plaub Hlis 30, 1941, uas tau lees paub "Aryan tus kheej" ntawm Croats thiab txwv tsis pub Aryans los ntawm tau txais kev ua pej xeem ntawm Lub Xeev ywj pheej ntawm Croatia.

Cov tub rog ntawm Ustasha tau koom nrog kev ua phem ntawm Hitlerite Lub Tebchaws Yelemees tawm tsam Soviet Union, thaum nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm Yugoslavia tsim nyog Ustasha tau ua kev tua neeg tiag tiag tiv thaiv Serbs, neeg Yudais thiab Gypsies. 369th Cov Tub Rog Me Nyuam Me Nyuam Yaus, nrhiav los ntawm Croats thiab Bosnian Muslims thiab paub zoo dua li Croatian Legion, lossis Devil's Division, raug rhuav tshem ntawm Stalingrad. Ntau tshaj 90% ntawm 4465 tus tub rog Croatian uas tau mus rau Sab Hnub Poob los tawm tsam Soviet Union tau raug tua.

Tsis zoo li ntau lub tebchaws Yelemes lwm lub hnub qub, suav nrog Ltalis, Croatian lub xeev tseem mob siab rau Hitler txog thaum kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Tom qab swb ntawm Nazism, "poglavnik" Ante Pavelic tau khiav mus rau Francoist Spain. Hauv tsev, nws tau raug txim tuag hauv qhov tsis tuaj thiab pom tseeb, lawv tau sim ua kab lus - xyoo 1957 tau sim ua rau Pavelic lub neej, tab sis nws muaj txoj sia nyob thiab tuag tsuas yog ob xyoos tom qab los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws qhov txhab.

Kev tsim ntawm Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) tom qab kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob yuav tsis tuaj yeem "tua" kev sib cais thiab kev xav hauv tebchaws ntawm Croats. Txawm tias qhov tseeb tias Yugoslav tus thawj coj Josip Broz Tito nws tus kheej yog Croat los ntawm nws txiv thiab Slovenian los ntawm nws niam los ntawm haiv neeg, piv txwv li. tus sawv cev ntawm "sab hnub poob" ib feem ntawm Yugoslavs, tsis cuam tshuam rau qhov kev cia siab ntawm Croatian haiv neeg xav kom txiav tawm. Nws tau hais qhia meej tias Serbia thiab lwm thaj chaw ntawm Yugoslavia liam tias ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm Croatia nrog nws tsim kev lag luam txawv teb chaws. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov thawj coj ntawm "Lub Caij Nplooj Ntoos Zeeg Croatian" - qhov loj heev ntawm haiv neeg Croatian kev txav chaw ntawm 70s. Xyoo pua XX - ua tib zoo mloog rau qhov kev iab liam ntawm Serbo -Croatian lus "Serbian norms".

Pib nyob rau xyoo 1980s. txheej txheem ntawm kev tawg ntawm Yugoslavia yog nyob rau ntau txoj hauv kev nco txog cov xwm txheej zoo sib xws hauv Soviet Union. Cov Xov Xwm Sab Hnub Poob tau sau txoj kev khuv leej txog Croatian thiab Slovenian haiv neeg, hu lawv ua raws li European kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev tswj hwm kev ywj pheej, piv rau Serbs, uas raug liam tias ua haujlwm rau kev tswj hwm thiab tsis muaj peev xwm los tsim kev ywj pheej. Txoj kev "Ukrainians" thiab Cov Neeg Lav Xias Me Me tau tawm tsam hauv Ukraine niaj hnub no yog qhov sib piv ncaj qha rau Yugoslav qhov xwm txheej, txawm tias cov cuab yeej siv ntawm cov kws lij choj nyob sab Europe yeej tsis hloov - "zoo" thiab "kev ywj pheej" Kiev tsoomfwv, tsom mus rau Sab Hnub Poob, thiab "Vatniki" thiab "Colorado" Sab Hnub Tuaj, "tsis paub txog kev ywj pheej" thiab yog li ntawd tsim nyog, yog tias tsis tuag, tom qab ntawd tsawg kawg yog kev tsis muaj cai ntawm pej xeem txoj cai, suav nrog txoj cai txiav txim siab tus kheej.

Txij thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1991 txog Lub Ib Hlis 1995, tau plaub xyoos, muaj kev ua rog sib tua nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Croatia. Cov neeg Serbian, uas pom nws tus kheej tom qab kev sib tsoo ntawm Yugoslavia, nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub xeev tshiab uas tau tsim los ntawm Croatian, tsis xav nyob hauv tib lub tebchaws nrog cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm Ustasha, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ua rau muaj zog ntawm cov rog hauv tebchaws. Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb tias txawm tias nyob hauv tebchaws Croatia muaj kev ywj pheej Serbs tau ua 12%, lawv tsis muaj peev xwm ua nom tswv tiag thiab sawv cev. Ntxiv mus, Croatian neo-Nazis tau tig los ua kev ua phem txhaum cai tiv thaiv Serb cov pejxeem, suav nrog kev ua phem rau pawg ntseeg thiab cov ntseeg Orthodox. Cov Serbs, cov neeg ntseeg heev thiab hwm Orthodox relics, tsis tuaj yeem sawv qhov no.

Cov lus teb yog kev tsim ntawm Koom pheej ntawm Serbian Krajina. Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau tawm ntawm Serbian thiab Croatian pab tub rog. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, feem ntau cov xeev sab hnub poob, suav nrog Tebchaws Meskas thiab European lub tebchaws, tsis tau zais lawv txoj kev khuv leej rau Croats. Cov neeg Muslim hauv Bosnian, uas tseem yog cov neeg tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm Serbs txij li hnub ntawm Lub Tebchaws Ottoman, tseem tau ua ib sab ntawm Croats (txij li lawv tau ua haujlwm nrog cov neeg ntseeg kev ntseeg - Turks, suav nrog ua tub ceev xwm ua haujlwm hauv thaj chaw uas nyob).

Tsov rog Serbian-Croatian tau nrog los ntawm tib neeg kev poob thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm kev lag luam ntawm ib zaug vam meej Yugoslavia. Hauv kev ua tsov rog, tsawg kawg 13.5 txhiab tus neeg tuag nyob rau sab Croatian (raws li cov ntaub ntawv Croatian), ntawm Serbian sab - ntau dua 7.5 txhiab tus neeg (raws li Serbian cov ntaub ntawv). Ntau tshaj 500 txhiab tus neeg los ntawm ob tog los ua neeg tawg rog. Txawm hais tias tus nom Croatia thiab tus thawj coj nruab nrab ntawm Croatian Serbs niaj hnub no, nees nkaum xyoo tom qab ua tsov rog, tham txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg Croatian thiab Serb hauv lub tebchaws, qhov no tsis tuaj yeem ntseeg tau. Kev tu siab ntau dhau tau coj los ntawm Croatian haiv neeg rau cov neeg Serbian-ob qho tib si thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob thiab thaum Tsov Rog Serbian-Croatian Tsov Rog ntawm 1991-1995.

Yog tias peb txheeb xyuas qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog thiab tsim kom muaj kev ywj pheej hauv Croatia, tom qab ntawd peb tuaj yeem hais meej tias qhov kev poob yog … tsis yog, tsis yog Serbia, tab sis sab qab teb Slavs thiab Slavic ntiaj teb tag nrho. Los ntawm kev yaum Croats tawm tsam Serbs, cog kev tawm tsam Serb thiab tiv thaiv Orthodox kev xav hauv zej zog Croatian raws li kev xav pom tus kheej ntawm Croats nrog Western European ntiaj teb (txawm hais tias nws tsis txaus ntseeg heev tias Anglo-Saxon tso cai rau Croat kom sib npaug nrog nws), lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thiab Great Britain tau ua tiav - kev sib cais ntawm South Slavs, ua rau Russia tsis muaj zog nyob hauv cheeb tsam.

Croats, ntxiv rau tus ncej, Czechs, thiab lwm yam "Sab Hnub Poob-taw qhia" Slavs, tau qhia tias lawv koom nrog Western ntiaj teb thiab lawv cov tswv yim nyiam yog nyob hauv dav hlau ntawm kev koom tes nrog Tebchaws Meskas thiab European Union. Raws nraim tib lub tswv yim tau siv niaj hnub no hauv Ukraine hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog "westernized" ib feem ntawm cov neeg Ukrainian - tsis yog Galician nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj tseem yog cov neeg Lavxias me me ntawm Central Ukraine, uas poob rau hauv "Westernized" kev xav hauv nruab siab.

Niaj hnub no, yav dhau los Yugoslavia, uas nws cov neeg nyob sib ze tau mloog thiab uas tsis zoo dua rau lwm lub xeev European kev lag luam thiab kev coj noj coj ua, yog ob peb lub xeev me thiab tsis muaj zog, qhov tseeb, tsis muaj peev xwm ywj pheej txawv teb chaws thiab kev cai hauv tsev. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev txom nyem ntev Balkans tau rov pom lawv tus kheej hauv qhov xwm txheej nyuaj ib yam. Tab sis, raws li keeb kwm qhia, thaum twg Russia muaj zog dua, nws txoj kev nom tswv thiab tub rog muaj zog ntxiv, suav nrog nws cov kev cuam tshuam nyob sab Europe sab hnub tuaj, txoj haujlwm nyob rau sab qab teb Slavs - Serbs, Montenegrins, Bulgarians - zoo ib yam.

Raws li rau Croats, lawv tau sib txuas nrog lub ntiaj teb "Sab Hnub Poob" uas nws tsis tuaj yeem muaj peev xwm ua tau yav tom ntej los tham txog qhov muaj peev xwm rov qab los rau lawv "hauv paus", kev sib raug zoo nrog lawv cov txheeb ze ze - Orthodox Serbs thiab Montenegrins. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Russia nyob rau qhov xwm txheej no tseem tshuav, raws li nws tau ntau pua xyoo dhau los, rov txhim kho Lavxias kev cuam tshuam hauv cov tebchaws Orthodox ntawm Balkan Peninsula thiab tiv thaiv Westernization ntawm tib Serbs lossis Montenegrins raws li cov xwm txheej hauv tebchaws Ukraine.

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