Kev nyuaj siab ntawm Peb Reich. 75 xyoo dhau los, thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1945, Kev Ua Haujlwm Sab Hnub Tuaj East tau pib. Cov Tub Rog Liab tau kov yeej pawg Sab Hnub Tuaj Prussian uas muaj zog ntawm Wehrmacht, tso rau sab qaum teb ntawm Poland thiab nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Prussia, tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tub rog-kev lag luam ntawm Peb Reich.
Sab hnub tuaj Prussian fortress
East Prussia yog keeb kwm fortress, Lub teb chaws Yelemees lub tswv yim foothold hauv Baltic. Cov Nazis siv thaj av no los tua Poland thiab USSR xyoo 1939 thiab 1941. Thaum Reich pib poob kev ua tsov rog, Sab Hnub Tuaj Prussia dhau los ua lub zog ruaj khov rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm Reich. Ntawm no, sib sib zog nqus cov cheeb tsam tiv thaiv thiab kab, thaj chaw muaj zog tau npaj thiab txhim kho hauv cov ntsiab lus engineering.
Lub Chaw Pab Pawg Tub Rog German (txij li Lub Ib Hlis 26, 1945, tau hloov pauv mus ua Pab Pawg Sab Qaum Teb), tau rov qab mus rau Hiav Txwv Baltic, tiv thaiv nws tus kheej ntawm lub hauv ntej loj dua 550 km ntev, los ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm Neman mus rau Vistula (sab qaum teb ntawm Warsaw)). Nws suav nrog thaj tsam 2 thiab 4, pab tub rog thib 3. Cov tub rog suav nrog 41 kev sib cais (suav nrog 3 lub tank thiab 3 lub cev muaj zog), 2 pab pawg sib ntaus, ntau qhov tshwj xeeb tsim, suav nrog cov tub rog rog (Volkssturm). Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, tus thawj coj ntawm Pab Pawg Pabcuam Hauv Chaw, Colonel-General G. Reinhardt, muaj 580 txhiab tus tub rog thiab tub ceev xwm, ntxiv rau 200 txhiab tus tub rog, 8, 2 txhiab rab phom thiab phom, 7 lub tso tsheb hlau luam thiab rab phom rau tus kheej, ntau dua 500 lub dav hlau ntawm Thib 6 huab cua ntawm Luftwaffe. Ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv, Wehrmacht tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm German Navy los ntawm cov hauv paus nyob hauv Prussia.
Cov tub rog German thiab cov tub ceev xwm, txawm hais tias qhov kev swb hnyav ntawm 1943-1944, khaws lawv cov kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab kev tawm tsam zoo. Cov tub rog German tseem yog cov chav kawm siab tshaj plaws. Marshal Konev nco qab lub zog ntawm kev tawm tsam yeeb ncuab lub sijhawm no raws li hauv qab no:
"Tsis yog txhua tus neeg German tau pom kev poob qis ntawm lub tebchaws thib peb tseem tsis tau muaj, thiab qhov xwm txheej nyuaj tseem tsis tau qhia txog yuav luag txhua qhov kev hloov pauv rau qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua tub rog Hitlerite ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua: nws txuas ntxiv mus ib yam li nws tau ua tawm tsam ua ntej, sib txawv, tshwj xeeb hauv kev tiv thaiv, nrog kev ua siab tawv, qee zaum ncav cuag kev npau taws. Lub koom haum ntawm pab tub rog tseem nyob ntawm qhov siab, kev sib cais tau ua haujlwm, ua tub rog thiab muab khoom nrog txhua yam lossis yuav luag txhua yam uas yuav tsum tau ua ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm."
Ib qho ntxiv, ntau tus tub rog ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Prussian ua haujlwm-cov tswv yim pab pawg ntawm Wehrmacht yog cov neeg hauv nroog thiab tau txiav txim siab tawm tsam kom tuag. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm Hitler kev tshaj tawm, uas qhia txog ntau yam kev txaus ntshai ntawm "Kev ua haujlwm Lavxias", kuj tseem muaj qhov tshwm sim.
Cov lus hais hauv German siab tau sim nrog tag nrho nws lub peev xwm los khaws East Prussian cov tswv yim foothold. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog tsis yog rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm Reich, tab sis kuj tseem tuaj yeem tawm tsam. Hitler lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm tau npaj tseg, raws li qhov xwm txheej zoo, mus tawm tsam los ntawm East Prussia. Cov pab pawg hauv zej zog tau dai hla qhov thib ob thiab 1st Belorussian txoj hauv kev, uas tuaj yeem siv rau kev tawm tsam sab nrauv thiab swb ntawm cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm pab tub rog liab nyob hauv nruab nrab, Warsaw-Berlin kev coj. Tsis tas li los ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Prussia nws tuaj yeem rov kho txoj kev hauv av nrog Pab Pawg Pab Pawg "Sab Qaum Teb", uas tau thaiv ntawm Kurland Peninsula los ntawm thaj av los ntawm Soviet Baltic.
Cov Tub Rog ntawm Cov Tub Rog Liab
Cov tub rog ntawm pawg thib 3 thiab thib 2 Belorussian tau koom nrog hauv East Prussian kev ua haujlwm nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Baltic Fleet rog. Qhov thib 3 Belorussian Pem Hauv Ntej (3rd BF) raws li cov lus txib ntawm General Chernyakhovsky tau mus txog ciam teb ntawm East Prussia los ntawm sab hnub tuaj. Hauv cheeb tsam Gumbinenna, cov tub rog ntawm lub hauv ntej no nyob ntawm lub dav dav. Nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Pawg Sab Hnub Tuaj Prussian yog pab tub rog ntawm 1st Baltic Pem Hauv Ntej ntawm General Baghramyan (43rd Army). Nyob rau sab qab teb yog cov tub rog ntawm 2nd Belorussian Front (2nd BF) raws li cov lus txib ntawm Marshal Rokossovsky.
Cov tub rog Soviet tau txais txoj haujlwm ntawm kev txiav tawm cov yeeb ncuab pawg hauv East Prussia los ntawm seem Wehrmacht rog, nias lawv mus rau hiav txwv, ib txhij xa kev tawm tsam muaj zog pem hauv ntej los ntawm sab hnub tuaj mus rau Koenigsberg, tshem tawm thiab rhuav tshem cov tub rog German. Qhov thib 3 BF pem hauv ntej yuav tsum xa qhov kev tawm tsam tseem ceeb sab qaum teb ntawm Masurian Lakes raws li Königsberg. Qhov thib ob BF yog txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau hla ciam teb sab qab teb ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Prussia, hla hla Masurian Lakes thiab lwm qhov chaw muaj zog, tsoo hla mus rau ntug dej hiav txwv Baltic, mus rau Marienburg thiab Elbing. 43rd Army nyob rau sab qaum teb tsim kev tawm tsam hauv Tilsit cov lus qhia. Lub Baltic Fleet nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Admiral Tributs tau xav tias yuav txhawb nqa cov tub rog nce qib ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv nrog nws kev ya dav hlau thiab nkoj tua hluav taws, nrog rau kev tsaws ntawm cov tub rog ua phem thiab tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab txoj kab.
Peb cov tub rog tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj ntawm cov rog thiab txhais tau tias hla tus yeeb ncuab. Ob lub tebchaws Belorussian tau suav ntau dua 1.6 lab tus tib neeg, 21, 5 txhiab rab phom thiab phom (76 hli lub peev xwm thiab ntau dua), 3, 8 txhiab lub tso tsheb hlau luam thiab rab phom rau tus kheej, ntau dua 3 txhiab lub dav hlau.
Kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog Soviet
Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 13, 1945, cov tub rog ntawm 3rd BF tau tawm tsam, thiab thaum Lub Ib Hlis 14, cov tub rog ntawm 2nd BF. Hauv thawj theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm, pawg tawm tsam ntawm 3rd BF yog kom swb Tilsit-Insterburg pawg ntawm cov yeeb ncuab. Sab qaum teb ntawm Gumbinenna, 39th, 5th thiab 28th pab tub rog ntawm Generals Lyudnikov, Krylov thiab Luchinsky, cov tub rog thib 1 thiab thib 2 tau tawm tsam. Hauv qhov kev sib tw thib ob yog 11th Guard Army ntawm General Galitsky. Nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm pab pawg ua rau poob siab, Beloborodov's 43rd Army tau nce qib (thaum Lub Ib Hlis 19, nws tau hloov pauv los ntawm 1st Baltic Front mus rau 3rd Baltic Fleet), tawm tsam ntawm Tilsit ua ke nrog 39th Army. Nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm sab xub ntiag, General Chanchibadze's 2nd Guards Army tau nce qib ntawm Darkemen. Los ntawm huab cua, hauv av tau txhawb nqa los ntawm 1st thiab 3rd cov tub rog huab cua ntawm Generals Khryukin thiab Papivin.
Cov neeg German muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas kev npaj ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias rau kev tawm tsam thiab tau ntsuas ua ntej. Tsis tas li ntawd, huab hnyav tau txo qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev npaj phom loj thiab tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm huab cua zoo thaum pib ua haujlwm. Muab lub zog ntawm German tiv thaiv hauv Prussia, qhov twg cov txheej txheem tshiab tsim ua ke nrog cov qub tiv thaiv, txhua qhov no cuam tshuam qhov nrawm ntawm Soviet kev ua phem. Cov neeg German tau khaws cov txheej txheem tua hluav taws thiab cov lus txib thiab kev tswj hwm, cov tub rog tau thim rov qab mus rau txoj haujlwm thib ob thiab thib peb thiab tsis raug kev puas tsuaj loj. Cov Nazis tau tawm tsam mob siab rau. Peb cov tub rog yuav tsum "zom los ntawm" cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv. Cov huab cua tsis zoo nyob rau ob peb hnub thiab kev ya dav hlau tsis tuaj yeem txhawb nqa hauv av. Tsuas yog thaum Lub Ib Hlis 18, cov tub rog ntawm BF thib 3 tau tsoo los ntawm kev tiv thaiv German hauv thaj tsam li 65 km thiab nce mus rau qhov tob ntawm 30 - 40 km. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 19, Pab Pawg Saib Xyuas Tub Rog 11, tau tshaj tawm tom qab, tau tawm tsam ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm 5 thiab 39 pawg tub rog. Txog lub sijhawm no, vim yog kev txhim kho huab cua, peb lub dav hlau pib ua haujlwm tau zoo.
Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 19, Chernyakhovsky cov tub rog nyob Tilsit, thaum Lub Ib Hlis 21 - Gumbinenn, nyob rau hnub tim 22 - Insterburg thiab Velau. Peb cov tub rog tau mus txog qhov ze rau Koenigsberg. Cov neeg German tau swb hnyav nyob rau thaj tsam Tilsit thiab Insterburg. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tub rog ntawm 3rd BF tsis tau tswj hwm ib puag ncig thiab rhuav tshem cov yeeb ncuab pawg, thiab pib ua phem rau Koenigsberg ntawm qhov txav mus. Lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm lub tank thib 3 thiab ib feem ntawm cov tub rog thaj tsam 4, muab kev tawm dag zog thiab tawm tsam, thim rov qab mus rau ciam teb ntawm Daime thiab Allé dej, mus rau txoj haujlwm ntawm Heilsberg thaj tsam muaj zog, txhawm rau tiv thaiv ntawm txoj haujlwm tshiab ntawm sab hnub poob ntawm tus dej, thiab ntawm Zemland ceg av qab teb sab qaum teb ntawm Koenigsberg.
Qhov thib ob Belorussian Pem Hauv Ntej, raws li cov lus txib ntawm Rokossovsky, thawj zaug tau ua lub luag haujlwm txhawm rau hla mus rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob, ua tiav kev koom tes ze nrog feem thib 1 BF, uas tib lub sijhawm tau ua haujlwm Vistula-Oder. Rokossovsky cov tub rog tau muab cov neeg nyob ze los ntawm sab qaum teb thiab txhawb nws txoj kev hla mus rau sab hnub poob. Los ntawm huab cua, cov tub rog ntawm pem hauv ntej tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Vershinin's 4th Air Army. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 14-16, Cov tub rog Soviet tsoo rau kev tiv thaiv yeeb ncuab. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 17, Pawg Tub Rog Tiv Thaiv 5 ntawm Volsky tau nkag mus rau hauv kev kov yeej, lub hom phiaj yog Marienburg. General Oslikovsky's 3rd Guards Cavalry Corps tau nce qib ntawm Allenstein.
Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 19, Soviet pab tub rog nyob Mlava. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 20, thaum Rokossovsky cov tub rog twb mus txog ntawm Vistula, Soviet Lub Hauv Paus tau hais kom cov pab pawg tawm tsam pem hauv ntej - thib peb, 48th, 2nd Shock thiab 5th Guards Tank Armies - tig sab qaum teb thiab sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj los pab 3- mu BF thiab ua kom nrawm dua ntawm pawg yeeb ncuab East Prussian pawg. Cov tub rog ntawm 2nd BF ncaj ncees tsim kev tawm tsam sab qaum teb. Cov tub rog ntawm pab tub rog thib 3 hla hla tus ciam teb Polish qub thaum Lub Ib Hlis 20 thiab nkag mus rau thaj av Prussian. Lawv tsoo los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua qub qub German fortified kab, tsa ua ntej tsov rog. Ib feem ntawm pab tub rog 48, hla dhau cov ntsiab lus muaj zog ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, kuj ua tiav zoo. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 22, Oslikovsky cov tub rog tsoo rau Allenstein thiab, nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov chav ntawm General Gusev's 48th Army, tau coj lub nroog. Kev tiv thaiv ntawm Allenstein fortified cheeb tsam tau tawg.
Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 26, Volsky lub tank tiv thaiv tau mus txog Frisches Huff Bay hauv Tolkemito cheeb tsam. Soviet pab tub rog thaiv Elbing. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tub rog ntawm 2nd Shock Army ntawm General Fedyuninsky tau mus txog Elbing thiab txoj hauv kev mus rau Marienburg, mus txog Vistula thiab ntes tus choj hla ntawm ntug dej sab hnub poob. Cov Chav ntawm 48th Army kuj tau nkag mus rau thaj tsam Elbing thiab Marienburg. Yog li, feem ntau ntawm Pawg Sab Hnub Tuaj Prussian (pab tub rog ntawm Pab Pawg Pabcuam "Chaw", txij Lub Ib Hlis 26 - "Sab Qaum Teb"), raug txiav tawm los ntawm cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm pab tub rog German nyob rau hauv Berlin kev taw qhia thiab poob thaj av kev sib txuas lus nrog rau hauv nruab nrab cheeb tsam ntawm Reich.
Nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm lub hauv ntej, 65th thiab 70th pab tub rog ntawm Generals Batov thiab Popov tau nce mus txog ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm ob lub ntsej muag, ua kom lawv sib cuam tshuam thiab npog cov neeg nyob ze uas tau tawm tsam yeeb ncuab Warsaw pawg. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tawv ncauj, cov tub rog no tau mus txog txoj kab ntawm Qaum Vistula thiab ntes tus choj hla ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv sab hnub poob. Nyob rau sab qaum teb, General Grishin's 49th Army tau npog lub hauv ntej lub zog tawm tsam, txav mus rau Ortelsburg.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua txuas ntxiv mus
Kev tawm tsam rau Sab Hnub Tuaj Prussia tsis tau xaus qhov ntawd. Cov Nazis tseem tsis tau swb thiab muab kev tawm tsam hnyav thiab tawm tsam. Cov lus txib German, txhawm rau rov qab sib txuas lus thaj av mus rau East Prussian pawg, npaj kev tawm tsam los ntawm cheeb tsam Heilsberg mus rau sab hnub poob, mus rau Marienburg, thiab tawm tsam tawm tsam los ntawm Elbing cheeb tsam. Hmo ntuj ntawm Lub Ib Hlis 27, 1945, pab pawg German (6 tus tub rog, 1 tsav tsheb thiab 1 lub tsheb sib cais) tau pib ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm ib feem ntawm 48th Army. Peb cov tub rog raug yuam kom thim rov qab. Hauv kev sib ntaus 4-hnub, cov neeg German tau nce mus txog 40-50 km sab hnub poob. Txawm li cas los xij, Nazis ua tsis tau zoo ntxiv. Cov lus txib hauv Soviet tau rub tawm cov rog ntxiv thiab cuam cov yeeb ncuab rov qab rau lawv cov haujlwm qub.
Lub caij no, cov tub rog ntawm 3rd BF txuas ntxiv mus rau Königsberg. Tus Saib Xyuas 11 thiab cov tub rog 39th tau tsom mus rau lub zog tiv thaiv yeeb ncuab tseem ceeb hauv Prussia. Kev tawm tsam ntawm Nazis tsis muaj zog thiab txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv thaum peb pab tub rog mus txog Koenigsberg. Cov neeg German tiv thaiv lawv lub chaw ruaj khov. Txawm li cas los xij, Red Army txuas ntxiv nws qhov kev tawm tsam. Cov tub rog German zaum 4, kom tsis txhob nkag mus rau hauv "cauldron", thim rov qab mus rau Masurian Lakes thiab txuas ntxiv mus rau sab hnub poob. Cov tub rog Lavxias tsoo los ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm German tiv thaiv ntawm Mazur kwj dej thiab sai sai yuam kom Letzen fortified cheeb tsam sab laug los ntawm cov Germans. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 26, peb cov tub rog tau coj Letzen, thiab pib tawm tsam Rastenburg. Hnub ntawd Hitler hloov tus thawj coj ntawm pab pawg East Prussian, General Reinhardt, nrog rau Colonel General Rendulich. Pab Pawg Pab Pawg Pabcuam tau hloov nws lub npe mus rau Sab Qaum Teb (pab pawg pab pawg nyob hauv Latvia dhau los ua lub npe hu ua Courland). Ob peb hnub tom qab, General Hossbach tau raug tshem tawm ntawm nws txoj haujlwm thiab tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog thib 4, thiab Müller tau los ua nws tus ua tiav.
Txog Lub Ib Hlis 30, Chernyakhovsky cov tub rog tau nthuav tawm Konigsberg los ntawm sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb, thiab tseem nyob rau feem ntau ntawm Zemland ceg av qab teb. Nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm sab xub ntiag, tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm Lakes Masurian tau nyob. Qhov chaw 4 thiab cov tub rog thib 3 ntawm cov yeeb ncuab raug kev puas tsuaj. Lawv tseem tab tom tawm tsam kev sib ntaus sib tua, sim ua kom lawv nyob ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv txhawm rau khaws cov khoom siv, ntxiv rau npog txoj kev khiav tawm ntawm Frischer-Nerung nto qaub ncaug thiab kev sib txuas lus hauv hiav txwv. Tsis tas li, cov neeg German tau tawm tsam mob siab rau lub peev ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Prussia, yog ib lub zog muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj chaw. Cov tub rog ntawm 1st Baltic Pem Hauv Ntej Lub Ib Hlis 28 nyob hauv Klaipeda, qhov chaw nres nkoj loj thiab lub nroog, ua kom tiav kev ywj pheej ntawm Lithuania los ntawm Nazis.
Yog li, Sab Hnub Tuaj Prussian pab pawg ntawm Wehrmacht raug kev txom nyem hnyav thiab tau muab faib ua peb pawg sib cais. Thawj pab pawg tau nyob ntawm Zemland ceg av qab teb (pab pawg ua haujlwm Zemland - 4 kev sib faib); qhov thib ob tau raug thaiv ntawm Königsberg (5 kev sib faib thiab cov tub rog); qhov thib peb tau txuas rau lub hiav txwv hauv thaj tsam sab qab teb sab hnub poob ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Prussian peev (20 kev sib cais). Cov Nazis, txawm hais tias muaj kev swb hnyav thiab poob, yuav tsis swb. Cov lus txib German tau npaj los thaiv Koenigsberg, xyuas kom nws muaj kev tiv thaiv mus sij hawm ntev, thiab koom ua ke txhua pab pawg sib cais. Tsis tas li, cov lus txib ntawm Pab Pawg Sab Qaum Teb vam tias yuav rov qab sib txuas lus thaj av raws txoj kev ntug dej hiav txwv Königsberg - Brandenburg. Kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav tau txuas ntxiv mus.
