Teeb meem. 1919 xyoo. 100 xyoo dhau los, thaum Lub Yim Hli 1919, Lub Yim Hli tawm tsam ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob pib. Cov Tub Rog Liab tau sim ua kom yeej pawg tseem ceeb ntawm Denikin cov tub rog thiab tso kev ywj pheej qis dua ntawm Don. Lub tshuab tseem ceeb los ntawm thaj tsam sab qaum teb ntawm Novokhopyorsk thiab Kamyshin hauv kev taw qhia dav dav rau Rostov-on-Don tau xa los ntawm Pawg Tshwj Xeeb ntawm Shorin, lub tshuab pabcuam los ntawm cheeb tsam Liski rau Kupyansk yog pawg tawm tsam ntawm Selivachev.
"Liab" armored tsheb ciav hlau muaj npe tom qab Lenin hauv Donbass. 1919 xyoo
Qhov xwm txheej ntawm sab xub ntiag
Txog thaum Lub Xya Hli Ntuj xyoo 1919, Pawg Saib Xyuas Tub Rog Dawb ntawm Sab Qab Teb ntawm Russia, coj los ntawm Denikin, ua rau muaj kev swb hnyav rau ntawm Red Southern Front. Cov Neeg Dawb tau ntes feem ntau ntawm Donetsk phiab, Crimea, Kharkov, Don cheeb tsam thiab Tsaritsyn, tsim kev tawm tsam ntxiv rau sab qaum teb thiab hauv Me Russia. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 3, 1919, Denikin tau tshaj tawm Moscow cov lus qhia, qhov twg lub hom phiaj kawg yog kev ntes Moscow. Wrangel cov tub rog Caucasian tau nce qib hauv Saratov kev coj; Sidorin's Don pab tub rog - tawm tsam hauv Voronezh cov lus qhia; Cov tub rog pab dawb ntawm Tsib Hlis-Mayevsky nyob hauv Kursk cov lus qhia, thiab ib feem ntawm cov rog yog sab hnub poob.
Txawm li cas los xij, thaum Lub Xya Hli 1919, Pawg Tub Rog Dawb tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov ua tau zoo. Qhov no yog vim muaj ntau yam. Cov kws sau keeb kwm kev ua tub rog tau sau tseg qhov muaj peev xwm ua kom tsis muaj zog ntawm AFSR, cov neeg tsawg tsawg uas yuav tsum tau tswj hwm thaj av loj, txuas kev sib txuas lus thiab nthuav dav ntxiv; kev sib faib ntawm cov rog thaum White Guards tau nce qib hauv peb qhov kev qhia; kev tsis pom zoo hauv qhov hais kom ua dawb - Denikin, Wrangel thiab cov lus txib ntawm Don pab tub rog tau muaj lawv tus kheej lub zeem muag ntawm kev txhim kho kev tawm tsam; Bolsheviks tseem tswj hwm cov nroog uas muaj neeg coob tshaj plaws thiab tsim kev lag luam nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm Russia, muaj peev xwm sib sau ua ke cov tebchaws los tawm tsam cov Neeg Dawb - "Txhua tus los tawm tsam Denikin!"; Reds muaj peev xwm rov ua kom muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv tau ntawm Yav Qab Teb Pem Hauv Ntej los ntawm kev ntsuas xwm txheej ceev, hloov kev txhawb nqa los ntawm nruab nrab Russia thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj Sab Hnub Poob, qhov twg Kolchak cov tub rog tau raug swb hnyav thiab tsis muaj kev phom sij loj ntxiv lawm.
Thaum Lub Xya Hli 15, Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob raws li cov lus txib ntawm Yegoriev muaj txog 160 txhiab tus mos txwv thiab sabers, 541 phom, tom qab ntawd nws cov lej tau nce mus rau 180 txhiab tus neeg thiab txog 900 rab phom. Ib qho ntxiv, ntau txhiab tus neeg tua rog tau nyob hauv thaj chaw muaj zog thiab cov khoom seem. Cov tub rog dawb ntawm AFSR suav txog 115 - 120 txhiab bangs thiab 300 - 350 phom.
Cov Tub Rog Dawb tsis muaj zog txaus thiab txhais tau tias tsim los ua thawj qhov kev ua tiav. Thawj qhov kev txaus siab pib ploj mus, ntau qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb sab hauv thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb tau pib tshwm sim. Kev tawm tsam ntawm Red Army tau nce ntau, kev cia siab rau sab hauv tsis muaj zog ntawm Bolshevik tsoomfwv thiab qhov kev sib tsoo zaum kawg ntawm Red Southern Front tsis ua tiav. Bolsheviks thiab Red commanders tau kawm sai, yeej rau lawv sab ntau tsarist cov thawj coj thiab cov tub ceev xwm. Cov Tub Rog Liab tau dhau los ua ib pab tub rog tiag tiag, txuas ntxiv kev coj ua ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias.
Yog li ntawd, thaum Lub Xya Hli, qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Denikin cov tub rog poob qis. Txij li nruab nrab Lub Xya Hli, Red Southern Front tau sim tawm tsam. Cov kev sim no tsis ua tiav, tab sis nres Denikin qhov kev tawm tsam. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 28, Wrangel's Caucasian pab tub rog coj Kamyshin thiab nce mus ntxiv rau sab qaum teb. Cov tub rog Don ntawm Sidorin tsis tsuas yog tuaj yeem ua tsis tau, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov kev tawm tsam tawv ncauj, uas tau mus nrog qhov sib txawv ua tiav, raug thawb rov qab, poob Liski thiab Balashov, thiab rov qab dhau Don. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev sim siab ntawm Caucasian thiab Don cov tub rog tau tawg.
Tsuas yog nyob rau sab hnub poob, Hauv Me Russia, cov neeg dawb ua tiav qhov ua tau zoo. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 31, Cov Neeg Dawb tau coj Poltava, nyob rau sab qab teb hnub poob - swb rau Reds nyob rau sab qaum teb Tavria thiab sab hnub poob ntawm Yekaterinoslav. Txuas ntxiv qhov kev tawm tsam, Dawb thaum Lub Yim Hli 11 mus txog kab Gadyach - Kremenchug - Znamenka - Elizavetgrad. Pom pom qhov muaj peev xwm tiv taus qis ntawm Western pab tub rog ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob (12th thiab 14th Red Army), Denikin hloov kho nws lub tswv yim. Tsis muaj kev tshem tawm txoj haujlwm dhau los ntawm Moscow cov lus qhia, cov lus qhia tshiab tau tshaj tawm thaum Lub Yim Hli 12. Denikin tau xaj May-Mayevsky Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb los tuav thaj tsam Znamenka, thiab Pawg Tub Rog thib 3 ntawm General Schilling, nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Lub Nkoj Dub Hiav Txwv Dub, kom ntes Kherson, Nikolaev thiab Odessa. Ib pawg ntawm Bredov tab tom tsim los tua Kiev. Kev ua tiav ntawm kev tawm tsam mus rau sab hnub poob ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los tsim ib qho kev tiv thaiv Bolshevik pem hauv ntej nrog Poland. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 18, Denikin cov tub rog tau tsoo lub ntsej muag liab hauv Novorossiya. Tub rog Liab 12 tau swb tag nrho. Lub Yim Hli 23 - 24, Dawb coj Odessa, thaum Lub Yim Hli 31 - Kiev.
Tuaj pab dawb nkag mus rau hauv lub nroog coj. Tau qhov twg los:
Kev npaj ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob
Thaum lub Yim Hli Ntuj xyoo 1919, Reds nres pab dawb pab tub rog mus rau sab qaum teb. Tom qab ntawd, Tub Rog Liab pib npaj kev tawm tsam. Thaum xub thawj, tus thawj coj-Vatsetis tau thov kom xa lub tshuab tseem ceeb hauv Kharkov cov lus qhia nrog cov tub rog ntawm 14th, 13th thiab 8th cov tub rog. Kev tawm tsam pabcuam ntawm Volga thiab Don yuav tsum tau ua phem los ntawm 9th thiab 10th pab tub rog. Trotsky txhawb nqa Vatsetis txoj haujlwm. Tus thawj coj ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob, Vladimir Yegoriev (yav dhau los tsarist tus thawj coj), tau thov kom xa lub tshuab tseem ceeb los ntawm thaj tsam Novokhopyorsk-Kamyshin hauv kev coj ntawm Khoper qis thiab qis dua. Thiab hauv Kharkiv cov lus qhia, tsuas yog ua tus tiv thaiv.
Tus thawj coj tshiab Kamenev, uas tau hloov Vatsetis, tau thov kom xa qhov kev tawm tsam tseem ceeb ntawm sab laug ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob raws li qhov qis mus txog ntawm Don. Qhov kev txiav txim siab no cuam tshuam nrog qhov chaw ntawm cov tub rog, rau kev tawm tsam Kharkov nws yog qhov tsim nyog los ua kom muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntxiv ntawm cov tub rog. Txoj phiaj xwm no tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm Bolshevik Party, txawm hais tias Trotsky tsis pom zoo.
Yog li, lub tswv yim dav dav ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog txhawm rau txhawb pab tub rog ntawm sab laug ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob los ntawm thaj tsam sab qaum teb ntawm Novokhopyorsk thiab Kamyshin mus rau Novocherkassk thiab Rostov-on-Don. Txog qhov no, thaum Lub Xya Hli 23 hauv Don qhia, Pawg Tshwj Xeeb tau tsim los ntawm kev coj ua ntawm Shorin. Vasily Shorin yog tus thawj coj paub dhau los - tus thawj tub rog ntawm tsarist pab tub rog, tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog thib 2 ntawm Sab Hnub Poob los ntawm Pab Pawg Sab Qaum Teb ntawm Sab Hnub Poob, saib xyuas Perm thiab Yekaterinburg cov haujlwm kom kov yeej Kolchakites. Nws pab pawg suav nrog cov tub rog thib 9 thiab 10, cov tub rog ntawm Budyonny, Penza, Saratov thiab Tambov cov chaw muaj zog, cov chaw tshwj tseg, txij lub Yim Hli 12 - Volga -Caspian flotilla. Shorin pawg tshwj xeeb thaum xub thawj muaj li ntawm 45 txhiab tus mos txwv thiab sabers nrog 200 phom, tom qab ntawd nws cov lej tau nce mus rau ntau dua 80 txhiab tus neeg, ntau dua 300 phom thiab 22 lub nkoj.
Kev pab tawm tsam los ntawm cheeb tsam Liski mus rau Kupyansk yuav tsum raug ua phem los ntawm pab pawg Selivachev. Vladimir Selivachev kuj tseem yog tus thawj coj uas tau paub dhau los - koom nrog hauv kev ua rog nrog Nyij Pooj thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, tsarist tus thawj coj - tau hais kom pab tub rog, faib, pab tub rog thiab pab tub rog 7 leej (thaum lub Rau Hli xyoo 1917). Thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1918 nws tau raug xaiv los ua Tub Rog Liab, thaum Lub Yim Hli 1919 - tus pab thawj coj ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob. Pawg tub rog thib 8, ob pawg ntawm pab tub rog 13, thiab thaj tsam muaj zog Voronezh tau suav nrog hauv pawg Selivachev. Pawg neeg tawm tsam muaj li ntawm 45 txhiab tus mos txwv thiab sabers, txog 250 phom. Pawg Tub Rog Liab 14th yuav tsum txhawb nqa kev ua phem ntawm pab pawg Selivachev, tawm tsam ntawm Lozovaya.
Kev pib tawm tsam ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob tau teem rau thaum lub Yim Hli pib, tab sis los ntawm lub sijhawm no lawv tsis muaj sijhawm los ua kom tiav kev npaj rau kev ua haujlwm - hloov pauv kev txhawb nqa ntxiv, khaws cia, riam phom thiab khoom siv. Lawv tsis tau tswj kom mob siab rau lub nrig ntaus nrig ntawm kev taw qhia ntawm lub tshuab tseem ceeb.
Raid Mamontov
Cov lus txib Dawb pom tias Reds tau npaj rau kev tawm tsam. Cov Neeg Dawb tau txiav txim siab tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ua ntej txhawm rau cuam tshuam cov yeeb ncuab uas yuav los, pab txhawb kev tawm tsam ntawm pab tub rog Don thiab ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg nyob tom qab ntawm Bolsheviks. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 10, 1919, 4th Don Cavalry Corps (9 txhiab tus neeg) nyob rau hauv kev hais kom ua Mamontov (Mamantov) hla Khoper River ze lub zos Dobrinskaya thiab tsoo ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm cov tub rog liab thib 9 thiab thib 8. Cov Cossacks Dawb tsoo hla lub hauv ntej thiab mus rau tom qab ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, pib txav mus rau Tambov. Cossacks tsoo cov tsheb tom qab, cov tub rog, faib cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, cuam tshuam kev sib txuas lus, rhuav tshem txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau, chaw nres tsheb, chaw khaws khoom ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob. Panic pib nyob rau tom qab liab. Kev tswj hwm rau Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob tau cuam tshuam ib ntus thiab ib nrab.
Thaum Lub Yim Hli 18, White Cossacks coj Tambov yam tsis muaj kev sib ntaus, cov tub rog hauv nroog tau khiav tawm lossis koom nrog pawg thib 4. Tom qab ntawd Dawb coj Kozlov, Lebedyan, Yelets thiab Voronezh. Kev faib tub rog tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb hauv nroog thiab cov neeg raug kaw. Txhawm rau tua Mamontov lub cev, cov lus txib liab yuav tsum tsim Lashevich pab pawg (ntau dua 20 txhiab tus neeg, cov tsheb ciav hlau tiv thaiv, kev ya dav hlau), cuam tshuam qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub hauv ntej thiab sab nraub qaum, suav nrog ntau qhov kev faib phom thiab Budyonny cov tub rog tub rog. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Don Corps, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Denikin, rov qab los rau nws tus kheej thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 19.
Mamantov tus nees tua tsis muaj zog ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm Yav Qab Teb Pem Hauv Ntej, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tau sim tsoo cov pawg tseem ceeb ntawm All-Soviet Union ntawm Yugoslavia. Ib feem ntawm lub zog ntawm lub ntsej muag liab tau txav mus rau Kev Tiv Thaiv Dawb Cossacks, lub nraub qaum tau raug rhuav tshem thiab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam. Ntawm qhov tod tes, kev tua ntawm Cossack corps tsis tau ua tiav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb - kev ua liaj ua teb nyob tom qab ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob tsis tau tawm tsam. Ntxiv mus, kev ua ntawm Cossacks tau tawm tsam cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab cov neeg nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm Russia los ntawm Kev Tawm Tsam Dawb. Lawv ua raws li tub sab thiab tub sab nyiag, zoo li yog nyob txawv teb chaws. Tsis xav tsis thoob qhov kev hais kom dawb - Denikin thiab Wrangel, tau npau taws los ntawm kev ua ntawm Don Cossacks. Mamontov cov tub ceev xwm zam kev tawm tsam, thiab tsis txhob hnov qab plunder txhua yam, suav nrog txawm tias cov tsev teev ntuj. Cossack cov tub rog tau rov qab mus rau Don nrog cov khau loj heev raws li los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm cov yeeb ncuab thaj av - nrog pab tsiaj ntawm cov tsiaj yug tsiaj thiab ntau yam khoom lag luam. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob uas Wrangel tau txiav txim siab xws li kev sib tw ua txhaum cai thiab thov kom Mamontov raug tshem tawm ntawm kev hais kom ua.
Ntawm sab laug, Cov Tub Rog Dawb tau ntaus lwm lub tshuab txhawm rau cuam tshuam kev ua ntej ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 12, General Kutepov's 1st Army Corps tsoo sab xis ntawm Red Army 13. Cov Neeg Dawb tau nce qib hauv Kursk thiab Rylsk cov lus qhia. Txoj haujlwm no cuam tshuam kev sib txuas lus ntawm pab tub rog liab hnub tim 13 thiab 14th.
Tus Thawj Coj ntawm 4th Cavalry Corps ntawm Don Army, Lieutenant General KK Mamontov
Red Army tawm tsam
Thaum Lub Yim Hli 14, 1919, Shorin Pawg Tshwj Xeeb tau tawm tsam. Nws tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov nkoj ntawm Volga flotilla. Cov tub rog ntawm Tub Rog 10 nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Klyuev thiab Budyonny cov tub rog tau tawm tsam Tsaritsyn. Cov tub rog thib 9 nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Stepin tau nce mus rau Ust-Khopyorskaya. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 22, Reds rov Kamyshin. Qhov kawg ntawm Lub Yim Hli, cov tub rog tub rog ntawm Budyonny tau kov yeej White Cossacks hauv thaj tsam ntawm Ostrovskaya lub zos thiab, ua ke nrog pab tub rog thib 10, tau ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam rau cov yeeb ncuab tub rog nyob ze lub zos Serebryakovo-Zelenovskaya. Thaum pib lub Cuaj Hli, Cov Tub Rog Liab tau mus txog Tsaritsyn. Kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav tau tawm tsam rau lub nroog. Lub zog ntawm 28 thiab 38th kev sib cais, thiab kev tsaws tawm ntawm Kozhanov cov neeg tsav nkoj tsis txaus los nqa lub nroog muaj zog tiv thaiv ntawm kev txav mus. Yog li ntawd, lawv txiav txim siab thim Budenny lub cev mus rau tom qab kom tawm tsam Dawb Cossacks ntawm Mamontov. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 9, cov neeg dawb tau tawm tsam kev tawm tsam thiab thawb rov qab los ntawm pab tub rog liab thib 10. Txog lub Cuaj Hlis 11, qhov xwm txheej hauv cheeb tsam Tsaritsyn tau ruaj khov.
Kev tawm tsam ntawm Red Army 9 tau tsim qeeb, thaum Cov Dawb tso tawm tsam tsis muaj zog. Tsuas yog thaum Lub Yim Hli 21, qhov hloov pauv tau tshwm sim hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab Reds pib thawb Don pab tub rog mus rau Khoper thiab Don dej. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 12, cov tub rog liab hla Khoper thiab nce mus txog 150 - 180 km, tab sis kev tawm tsam ntxiv tsis tau tsim.
Selivachev pab pawg tau tawm tsam kev tawm tsam thaum Lub Yim Hli 15, tawm tsam ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm Don pab tub rog thiab sab xis ntawm pab tub rog pab dawb. Hauv kaum hnub ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, Reds tau tuav thaj tsam Kupyansk. Txawm li cas los xij, Dawb tau mob siab rau cov rog loj nyob rau sab ntawm Selivachev pawg thiab thaum Lub Yim Hli 26 ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam zoo. Ntawm sab xis ntawm Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb, los ntawm thaj av Belgorod mus rau Korocha, Novy Oskol, 1st Army Corps ntawm Kutepov thiab thib 3 Kuban Cavalry Corps ntawm Shkuro raug ntaus. Ntawm sab laug ntawm Don pab tub rog, los ntawm Karpenkov, Krasnoe, Samoteyevka cheeb tsam, Thib 8 Plastunskaya thiab 2nd Don faib ua rau Biryuch. Cov Neeg Dawb tau sim ua puag ncig thiab rhuav tshem pab pawg Selivachev. Nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav rau lub Cuaj Hlis 3, Reds tau pib thim rov qab thiab, tau raug kev txom nyem hnyav, muaj peev xwm zam tau "cauldron" thiab ua kom puas tsuaj tag. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 12, Selivachev pawg tau tuav cov yeeb ncuab nyob sab nrauv ntawm Voronezh. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 17, Selivachev, uas xav tias yog neeg ntxeev siab, tau tag sim neej (lossis raug tua).
Yog li, qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob tsis coj mus rau kev swb ntawm cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm Denikin cov tub rog thiab kev tsis kam ntawm Cov Neeg Dawb los mus rau Moscow. Thaum lub Cuaj Hli, ARSUR txuas ntxiv kev tawm tsam hauv Moscow kev coj. Qhov no yog vim tsis muaj zog, tshwj xeeb yog cov tub rog nyob hauv pab pawg poob siab ntawm Shorin thiab Selivachev. Cov Reds muaj peev xwm tsoo los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab pem hauv ntej thiab mus txog qhov chaw ua haujlwm. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis muaj cov xov tooj ntawm tes muaj zog los taug kev hla tus yeeb ncuab lub nraub qaum, kom tsis sib haum cov dawb thiab cov tswv yim khaws tseg rau kev txhim kho ntawm thawj qhov ua tiav. Ib feem ntawm cov tub rog tau thim rov qab los tawm tsam Cossacks ntawm Mamontov. Ib qho ntxiv, kev tawm tsam ntawm ob pab pawg ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob tau ua ntawm nws tus kheej, tsis muaj kev sib tham nrog ib leeg. Qhov no tso cai rau cov yeeb ncuab tawm tsam lawv sib cais. Txawm li cas los xij, ua ntej ntawm Red Army ncua kev txav ntawm White Guards sab qaum teb.
Soviet tus thawj coj tub rog Vasily Ivanovich Shorin
