Yuav ua li cas Poland npaj ua tsov rog loj nyob hauv Europe. Cov neeg tseem ceeb Polish, ua ke nrog Hitler, txiav txim rau Austria thiab Czechoslovakia kom puas tsuaj. Poland tau ntxeev siab rau Fabkis, tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev tiv thaiv Austrians thiab Czechs.
Polish predator
Raws li qhov kev lees paub feem ntau lees paub (nws tau hais tawm hauv qhov kev foob ntawm Nuremberg International Military Tribunal), Lub teb chaws Yelemees tau ua thawj qhov kev ua phem thaum nws nkag mus rau Austria thiab Czechoslovakia. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv feem ntau tig qhov muag tsis pom qhov tseeb tias Poland tau ua tus neeg ua phem rau tib lub sijhawm zoo li lub tebchaws Yelemes.
Hitler tau pom zoo txoj phiaj xwm rau kev ntes Austria (phiaj xwm "Otto") xyoo 1937. Raws li txoj kev npaj no, Austria tau "tsoo" thiab thaum Lub Peb Hlis 12, 1938, cov tub rog tau coj tuaj rau ntawd. Nws zoo li Askiv thiab Fabkis yuav tsum cuam tshuam. Txawm li cas los xij, London thiab Paris tau tso Vienna rau Hitler. Ib qho ntxiv, Paris tib lub sijhawm tau txhawj xeeb txog tus cwj pwm ntawm nws cov phooj ywg sab hnub tuaj, Poland. Qhov tseeb yog thaum ua ntej ntawm kev nkag los ntawm cov tub rog German mus rau Austria, muaj xwm txheej tshwm sim ntawm tus ciam teb Polish-Lithuanian. Nyob ntawd lawv pom ib tus tub rog Polish tua los ntawm ib tus neeg. Poland tsis lees paub Lithuania qhov kev thov tsim kom muaj kev sib koom tes los tshuaj xyuas rooj plaub, thiab liam Lithuania rau nws. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 17, 1938, Tebchaws Poland, nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, tau tshaj tawm lub sijhawm kawg rau Lithuania: tsim kev sib tham, kev lag luam thiab kev xa ntawv thiab xov tooj sib tham thiab tshem tawm tsab xov xwm ntawm tsab cai lij choj uas qhia tias Vilna yog lub peev ntawm Lithuania, hem, yog tias tsis lees txais, los ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog. Tsoomfwv Lithuanian yuav tsum tshaj tawm nws qhov kev pom zoo tsis pub dhau 48 teev, thiab kev lees paub ntawm cov neeg sawv cev yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej Lub Peb Hlis 31.
Lub ntsiab lus yog thaum xyoo 1920 Tus Kav Tebchaws tau nyob hauv Vilna (lub peev Lithuanian) thiab thaj av Vilna. Cov av no tau txuas ntxiv mus rau Lub Tebchaws Polish-Lithuanian Thib Ob, thiab Lithuania tsis kam lees paub nws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov pej xeem Polish thiab cov neeg tseem ceeb ntseeg tias nws yog qhov tsim nyog txhawm rau txuas ntxiv tag nrho ntawm Lithuania. Cov phiaj xwm xov xwm tau tshaj tawm hauv tebchaws Poland hu rau kev taug kev ntawm Kaunas. Cov tub rog Polish pib npaj rau kev ntes Lithuania. Berlin txhawb nqa Warsaw cov phiaj xwm thiab hais tias nws tsuas yog nyiam Klaipeda hauv Lithuania.
Yog li, kev hem thawj ntawm kev ua tsov rog tshwm sim nyob sab Europe Europe. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Tebchaws Poland tau ua haujlwm ua ke nrog Peb Reich. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1938, Hitler ceeb toom rau tsoomfwv Polish txog kev npaj Anschluss ntawm Austria. Yog li ntawd, qhov pom ntawm lub cev tuag ntawm cov tub rog Polish nyob ntawm ciam teb nyob rau tib hnub uas pib ntawm kev tawm tsam German tawm tsam Austria yog qhov tseeb heev. Cov tub rog tsis tau tawm tsam Anschluss ntawm Austria, thiab Hitler rau txoj haujlwm los ntawm Tus Kav ntawm ib feem ntawm Lithuania, tshwj tsis yog Klaipeda (Memel) nrog thaj chaw uas yog ib feem ntawm German thaj chaw ntawm kev txaus siab.
Moscow hauv qhov xwm txheej no tsis muaj sijhawm rau Austria. Kev hem thawj ntawm kev ua tsov rog Polish-Lithuanian tau tshwm sim. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 16 thiab 18, Tsoomfwv Cov Neeg Sawv Cev rau Kev Ua Haujlwm Txawv Tebchaws ntawm USSR tau hu xov tooj tuaj rau Polish thiab piav qhia rau nws tias cov neeg Lithuanians yuav tsum tsis txhob ua txhaum, thiab txawm hais tias USSR tsis muaj kev pom zoo ua tub rog nrog Lithuania, nws yuav tshwm sim tam sim no tsov rog. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Moscow qhia cov neeg Lithuanians kom "ua rau muaj kev ua phem", txij li "zej zog thoob ntiaj teb yuav tsis nkag siab qhov kev tsis lees paub ntawm Lithuanian". Hauv cov xwm txheej thaum Fabkis tseem thov Warsaw tsis txhob coj teeb meem rau kev ua tsov rog, Poland yuav tsum tso tseg kev ua tsov rog. Kev sib raug zoo tau tsim los ntawm Poland thiab Lithuania.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias Warsaw, nrog nws tus cwj pwm, teeb tsa Fabkis ib yam. Cov tub rog tau koom nrog Paris thiab ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ua tsov rog tsis yog nrog Lithuania, tab sis kuj nrog Soviet Union. Thiab tib lub sijhawm, cov neeg German ntes Austria. Txij thaum chiv keeb los, Fab Kis thov kom tus Pole kom nyob ntsiag to thiab pab lawv nrog cov lus Austrian. Fab Kis ntshai tsam txhawb lub tebchaws Yelemes thiab txawm hais kom koom nrog USSR thaum muaj kev ua tsov rog nrog cov neeg German. Poland xav kom cia cov tub rog Soviet hla nws thaj chaw. Thiab nyob rau lub sijhawm no, tus nom tseem ceeb ntawm Fabkis - Poland, nrog kev txhawb nqa tag nrho ntawm Peb Reich, tab tom npaj qhov kev qaug dab peg ntawm Lithuania. Ntxiv mus, nws qhia txog kev tsis txaus siab rau Fab Kis, lawv hais tias, lawv tsis txhawb nqa lawv cov phiaj xwm.
Cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv tebchaws Poland tsis quav ntsej txog kev txaus siab ntawm cov phoojywg. Nws yog kev lig kev cai Polish qub dhau los: mus rau tib lub rake. Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb Polish tau raug sau tseg ntau dua ib zaug. Piv txwv li, phau ntawv "Geography ntawm Russia" rau cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, luam tawm los ntawm 2nd tsab ntawm Sytin kev koom tes hauv xyoo 1914, piav qhia txog lub cev nqaij daim tawv ntawm ntau haiv neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Russia, suav nrog Tus Tsov. Qhov kev qhia no tau sau tseg:
"Tsis muaj lwm haiv neeg, tej zaum, muaj kev sib txawv hauv chav kawm zoo ib yam li tus Pole. Cov neeg muaj peev xwm ib txwm sawv sib nrug los ntawm cov neeg (npuaj teg), thiab cov yam ntxwv sib txawv kiag li tau tsim hauv nws. Kev nplua nuj, tsis ua haujlwm (ua tsaug rau kev ua haujlwm rau neeg ua haujlwm), nrog rau kev lom zem tsis tu ncua, muab cov chav kawm siab dua ntawm qhov tsis tseem ceeb, tsis muaj qab hau thiab nyiam kev nplua nuj thiab zoo nkauj, uas ua rau lub xeev puas tsuaj."
Tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi hloov pauv hauv Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob-Lithuanian, uas yog qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev puas tsuaj loj thaum lub Cuaj Hlis xyoo 1939. Tam sim no cov neeg tseem ceeb Polish tau rov nqis tes rau tib tus tsaj. Kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab kev saib tsis taus ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb tau rhuav tshem Poland.
Kev cais tawm ntawm Czechoslovakia
Yav tom ntej, Warsaw txuas ntxiv nws txoj cai nruj, pab Hitler ua txhaum Versailles system hauv Europe. Rov qab rau xyoo 1937, Hitler tau txiav txim siab zaum kawg ntawm kev faib Czechoslovakia. Ua ntej kev tawm tsam ntawm Austria, Hitler tau hais lus tseem ceeb hauv Reichstag thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1938, qhov uas nws tau cog lus tias yuav koom ua ke "10 lab tus neeg German nyob rau lwm sab ntawm ciam teb." Tam sim ntawd tom qab kev ua haujlwm ntawm Austria, Berlin tau ntxiv dag zog rau nws txoj haujlwm ntawm Sudeten cov lus nug. Ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm cov neeg txhawb nqa Sudeten Party thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1938 hauv Karlovy Vary, tau thov kom cais cov cheeb tsam ciam teb los ntawm Czechoslovakia thiab koom nrog lawv mus rau Peb Reich. Tsis tas li, Sudeten Germans tau thov kom Prague xaus qhov kev pom zoo ntawm kev sib pab nrog Fabkis thiab USSR. Nov yog qhov teeb meem Sudeten tau tshwm sim.
Prague tau hais qhia nws qhov kev npaj ua kom sawv mus txog qhov kawg. Czechoslovakia muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo ntawm ciam teb nrog Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua-npaj ua tub rog. Czechoslovakia muaj kev lag luam tub rog zoo. Tsis tas li, Czechoslovakia muaj kev sib koom ua tub rog nrog Fab Kis, uas tau muab Czechs lav rau tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam German. Fabkis muaj tib lub koom haum nrog Poland. Ntawd yog, yog tias lub kaw lus no tau qhib, Hitler tsis tuaj yeem pib ua tsov rog loj hauv Tebchaws Europe. Fabkis, Askiv, Poland, Czechoslovakia thiab USSR yuav tawm tsam qhov ntawd tseem yog lub tebchaws Yelemes uas tsis muaj zog. Ntawm qhov no, Fuhrer cov phiaj xwm los tsim "Eternal Reich" yuav tau xaus.
Txawm li cas los xij, thaum xyoo 1938 Reich pib tso siab rau Czechs, nws yog Fabkis txoj kev txaus siab uas Czechoslovakia thiab Poland tau koom nrog kev ua tub rog, thiab Warsaw tau txwv tsis pub ua li ntawd. Cov neeg Fab Kis tseem tau sim yaum cov Pole kom tshem tawm ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm Txawv Teb Chaws Minister Beck, uas yog tus saib xyuas Warsaw txoj cai txawv teb chaws. Tus ncej tsis tshem Beck, thiab lawv tsis tau xaus kev koom tes nrog Prague. Lub ntsiab lus yog tias Warsaw tau thov thaj av tsis yog rau Russia thiab Lithuania nkaus xwb, tabsis tseem rau Czechoslovakia. Cov tub rog tau thov rau Cieszyn Silesia. Yog li, lwm qhov kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv Bohemian qhov kev xav hauv tebchaws Poland tau tshwm sim xyoo 1934, thaum muaj kev tawm tsam tseem ceeb tau rov qab los rau thaj av Polish qub. Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1934, cov tub rog Polish nyob ntawm ciam teb nrog Czechoslovakia nqa cov maneuvers loj, qhov uas lawv tau xyaum ua thaum muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm Czechoslovakia lossis nws swb rau lub tebchaws Yelemes. Xyoo 1935, kev sib raug zoo ntawm Polish-Czech tau txias dua. Ob tus kws sawv cev raug xa mus tsev. Tsoomfwv Polish, luam Hitler txoj cai, tsim thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1938 hauv Cieszyn "Union of Poles", lub homphiaj uas yog txhawm rau txhawb thaj tsam no rau Poland.
Fabkis xyoo 1935 xaus lus pom zoo ua tub rog nrog USSR los tiv thaiv cov neeg Czech los ntawm cov neeg German. Moscow tau kos npe ob daim ntawv cog lus: nrog Fabkis thiab Czechoslovakia. Raws li lawv, Moscow tau cog lus tias yuav pab Prague, yog tias tau txhawb nqa los ntawm nws cov phooj ywg qub - Fabkis. Xyoo 1938, Reich, hem Czechs nrog kev ua tsov rog, thov kom Sudetenland. Cov phooj ywg ntawm Czechoslovakia Fab Kis, thaum muaj kev tawm tsam German tiag tiag ntawm Czechs, yog kom tshaj tawm kev ua tsov rog rau Yelemes. Thiab thaum lub sijhawm tseem ceeb no, lwm tus phooj ywg ntawm Fab Kis, Poland, tshaj tawm tias nws yuav tsis tshaj tawm kev ua tsov rog rau Hitler lub Tebchaws Yelemees, txij li qhov no Fab Kis yuav tawm tsam cov neeg German, tsis yog Germans, Fabkis. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Poland ntxeev siab rau nws cov phooj ywg, Fabkis. Cov tub rog tau tshem riam phom thiab ua rau Fabkis xav tsis thoob thiab ua rau lawv tsis ntseeg lawv tus kheej. Fabkis ntshai txhawb Czechoslovakia ib leeg (tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa ntawm lwm lub tebchaws sab hnub poob). Paris, tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa ntawm Poland, ua rau cov neeg Askiv, uas xav "pacify" Hitler ntawm kev siv nyiaj ntawm cov tebchaws ntawm Central thiab Eastern Europe.
Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1938, Soviet Union tau tshaj tawm nws txoj kev npaj los txhawb Czechoslovakia, muab tias Red Army hla tebchaws Poland lossis Romania. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias tsoomfwv ntawm Poland thiab Romania tsis lees paub qhov kev thov Soviet. Yog tias Moscow tau sim coj cov tub rog mus rau Czechoslovakia hla tebchaws Poland, tom qab ntawd, ntxiv rau Poland, Romania kuj tau tshaj tawm kev ua tsov rog rau peb, nrog rau cov Poles tau muaj kev sib koom ua tub rog hais tawm tsam Russia. Qhov txaus siab, Moscow tau hais qhia nws qhov kev npaj ua tiav daim ntawv cog lus nrog Czechs, txawm hais tias Fabkis tso nws tseg. Ntawd yog, Lub Koom Haum tau npaj los tawm tsam Yelemes thiab Poland (ntxiv rau Romania) hauv kev koom tes nrog Czechoslovakia. Tab sis cov Czechs tau tawg thiab ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab ntawm "kev sib koom sab hnub poob".
Hyena ntawm Tebchaws Europe
Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 29, 1938, tau pom zoo daim ntawv cog lus hauv Munich ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Tebchaws Askiv, Fabkis thiab Ltalis. Czechoslovakia yuav tsum tso Sudetenland rau lub tebchaws Yelemes. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1, 1938, Wehrmacht tau txeeb tau Czechoslovakia thiab nyob hauv Sudetenland. Nyob rau tib hnub ntawd, Czechoslovakia raug yuam kom thim nws cov tub rog los ntawm thaj av Cieszyn, uas yog tebchaws Poland ntes tau thaum Lub Kaum Hli 2.
Rov qab los rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1938, Berlin, thaum lub rooj sib tham tsis raws cai nrog tus Pole, tau hais meej tias nws yuav tsis tawm tsam Poland txoj kev raug ntes ntawm cheeb tsam Cieszyn. Txog lub Cuaj Hlis 20, Cov kws lis haujlwm hauv tebchaws Polish thiab German tau sib koom tsim cov cai ntawm lub xeev tshiab ciam teb, uas tau xa mus rau Munich. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 21, 1938, nyob nruab nrab ntawm qhov teeb meem Sudeten, Warsaw nthuav tawm lub sijhawm kawg rau Prague, xav kom hloov pauv ntawm Cieszyn Silesia. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 27, tau rov hais dua qhov xav tau rau Teshin qhov kev hloov pauv tau tshaj tawm. Lub zog tiv thaiv Bohemian cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm tau tshaj tawm hauv tebchaws Poland. Hauv cov nroog Polish, kev nrhiav neeg tau txais txoj hauv kev rau Cieszyn Volunteer Corps. Cov neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb tau raug xa mus rau ciam teb ntawm Czechoslovakia, qhov chaw uas lawv tau nqa riam phom ua phem thiab ua phem rau, thiab tawm tsam chaw ua tub rog. Lub dav hlau Polish ua txhaum lub dav hlau ntawm Czechoslovakia txhua hnub. Kev lis kev cai Polish tau thov hauv London thiab Paris kev daws teeb meem zoo ib yam rau Sudeten thiab Cieszyn teeb meem. Lub caij no, cov tub rog Polish thiab German tau pom zoo ntawm kab kev sib cais ntawm cov tub rog hauv Czechoslovakia.
Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 30, tsoomfwv Polish tau xa lwm qhov kawg mus rau Czechs xav kom lawv lees txais cov neeg Polish thaum 12 teev tav su thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1 thiab ua tiav lawv li ntawm 10 hnub. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib tham sai sai, Fabkis thiab Askiv, tsis xav cuam tshuam kev sib tham hauv Munich, tso siab rau Czechoslovakia. Chekhov raug yuam kom pom zoo rau cov lus. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1, Czechs pib thim tawm ntawm ciam teb, thiab thaj av Cieszyn tau pauv mus rau Poland. Qhov Rzeczpospolita Thib Ob tau txais 805 km² ntawm thaj chaw thiab ntau dua 230 txhiab tus pej xeem. Ib qho ntxiv, Cheeb Tsam Cieszyn yog lub chaw lag luam tseem ceeb ntawm Czechoslovakia, thiab Poland tau nce peev txheej ntawm nws txoj kev lag luam hnyav los ntawm yuav luag 50%. Yog li, Tebchaws Poland, ua ke nrog Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, tau pib ua tsov rog loj nyob hauv Europe.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev khav theeb ntxiv ntawm tus Paws xav tsis thoob txawm tias Berlin. Yog li, thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1938, tau tshoov siab los ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm Warsaw, xav kom Czechoslovakia hloov Moravian Ostrava thiab Vitkovic rau nws. Tab sis Hitler nws tus kheej twb tau pom qhov muag ntawm cov chaw no. Thaum cov neeg German tshem tawm qhov seem ntawm Czechoslovakia thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1939, cais kev ntsuas tau tawm tsam qhov ua tau los ntawm Poland. Hitler tau xaj kom ua haujlwm ntawm Moravian-Ostrava qhov tseem ceeb txhawm rau txhawm rau nyab xeeb Vitkovice cov hlau ua hlau ua ntej los ntawm kev ntes los ntawm Tus Kws. Cov tub ceev xwm Polish tsis tawm tsam qhov kev ntes ntawm Czech koom pheej, tab sis tau tawm tsam los ntawm qhov tseeb tias thaum lub sijhawm kawg ntawm Czechoslovakia muab faib, lawv tsis tau muab thaj av tshiab.
Yog li Poland tau dhau los ua "hyena ntawm Tebchaws Europe". Tsis muaj kev sib koom tes nrog Hitler, Warsaw nrhiav kom txiav tawm txhua yam uas tuaj yeem ua thiab tsis tuaj yeem ua. Yog li ntawd, Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Txawv Tebchaws German hu ua Poland "kev sib ntaus sib tua hyena." Thiab W. Churchill sau tseg:
"Thiab tam sim no, thaum tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig no thiab tag nrho cov kev pab no tau ploj thiab muab pov tseg, Askiv, ua tus thawj coj Fab Kis, thov kom lees paub kev ncaj ncees ntawm Tebchaws Poland - Poland zoo heev uas, tsuas yog rau lub hlis dhau los, nrog kev siab hlob ntawm hyena, tau koom nrog hauv kev tub sab thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm xeev Czechoslovak. "…
