Thawj poob siab Soviet Sharia kem. Rau Soviet hwj chim thiab Sharia

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Thawj poob siab Soviet Sharia kem. Rau Soviet hwj chim thiab Sharia
Thawj poob siab Soviet Sharia kem. Rau Soviet hwj chim thiab Sharia

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Video: Thawj poob siab Soviet Sharia kem. Rau Soviet hwj chim thiab Sharia
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Thawj poob siab Soviet Sharia kem. Rau Soviet hwj chim thiab Sharia!
Thawj poob siab Soviet Sharia kem. Rau Soviet hwj chim thiab Sharia!

Kev tawm tsam thiab Tsov Rog Zaum Ob ntawm lub xyoo pua kawg tau sib cais sib sib zog nqus hauv Caucasus, uas ua rau muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua rau txhua tus. Hauv Kuban, ib tog neeg ntawm Cossacks ywj pheej nrog Kuban Rada tau tsim, Georgia haiv neeg nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Mensheviks tau ntes Tiflis, hauv Vladikavkaz thiab Pyatigorsk, Lub Tebchaws Soviet Terek tau tshaj tawm ua ib feem ntawm RSFSR, uas tsis tiv thaiv Terek Cossacks los ntawm kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam, tom qab ntawd txiav txim siab ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Dagestan niaj hnub no. foreman Lazar Bicherakhov, tom qab ntawd North Caucasian Emirate, thiab lwm yam.

Lawv tsis poob qab cov neeg nyob ze Kabarda thiab Balkaria, uas lub hnub qub ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm Zaurbek Aslanbekovich Dautokov-Serebryakov tau nce. Ib tus qub tub rog ntawm Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb, Zaurbek tau tsa kev tawm tsam Bolshevik kev tawm tsam hauv Kabarda, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv Balkaria. Txhua yam no tau ntsuas los ntawm haiv neeg thiab kev ntseeg. Piv txwv li, xyoo 1917, tus thawj coj ntawm kev tawm tsam Bolshevik rog ntawm Kabarda, Zaurbek, tau hloov pauv mus rau Islam thiab tawm tsam Bolsheviks hauv qab ntsuab chij ntawm Gazavat. Dautokov ntse siv txoj kev ntseeg hauv nws kev ua rog tawm tsam Soviets. Nws txawm sau paj huam, cov lus hais txog nws kev ua tsov ua rog:

Yog li nco ntsoov lo lus yaj saub

Nws tsis yog qhov tshiab rau cov neeg caij nees:

Foom koob hmoov rau txhua tus kwv tij

Cia muaj cov lus dawb huv ntawm ghazavat.

Tsuav yog dawb huv la-il-laha-il Allah,-

ntsuab chij nrog lub hli, Txog thaum ntawd yuav tsis muaj chaw txaus ntshai

Hauv lub siab ntawm txhua tus neeg uas nkag rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua …

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Bolsheviks tau paub zoo txog Zaurbek qhov kev ua si no thiab nws cov koom nrog, yog li lawv tau txiav txim siab txeeb cov haujlwm los ntawm kev yeej txoj kev khuv leej ntawm cov pej xeem hauv zej zog thiab tsim kom muaj zog Soviet nyob hauv Kabarda thiab Balkaria. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1918, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Tib Neeg Cov Cai ntawm RSFSR tau txais tsab cai lij choj "Ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm kev xav, lub tsev teev ntuj thiab kev ntseeg kev ntseeg." Nov yog qhov lawv txiav txim siab siv. Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb tias Bolsheviks yog cov neeg tawm tsam ntawm adat thiab sharia, nthuav dav ntawm cov neeg nce toj, thiab siv txawm tias thaum lub sijhawm tsarist kev tswj hwm, sab nrauv lawv tau kho cov xwm txheej no tsis txaus ntseeg thiaj li yuav yeej qhov kev txhawb nqa ntawm Kabardins thiab Balkars.

Ntawm txoj kev mus rau Shariah kem

Kev txhawb nqa ntawm Bolsheviks hauv Kabarda yog Nazir Katkhanov. Ib tus kws qhia sab hnub tuaj, ib tus neeg Arabist uas qhia lus Arabic ntawm Nalchik lub tsev kawm ntawv tiag, Nazir tsis yog tus lej tseem ceeb rau Kabarda. Txawm tias nws tseem hluas, nws kawm tiav los ntawm madrasah thiab Baksan Theological School thiab paub Kaulees tsis phem dua li Txiv Plig Phau Vajlugkub. Katkhanov ntseeg tias Bolshevik cov hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Sharia yog qhov ua tau zoo ib yam, uas txhais tau tias lawv yuav tsis tsuas yog sib xws, tab sis muaj peev xwm ua kom sib ntxiv. Ib qho ntxiv, kev ywj pheej ntawm kev ntseeg, hauv nws lub tswv yim, tshem tawm ntau yam teeb meem kev sib cuam tshuam hauv Caucasus.

Thaum Lub Yim Hli 1918, Bolshevik tog qhia Nazir pib tsim Soviet rog hauv Kabarda txhawm rau tawm tsam Zaurbek Dautokov. Nws yog thaum ntawd cov lus hais tias "Rau Soviet Lub Hwj Chim thiab Sharia" tau tshwm sim. Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas Kathanov tau ua tiav thaum tsim cov kab lus Shariah yav tom ntej yog tias nws tau tshem tawm cov haiv neeg thiab kev ntseeg los ntawm Dautokov tus taw. Cov neeg ua liaj ua teb Kabardian nrhiav los ntawm Nazir thiab lwm tus phooj ywg zoo li tau hais: qhov no yog peb qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb sab hauv, kev xav tsis sib haum xeeb.

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Thaum pib lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1918, Katkhanov nrog cov neeg Lavxias-Kabardian me me tuaj txog hauv thaj tsam ntawm lub zos Lesken, nyob ntawm ciam teb niaj hnub Kabardino-Balkaria thiab North Ossetia-Alania. Ntawm no nws muaj peev xwm nrhiav cov tub rog tseem ceeb. Kev tshem tawm me me tau nce mus rau 1,500 tus neeg caij nees. Txhawm rau ntxiv dag zog rau Katkhanov qhov kev tshem tawm, ib pawg Ossetian-Kermenists raug xa mus (Ossetian kiv puag ncig-kev ywj pheej hauv tebchaws "Kermen", tom qab koom nrog Bolshevik tog), coj los ntawm Soslanbek Tavasiev, yav tom ntej tus kws kos duab thiab tus kws kos duab ntawm Ossetia. Thaum kawg, kev sib koom ua ke tau tawm ntawm Nalchik. Raws li peb tau tsiv mus rau lub nroog, Katkhanov tswj kom nce cov neeg tawm mus rau 4000 tus neeg. Lub zog no yuav tsum tau suav nrog.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Terek uprising ntawm Cossacks nyob rau hauv tag nrho viav vias. Cossacks nyob Mozdok, muaj ntau lub zos loj thiab tau ntes Vladikavkaz ib ntus, tab sis raug ntiab tawm ntawm qhov ntawd. Cov xwm txheej no tau saib xyuas zoo los ntawm tsoomfwv hauv Kabarda - Kabardian National (qee zaum qhia tias: Tib Neeg) Pawg Sab Laj, coj los ntawm Tausultan Shakmanov. Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev tau tos tos thiab pom tus cwj pwm, sim ua kom muaj kev tsis ncaj ncees. Shakmanov tseem xa cov neeg sawv cev mus rau Terek Cossacks, Bolsheviks thiab Dautokov qhov kev sib cais. Cov pejxeem hauv nroog raug txwv tsis pub koom nrog ib pawg twg. Dua li qhov no, Pawg Neeg tau lees paub tias Katkhanov yog tus ua phem thiab hais kom nws raug ntes tam sim ntawd.

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Nyob rau hnub tim 20 ntawm lub Cuaj Hli 1918, tau tshem 25 tus neeg caij nees tawm mus ntsib Katkhanov nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ntes nws. Kev raug ntes tsis mus raws li txoj kev npaj. 4000 tus neeg Lavxias, Kabardians thiab Ossetians tau tshem riam phom tshem tawm sai sai los ntawm Shakmanov. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 24, Katkhanov nyob Nalchik yam tsis muaj kev sib ntaus thiab tshwm sim ntawm Soviet, tshaj tawm tias Hauv Nroog Soviet, Kabardin National Council thiab Pawg Sab Laj tsis txaus siab rau cov neeg ua haujlwm. Ua tiav los ntawm qhov no, chav Shari'a tshiab xav kom Shakmanov tawm haujlwm thiab xa lub zog mus rau Shari'a Pawg Tub Rog Tub Ceev Xwm, tsis ntev los no tau tsim nyob hauv kev tshem tawm.

Cossack Mironenko thiab nws Sharia liab

Ib txhij nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Nalchik, txoj kev tswj hwm kev thauj mus los tau pib tsim thiab tsim kev tawm tsam pawg tub rog tawm tsam pib. Tus thawj coj ntawm Sharia kem nws tus kheej (tsis ntev nws yuav raug hu ua Thawj Soviet poob siab Sharia kem) yog Kuban Cossack los ntawm lub zos Razdolnaya Grigory Ivanovich Mironenko, koom nrog hauv Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ib. Tom qab ntawd, Grigory Ivanovich tau txais txiaj ntsig nyiaj saber los ntawm Sergo Ordzhonikidze txhais tes rau nws kev txawj ua thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog thiab kev ua siab loj rau tus kheej thiab tau txais khoom plig rau kev sib ntaus - Kev Txiav Txim ntawm Red Banner. Nyob rau hauv Mironenko, muaj Katkhanov, uas tau hais kom ua tiav txhua tus tub rog ib txwm uas tau nkag mus rau hauv kab ntawv tas li. Ib qho ntxiv, Katkhanov yog tus sawv cev ntawm cov neeg Kabardian. N. S. tau raug xaiv los ua tus sawv cev ntawm kab ntawv. Nikiforov. Pawg Tub Rog Tawm Tsam Kev Tawm Tsam kuj yog thoob ntiaj teb: Katkhanov (tus thawj tswj hwm), E. Polunin, M. Temirzhanov, S. Tavasiev thiab T. Sozaev.

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Thaum lub sijhawm ntes Nalchik, ntau thiab ntau Bolshevik cov neeg sib cais tau pib ua raws cov kab. Sharia kem sawv cev rau lub zog tseem ceeb, tshem tawm lub tebchaws qhov tseem ceeb los ntawm hauv qab taw ntawm kev tawm tsam Bolshevik. Thaum Lub Cuaj Hli 25, ib lub koom haum tswj hwm tshwj xeeb ntawm nws qhov zoo hauv tag nrho Caucasus tau tshwm sim - Pawg Tub Rog Sharia Revolution Council. Tus npau suav ntawm Kathanov tau tsim lub tsev hais plaub Sharia, suav nrog ob tus neeg ua pov thawj raug xaiv los ntawm cov pej xeem, los hloov chaw saib xyuas kev ncaj ncees uas twb muaj lawm hauv txhua lub zos. Cov tswv cuab hauv zej zog thiab cov mullahs tau raug xaiv rau rau lub hlis. Cov kev xav ntawm Katkhanov thiab cov tub rog tau kov. Txij tam sim no, txhua tus tub rog muaj nws tus kheej tus thawj coj ntawm sab ntsuj plig - mullah. Txawm tias muaj tseeb tias nws tau saib cov neeg phem nyob hauv nruab nrab hauv lub qhov muag ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm, Kathanov nrog nws kab ntawv yog qhov tsim nyog, yog li ntawd, pom tseeb, nws tau suav hais tias yog kev pab ib ntus.

Tsis ntev, feem ntau ntawm Sharia Reds raug yuam kom tawm hauv Nalchik, vim. Terek kev tawm tsam loj hlob, uas yog ib nrab ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam tawm tsam lawv tus kheej, leej twg nqa Cossacks mus rau qhov huab nrog lawv cov kev tawm tsam thiab plunder. Ntau tus "liab" toj siab kuj tseem txawv lawv tus kheej, pib nyiag lawv cov neeg nyob ze Cossack, zais tom qab lub tswv yim ntawm Bolsheviks.

Muaj tseeb, nws tsim nyog taw qhia tias Katkhanov tau sim nres qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb no, yam tsawg kawg hauv Kabarda, tsis txhob hnov qab qhov kev txaus siab ntawm Bolsheviks. Yog li, Pawg Tub Rog Sharia tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv foob hauv Lavxias thiab Arabic:

"Serebryakov (Dautokov) dag ntxias cov neeg Muslim tias raws li Sharia nws yog qhov tsim nyog los rhuav tshem cov neeg tsis nyob hauv (Lavxias) cov neeg hauv cheeb tsam, thaum qhov no tsis ua raws li Sharia. Serebryakov cov lus hais tiag tsis yog kev ntseeg, tab sis tawm tsam kev tawm tsam."

Txawm li cas los xij, twb pib thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1918, tawm hauv lub tub rog me me hauv Nalchik, kem mus rau Pyatigorsk. Muaj, kab ntawv tau hloov pauv mus rau 1st Shock Soviet Sharia kem (Derbent Rifle Regiment, 1st Peasant Regiment, Black Sea People Regiment, Taganrog Infantry Regiment, Nalchik Cavalry Regiment, First Revolutionary Kuban Cavalry Regiment, First Sharia Cavalry Regiment, Tersk Cavalry artillery battalion, pab tub rog howitzer, pawg tub rog, tswj tuam txhab). Cov lus hais saum toj no Mironenko tau dhau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm chav tshiab.

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Txij li thawj hnub, kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav tau pib rau Grozny thiab lub zos Prokhladnaya, hauv thaj tsam Mineralnye Vody, Kislovodsk thiab Essentuki. Cov kem sib ntaus sib tua tau mob siab rau, ua phem thiab ceev nrawm, uas tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm Sergo Ordzhonikidze, uas tau sau tseg txog kev ua tub rog ntawm kab ntawv hauv xov tooj mus rau Lenin.

Kev sib ntaus rau Nalchik, lossis Dautokov ntaus rov qab

Thaum lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm kem tau tawm tsam sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qaum teb sab hnub poob ntawm Nalchik, Dautokov txiav txim siab los tuav lub nroog, uas tsuas muaj ib lub tub rog me me ntawm Sharia Reds. Nws qhov kev tshem tawm "Kabarda Dawb" suav nrog peb puas tus neeg caij tsheb, sib faib plastuns, pab pawg siv phom thiab ob rab phom, thiab txhua lub zog ntawm Reds hauv Nalchik nyuam qhuav mus txog 700 tus neeg tua rog yam tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa.

Thaum pib lub Kaum Hli 1918, Nalchik twb paub txog Dautokov qhov kev tawm tsam hauv nroog. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tub rog tsis tsuas yog tsis thim rov qab thiab tsis tawg, tab sis txiav txim siab tua tus kheej tiag. Hloov chaw ntawm kev hloov lub nroog mus rau lawv tus kheej kev tiv thaiv, Reds txiav txim siab tawm tsam tawm tsam kev nce qib Zaurbek.

Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 6, nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm aul Tambievo (tam sim no lub zos Dygulybgey hauv KBR), ntawm tus dej Baksan (sab qaum teb ntawm Nalchik), kev sib ntaus sib tua tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm Nalchik tshem tawm ntawm Sharia kem thiab "Kabarda Dawb" "Kev tshem tawm ntawm Dautokov tau tshwm sim, uas tau ua rau yuav luag tag nrho hnub. Raws li kev cia siab, txawm hais tias ua siab tawv ntawm Sharia Reds, lawv tau swb lawm. Kev swb yeej ua nyuaj heev. Tus thawj coj ntawm pawg neeg sib cais, Mazhid Kudashev, raug tua hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, thiab Nalchik cov tub rog tau poob ntau dua ib nrab ntawm nws cov tub rog raug tua. Tsuas yog thaum 22:00, hauv qhov tsaus ntuj, Reds pib thim rov qab mus rau Ossetia. Kev tawg me me yuav tom qab koom nrog qib ntawm Ossetian-Kermenists.

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Dautokov tau nkag mus rau Nalchik nyob rau hnub tom ntej, pib rov tsim dua thaj tsam thiab nws txoj cai lij choj. Zaurbek, txaus txaus, tam sim no tseem tawm tsam kev ntxub ntxaug lwm haiv neeg, txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tuaj yeem yog lwm yam, muab plastuns hauv nws qhov kev sib cais, tham txog kev ua kwv ua tij ntawm Kabardians thiab Lavxias Cossacks thiab, tau kawg, tam sim thov kom tsim kev sib cais tshiab tawm tsam Bolsheviks.

Nalchik liab dua, dawb dua thiab liab dua

Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 19, Shariah kem, txhawb nqa los ntawm cov qib siab ntawm pawg tub rog 11 thiab 12, tau yooj yim nyob hauv Nalchik. Shakmanov, uas Dautokov rov qab los rau lub hwj chim, tau khiav tawm. Dautokov nws tus kheej tau thim rov qab los koom nrog Denikin Cov Tub Rog Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb. Hauv Nalchik, Katkhanov tau rov qab xaj "qub". Txawm li cas los xij, Bolsheviks tam sim no tau hnov me ntsis txias rau nws Sharia kev npau suav, txwv kev coj ua ntawm kev thov Sharia tshwj xeeb ntawm cov neeg Muslim.

Thiab dua ib kab tau tawg rog, tawm mus sib ntaus nrog Bicherakhov cov koog. Nalchik tau rov ua dua los ntawm pab tub rog pab dawb. Lub sijhawm no, kev ntxhov siab tau pib, uas Bolsheviks nthuav tawm lawv tus kheej li kev tsim txom cov neeg Muslim. Tus thawj kav ntawm Kabarda, tus tub huabtais thiab dav dav Fyodor Nikolaevich Bekovich-Cherkassky, tau hais lus nrov nrov:

"Kuv thov cov pej xeem thiab cov tub rog txuas ntxiv nrog lub siab dawb huv thiab thov Vajtswv rau Great Allah kom ua lub nra hnyav hauv av thiab ua tub rog nyob rau pem hauv ntej, nco ntsoov tias hauv qhov kev ua dawb huv no peb tsim lub neej tom ntej zoo kawg nkaus thiab Cov neeg Kabardian."

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Cov kab lus Soviet Shariah tau poob nws qhov tseem ceeb. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws cov koog, coj los ntawm Katkhanov, tau koom nrog pab tub rog ntawm North Caucasian Emirate, qhov uas lawv tau rov qab tawm tsam nrog kev tawm tsam nrog Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb. Lub emirate, txawm hais tias tau coj los ntawm emir Uzun-Khadzhi, tus thawj coj ntawm nom tswv thiab kev ntseeg uas tau tawm tsam kev cai dab qhuas tawm tsam AFSR, tsis ntev los tau poob qis hauv Bolsheviks. Tus Minister of Internal Affairs yog Bolshevik Khabala Besleneev, thiab tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog yog Magomet Khaniev, kuj yog Bolshevik.

Thaum pib xyoo 1920, kev koom ua ke ntawm Bolshevik rog pib hauv North Caucasus. Thaum pib Lub Peb Hlis 1920, Katkhanov twb muaj peev xwm tso tau ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm Kabarda los ntawm Denikin cov tub rog. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 10, Nalchik raug tua los ntawm cov neeg tua rog ntawm yav dhau los Sharia kem. Yuav luag tam sim ntawd, npau suav Nazir tau nthuav tawm cov lus pom zoo hauv qab no rau hauv tsab cai lij choj ntawm Roob Soviet Socialist Republic: los qhia Sharia kev hais plaub hauv qhov chaw nyob ntawm cov neeg Muslim nyob nrog rau Soviet cov neeg lub tsev hais plaub, los tsim Sharia cov haujlwm ntawm Commissariat of Justice Roob koom pheej thiab ntawm koog tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm nyob deb nroog. Tab sis tsis ntev lub hwj chim ntawm Sharia cov tsev hais plaub tau txo qis. Thaum kawg, lub tsev hais plaub tau ua kom tiav.

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Katkhanov txuas ntxiv nws cov haujlwm kev nom tswv, nrhiav thawj lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm cov lus dab neeg hauv Nalchik, thiab lwm yam. Xyoo 1928, nws tau raug ntes thiab tua rau kev sim tsim cov pab pawg neeg ua phem rau haiv neeg. Xyoo 1960, nws tau rov kho tom qab.

Tus Thawj Coj Mironenko, nkees ntawm kev ua tsov rog ntshav tsis kawg, rov qab mus rau nws lub zos Razdolnaya. Thaum Tsov Rog Loj Patriotic, yuav luag 60 xyoo Grigory Ivanovich tau ua cov lus qhia los ntawm pawg thawj coj hauv cheeb tsam los npaj cov khoom siv ntawm pab tub rog Soviet, thiab tseem koom nrog tsim kev faib pab dawb. Xyoo 1944, Mironenko tau raug xaiv los ua tus thawj coj ntawm pawg thawj coj ntawm Zheleznovodsk Council of Working People Deputies. Grigory Ivanovich Mironenko tau txais qhov Orders of Lenin thiab Badge of Honor Tus thawj coj uas txaus ntshai ntawm kev poob siab Soviet Sharia kem tuag xyoo 1970.

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