Ethyl cawv thiab kev ua tsov ua rog yog yam ua tsis sib xws. Feem ntau, kuv twv hais tias koj tsis tuaj yeem tawm tsam yam tsis muaj cawv cawv, qhov no yog kab lus no hais txog. Ua rau ethyl cawv!
Ethyl cawv muab ntau thiab tseem tuaj yeem muab ntau, yog tias koj pom txoj hauv kev raug rau nws. Nws tsis yog tsuas yog Cov Neeg Commissar's 100 grams, uas txhua tus paub thiab txhua tus neeg. Ib daim ntawv teev tag nrho cov khoom lag luam tshuaj tau los ntawm cawv cawv, qee qhov ncaj qha, thiab lwm qhov yog cuam tshuam ncaj qha ntsig txog kev ua tub rog. Piv txwv li, kev siv ntau hom kev foob pob tawg, xws li TNT lossis ammonal, tsis yooj yim sua lossis nyuaj heev yam tsis muaj lub foob pob - cov nqi nruab nrab ntawm cov muaj zog thiab cov khoom tawg txaus.
Ib hom kev tawg xws li, ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN), tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cawv cawv. Dej cawv tau hloov pauv mus rau ethylene, ethylene tom qab ntawd hloov mus rau ethylene oxide, uas yog hydrated rau ethylene glycol, uas nyob rau hauv lem yog nitrated. EHDN tuaj yeem foob nrog qhov taub me me xwb, tsuas yog 2 hli, uas ua rau nws tseem ceeb heev rau kev tsim cov foob pob tawg rau ntau hom mos txwv. Lwm hom kev tawg uas siv los ua kom lub foob pob tawg, pentaerythritol tetranitrate (paub zoo dua li PETN), tseem yuav tsum siv ib qho ntawm cov ethyl cawv cawv, acetaldehyde. Yog li, ob hom kev sib ntaus sib tua ntau tshaj los ua kom lub foob pob tawg hauv lawv cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov cawv ethyl. Qhov no twb tau txaus los tshaj tawm cawv "khoom siv tub rog", vim tias tsis muaj lub foob pob, foob pob, pob zeb tawg thiab pob tawg yuav tsis tawg.
Tab sis thawj yam ua ntej. Cia peb tsis lees paub kev cog lus ntawm Venichka Erofeev "thiab haus tam sim ntawd" thiab saib dab tsi ntxiv tub rog-tseem ceeb tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cawv cawv.
Cov saw hlau
Muaj ntau cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg uas tau tsim los ntawm cawv cawv, nrog rau kev siv nws tus kheej lossis cov tshuaj uas tau los ntawm nws. Cov khoom no muaj ntau yam sib txawv, los ntawm cov pa roj tuaj yeem txuas mus rau roj hmab thiab yas yas. Yog tias koj ua tus txheej txheem txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm ethyl cawv rau hauv ntau yam khoom, koj tau txais tsob ntoo uas muaj ob peb ceg ntoo loj.
Nws yuav tsum tau hais meej ntawm no tias peb tab tom tham txog qhov ua tau thiab puas tau siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tab sis hauv kev lag luam niaj hnub no, tsis yog txhua yam ntawm cov khoom lag luam teev tseg hauv qab no yuav tsum tau txais los ntawm cawv cawv. Nws tau suav tias yog cov khoom siv raw thiab yog li ntawd feem ntau hloov los ntawm roj lossis roj nkev. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv qhov pom ntawm qhov tseeb tias nws muaj peev xwm ua kom poob roj thiab roj hauv kev ua tsov rog, nws ua rau txiav txim siab txiav txim siab lwm txoj hauv kev, suav nrog kev xaiv siv cawv cawv.
Kuv yuav txiav tawm plaub lub hauv paus thev naus laus zis ntawm kev ua cov cawv cawv rau hauv cov khoom siv tub rog.
Ua ntej: ncaj qha ua cov cawv ethyl. Hauv ceg no muaj cov khoom tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam tub rog: butadiene, ethyl nitrate thiab diethyl ether.
Butadiene yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nruab nrab rau kev tsim cov roj hmab hluavtaws. Cov txheej txheem no tau tsim hauv USSR los ntawm S. V. Lebedev nyob rau xyoo 1927, hauv cov xwm txheej zoo ib yam li cov tub rog, thaum cov neeg tsim cov roj hmab loj tshaj plaws Great Britain thiab Fabkis tau txo qis cov khoom siv tseem ceeb no rau Soviet Union. Qhov xwm txheej no tau tsa cov lus nug ntawm kev tsim peb tus kheej cov khoom siv roj hmab nrog ntug thiab Lebedev tuaj yeem daws qhov teeb meem no. Roj hmab Butadiene tau ntev dhau los ua lub hom roj hmab hluavtaws siv los tsim cov log tsheb, khau, ntxiv rau cov khoom siv roj hmab (xws li cov menyuam thauj khoom) thiab cov rwb thaiv tsev cable.
Ethyl nitrate yog cov kua tawg zoo ib yam li nitroglycerin. Kev tawg ntawm kev cuam tshuam, kev sib txhuam, hluav taws, thiab tiv tauj nrog cov hlau alkali (xws li cov hlau sodium). Nws feem ntau yog siv los ua tus neeg sawv cev nitrating, ntxiv rau ntxiv rau cov roj diesel, tab sis nws tuaj yeem siv ua cov khoom tawg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog sib xyaw nrog ammonium nitrate.
Diethyl ether - nws hloov tawm yooj yim heev los ntawm kev ua kom tshem tawm cov cawv ethyl thiab sulfuric acid. Nws daim ntawv thov tub rog-tseem ceeb yog nyob hauv peb thaj chaw: raws li kev siv tshuaj loog hauv kev phais, raws li cov kuab tshuaj rau cellulose nitrates hauv kev tsim cov phom phom, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv lub cev muaj zog thiab txhais tau tias pib lub tshuab roj av (pib ua kua " Arktika "lossis nws cov aerosol analogues niaj hnub no).
Qhov thib ob: cov khoom lag luam ntawm kev ua ntawm ethylene tau los ntawm cawv cawv. Nws yog qhov yooj yim kom tau txais ethylene los ntawm cawv (tab sis hauv kev lag luam niaj hnub ethylene tau los ntawm pyrolysis ntawm cov roj av lossis roj nkev), nws muaj peev xwm ua tau los ntawm lub cev qhuav dej ncaj qha ntawm lub catalyst kom tau txais dej thiab ethylene, lossis los ntawm cua sov sib tov ntawm ethyl cawv thiab concentrated sulfuric acid.
Ethylene - sib xyaw nrog cov pa nws tus kheej tau siv los ua tshuaj loog hauv tshuaj. Ntxiv mus, polymerization ntawm ethylene muab cov khoom siv dav thiab tseem ceeb xws li polyethylene, uas muaj daim ntawv thov dav heev. Polyethylene kuj tseem yog tub rog qhov tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb yog ntim khoom rau khoom noj thiab mos txwv.
Chloroethane tau txais nrog kev koom tes ntawm hydrochloric acid thiab siv los ua tshuaj loog hauv tshuaj. Nws kuj tseem ua haujlwm nruab nrab cov khoom lag luam rau kev tsim khoom ntawm ethylbenzene (kuj tseem yog ib feem ntawm cov roj av octane siab), uas tau ua tiav rau hauv styrene.
Styrene - polymerization hloov mus ua ib hom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov yas, ua polystyrene, thiab tseem siv los ua cov khoom lag luam tsim cov napalm. Zoo, tuab thiab nplaum napalm tuaj yeem tau txais ob qho los ntawm kev ntxiv cov polystyrene yaj rau roj av thiab styrene.
Tsis tas li, txij li styrene qee zaum muaj cov tshuaj polymerized, nws muaj peev xwm tsim kom muaj cov mos txwv tawg tau raws li qhov cuam tshuam no. Qhov no yuav yog qhov nthuav los ntawm cov tub rog-kev lag luam pom, txij li qhov no muaj txiaj ntsig nitric acid tsis siv.
Ib qho ntxiv, tag nrho cov tshuaj no hauv lub xeev muaj roj tsim cov sib tov sib xyaw nrog huab cua, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm siv tau cov mos txwv rau qhov tawg. Piv txwv li, styrene cov pa ua kom muaj kev sib tawg ntawm 1.1% los ntawm huab cua, thiab ntxiv rau, styrene yog tshuaj lom heev thiab ua rau mob hnyav ntawm lub ntsws.
Thib peb: ethylene oxide, muab los ntawm ethylene. Los ntawm nws tus kheej, ethylene oxide yog qhov kub hnyiab heev thiab tawg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum sib xyaw nrog huab cua, uas yog vim li cas nws thiaj li tau siv cov mos txwv rau qhov tawg. Cov khoom siv ethylene oxide tau ntim rau hauv CBU-55 aviation cluster bomb, nrog peb lub foob pob BLU-73 ntawm 32.6 kg ntawm ethylene oxide txhua. Lub foob pob ntawd muaj thaj tsam tua nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 100 metres thiab rhuav tshem cov nroj tsuag tuab ntawm thaj tsam uas muaj txoj kab uas hla ntawm 30 meters. Hauv USSR, muaj cov foob pob saum huab cua zoo sib xws nrog ethylene oxide - ODAB -500.
Acrylonitrile - nrog kev koom tes ntawm hydrocyanic acid los ntawm ethylene oxide, cov khoom lag luam nruab nrab yog tsim los kom tau txais cov polymer siv hauv kev tsim cov roj hmab hluavtaws, ntxiv rau kom tau txais cov khoom siv dag zog - nitron (aka acrylic), siv dav siv cov ntaub textile. Ib qho ntxiv, acrylonitrile nws tus kheej (aka vinyl cyanide) tuaj yeem siv los ua cov tshuaj muaj kuab lom: cov dej ua kua ua rau cov nplaim taws thiab cov pa tawg. Acrylonitrile vapors yog tshuaj lom, ua pa thiab ua rau khaus, thiab thaum hlawv, nws tso hydrocyanic acid.
Plaub: ethylene glycol, tau los ntawm kev nqus dej ntawm ethylene oxide. Los ntawm nws tus kheej, nws tau siv los ua ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob, nres cov kua dej, thiab tseem muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws siv los ua cov roj nplua nyeem.
Thaum nitrated, ethylene glycol muab cov tshuaj EGDN uas tau hais los saum no. Txawm tias ua ntej Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob, nws tau dhau los ua kev hloov pauv pheej yig dua rau nitroglycerin (glycerin yog tsim los ntawm cov tsiaj rog) hauv kev tsim cov dynamite thiab nitrocellulose gunpowders. Ethylene glycol nitration tau ua tiav hauv tib txoj kev thiab ntawm cov cuab yeej zoo ib yam li glycerin nitration.
Kuj tseem muaj daim ntawv polymeric ntawm ethylene glycol - polyethylene glycol, kua khov, gel lossis khoom. Nws tau siv dav ua ib feem ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws ruaj khov, cov roj nplua nyeem, thiab cov khoom lag luam naj hoom.
Nws kuj yog qhov nthuav tias polyethylene glycol tau siv los ua cov khoom sib dhos hauv kev tsim cov tawv tawv tawv (tungsten carbide, cobalt, titanium, tantalum) siv hauv cov cuab yeej txiav hlau thiab rau kev tsim cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej.
Tsis tas li, los ntawm ethylene glycol, koj tuaj yeem tau txais cov yas tseem ceeb thiab thoob plaws xws li polyethylene terephthalate, zoo dua hu ua PET, siv rau kev tsim cov fwj yas, ntxiv rau tsim cov paj rwb polyester, uas yog tus thawj hauv kev lag luam textile niaj hnub no.
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, muaj ntau cov khoom lag luam uas tuaj yeem tau los ntawm cawv cawv, thiab lawv npog yuav luag tag nrho cov khoom siv tsis yog xim hlau tub rog-cov khoom tseem ceeb. Tab sis tus nqi ntawm ethyl cawv tsis txwv rau qhov no.
Dej cawv cawv
Twb tau nyob hauv nws daim ntawv qub, cawv cawv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua tub rog kev lag luam raws li lub cev muaj zog thiab foob pob hluav taws. Raws li lub cev muaj zog roj, ethanol tuaj yeem siv rau hauv nws daim ntawv dawb huv (96% lub zog lossis tsis txaus ntseeg), thiab ntxiv rau ntxiv roj av. Tsis muaj kev hloov kho lub cav, nws tuaj yeem siv cov tshuaj ethyl cawv ntxiv txog 30% los ntawm cov ntim roj. Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb tias bioethanol raws li cov roj tau dhau los ua zam tsis ntev los no, twb tau nyob rau xyoo 2000, txawm li cas los xij, ua ntej muaj kev tawm tsam Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, Ltalis tau taug txoj kev no. Ib lub tebchaws tsis muaj cov peev txheej roj (cov roj me me, cov roj tsawg heev - tsim txhua xyoo yog li 4-5 txhiab tons; Ltalis yog ib qho piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua tub rog kev lag luam uas yuav luag tsis muaj roj), raug yuam kom nrhiav kev hloov chaw. Nrog rau lwm txoj hauv kev, cawv cawv, tau los ntawm txiv hmab, tau siv, uas cov neeg ua liaj ua teb raug yuam kom muag rau lub xeev.
Hauv Tebchaws Yelemees, ethanol tau siv ua roj foob pob hluav taws (B-Stoff yog 75% aqueous solution of ethyl alcohol) rau Aggregat-4 ballistic missile (paub zoo dua li V-2; txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis raug hu hauv cov ntawv German)).
Hauv lub peev xwm no, cawv cawv yog qhov hloov pauv tseem ceeb rau roj av, ob lub cav thiab roj av. Hauv lub ntsej muag poob roj, hloov mus rau roj ethyl cawv yog qhov kev txiav txim siab tsim nyog tshaj plaws.
Hav zoov - qhov chaw tiv thaiv
Kuv txaus siab rau cawv cawv raws li khoom siv tub rog kuj tseem yog vim nws tuaj yeem tsim tawm ntau los ntawm ntoo. Qhov no nyob deb ntawm txoj hauv kev nkaus xwb, rau kev tsim cov cawv ethyl, nplej lossis qos yaj ywm kuj tseem siv tau - cov khoom siv raw khoom, cawv cawv kuj tseem tau los ntawm ethylene tau los ntawm pyrolysis roj lossis roj av. Tab sis hauv ib puag ncig tub rog, ntoo yog hom khoom siv tau yooj yim tshaj plaws.
Hauv USSR, tshwj xeeb, rau kev ua tub rog-kev xav tau, thev naus laus zis tau tsim thiab ua tiav rau kev tsim cov cawv cawv, uas cov ntoo pov tseg yog thawj cov khoom siv raw. Feem ntau cov no yog kev txiav los ntawm kev tsoo cov cav ntoo, qee zaum yog cov ntoo. Hauv txoj ntsiab cai, ib qho khoom cog uas muaj cellulose yog qhov tsim nyog. Rau 10 liv dej cawv hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj hydrolysis, 56 kg qhuav (lossis kwv yees li 80-85 kg ntawm cov ntoo), 4.5 kg ntawm sulfuric acid, 4.3 kg nrawm, 3.6 cubic meters dej thiab 4.18 kWh hluav taws xob tau siv. Los ntawm ib tuj ntawm cov ntoo qhuav, 170 litres cawv tuaj yeem tau txais, tab sis qee lub tsev haujlwm tau txais ntau dua - 200-220 litres.
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, thev naus laus zis ntawm hydrolysis cawv yog kev lag luam zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig, ntxiv rau, nws muaj tus lej muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov khoom lag luam (xws li furfural, acetic acid, methyl alcohol, gypsum, ntoo seem uas haum rau roj lossis pyrolysis, poov xab. protein tsim nyog rau tsiaj noj).
Cov chaw khaws cia hauv hav zoov, ntxiv rau, feem ntau, txhua hom ntoo, tsob ntoo thiab cov nyom txhua xyoo uas muaj cov ntsiab lus cellulose siab (xws li flax, hemp, Sosnovsky tus nyuj parsnip thiab lwm tus), ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau sai sai ntawm kev tsim khoom ntawm ethyl cawv, txawm hais tias nws tau tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem ib nrab xuas tes ua. Ib qho txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov dej cawv cawv kuj tseem muaj peev xwm ntawm nws kev faib tawm thoob plaws thaj chaw, uas yuav ua rau kev lag luam cawv tsis muaj kev phom sij rau kev tawm tsam yeeb ncuab.
Cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov khoom lag luam uas tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm ethyl cawv yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev nkag siab txog lub sijhawm tseem ceeb tub rog-kev lag luam-hav zoov yuav luag tiav raws li qhov xav tau rau cov khoom siv tub rog. Ntoo tuaj yeem siv tau kom tau cellulose rau kev tsim cov phom, thiab cov khoom lag luam los ntawm ethyl cawv npog cov kev xav tau ntawm cov khoom tawg, lub cev muaj zog roj, roj nplua nyeem, roj hmab hluavtaws, thiab cov khoom siv dag siv dag zog. Ntawd yog, hav zoov tso cai rau koj hnav, khau, caj npab thiab nqa cov tub rog, txawm tias kev lag luam roj thiab roj tau poob tag.
Vodka
Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, vodka. Nws nyuaj rau hais tsawg kawg ib qho kev tsov rog uas tuag nyob rau xyoo nees nkaum xyoo, uas cov tub rog tawm tsam yuav ua tiav yam tsis muaj cawv nyob hauv ib daim ntawv lossis lwm qhov. Hauv Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog Zaum II, nws tau los rau qhov kev faib cov vodka ntau.
Piv txwv li, hauv Pab Tub Rog Liab, kev xa khoom txhua hnub ntawm 100 grams vodka rau cov tub rog thiab cov tub ceev xwm ntawm cov tub rog nquag tau tshaj tawm rau lub Cuaj Hlis 1, 1941. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov tub rog tau siv los ntawm 43 txog 46 tank ntawm vodka hauv ib lub hlis (txhua 25 cubic meters, uas yog 1075-1150 cubic meters ntawm vodka, uas yog, txog 1.1 lab litres). Txawm li cas los xij, txij li lub Tsib Hlis 15, 1942, qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kev hloov pauv tau hloov pauv, vodka pib muab rau cov tub rog ntawm kab hauv ntej nkaus xwb, hauv cov chav uas ua haujlwm tsis zoo. Kev tshaj tawm tau nce txog 200 grams hauv ib hnub, tab sis muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais tias nws yuav tsum tau muab tawm tsis yog rau txhua tus, tab sis tsuas yog rau qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws. Qhov seem 100 grams ntawm vodka tau faib tsuas yog rau hnub so (10 hnub so rau pej xeem thiab hnub uas tau tsim chav). Txij li Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 25, 1942, 100 grams vodka pib rov muab dua rau txhua tus tub rog ntawm kab hauv ntej, thiab cov tsheb tom qab thiab cov neeg raug mob yuav tsum tau txais 50 grams ib hnub. Vim yog qhov tseeb tias pab tub rog tau nce zuj zus, kev siv vodka kuj tau nce ntxiv. Piv txwv li, txoj kev npaj khoom ntawm Tib Neeg Cov Neeg Tiv Thaiv Kev Tiv Thaiv rau Lub Kaum Hli 1942 tau muab rau kev muab 2.2 lab litres ntawm vodka. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 3, 1943, nws tau txiav txim siab dua tias tsuas yog cov tub rog thiab cov tub ceev xwm ntawm cov thawj coj ua phem yuav tsum tau tso cai rau vodka, thaum tus so tau rov tso siab rau vodka nkaus xwb thaum hnub so.
Los ntawm txoj kev, cov tub rog tau siv vodka me ntsis thiab tsuas yog haus cawv me me hauv lub tebchaws. Xyoo 1940, USSR tsim 85.7 lab decaliters ntawm cov cawv nyoos (857 lab litres), tom qab poob ib feem ntawm thaj chaw thiab kev tsim khoom, kev tsim cov cawv hauv xyoo 1942 poob rau 286 lab litres, thiab los ntawm 1944 poob rau 112 lab litres.. Txij li cawv cawv muaj lub zog nyob ze rau vodka, cov tub rog xyoo 1942 tau haus 0.7% ntawm tag nrho cov cawv cawv nyoos. Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm kev haus cawv tau siv rau kev xav tau thev naus laus zis.
Kev siv vodka ntawm lub hauv ntej tag nrho, raws li kev kwv yees ntawm cov neeg tua rog (ob leeg los ntawm Soviet thiab German sab: Wehrmacht kuj tau xyaum qhov teeb meem ntawm schnapps, thiab qhov loj tshaj yog xyoo 1941) muaj qhov tsis zoo. Kev faib cov vodka ua ntej qhov kev tawm tsam tsis tu ncua ua rau poob loj; hauv qhov "qaug cawv" kev tawm tsam, tag nrho cov koog feem ntau raug tua. Cov tub rog uas muaj kev paub dhau los feem ntau tsis quav ntsej vodka; yog li nws muaj feem yuav muaj sia nyob. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias qhov kev xa tawm loj heev ntawm vodka muaj nws tus kheej qhov laj thawj, uas ib feem ntau tshaj qhov tsis zoo. Vodka yog qhov dav tshaj plaws thiab muaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kev nyuaj siab, ua rau cov tub rog tsis kam mus rau qhov kev nyuaj siab ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog.
Ntawm no yog ib qho ode rau cawv. Kuv vam tias tom qab ntawd nws yog qhov tseeb uas koj tsis tuaj yeem tawm tsam yam tsis muaj cawv cawv.
