Tsis yog Versailles
Winston Churchill, hauv nws txoj haujlwm "Lub Ntiaj Teb Kev Nyuaj Siab" (uas twb dhau los ua phau ntawv sau tseg), hu txhua yam uas tau tshwm sim tom qab Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb nrog Lub Tebchaws Ottoman "qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb tiag tiag." Tab sis muaj tseeb ib puas xyoo dhau los, thaum Lub Yim Hli 10, 1920, Sevres Peace Treaty tau kos npe hauv Fab Kis ntawm Entente thiab Ottoman Empire, uas tau muab rau qhov kev rhuav tshem tsis yog tsuas yog lub teb chaws, tab sis kuj yog nws tus kheej ib feem Turkish.
Tab sis Sevres-1920 tau dhau los yuav luag tsuas yog ib qho los ntawm Versailles system, uas tsis tau ua tiav. Thiab qhov no tau tshwm sim tsuas yog ua tsaug rau kev ua tub rog loj-kev siv nyiaj txiag, thiab nyiaj txiag kev nom tswv uas Soviet Russia tau muab rau cov menyuam yaus Kemalist Qaib Cov Txwv.
Kev sib koom tes tsis tau xav txog ntawm cov yeeb ncuab uas muaj hnub nyoog dhau los ua tau tsuas yog vim muaj kev kub ntxhov uas tau tshwm sim rau Europe thiab thoob ntiaj teb. Qhov no tau suav nrog, ntawm lwm yam, hauv kev rov qab los ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv thaum tig xyoo 1910s - 1920s feem ntau ntawm Western Armenia thiab Tao -Klarjetia (ib feem ntawm sab qab teb sab hnub poob Georgia), uas tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm Russia rov qab rau xyoo 1879; cov cheeb tsam no tseem yog ib feem ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv.
Raws li Kev Pom Zoo ntawm Sevres, yav dhau los Tebchaws Ottoman tau cog lus tias yuav tsum muaj thaj tsam tseem ceeb rau tim Nkij teb chaws (suav nrog Izmir, Adrianople thiab thaj chaw uas nyob ib sab), Armenia, tsim tshiab Iraq, Palestine (tiv thaiv Askiv) thiab Levant (Fabkis tus tiv thaiv ntawm Syria thiab Lebanon)), ntxiv rau Kurdish thiab Saudi sheikhs.
Feem ntau ntawm sab qab teb hnub poob Anatolia thiab yuav luag tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm Cilicia tau mus raws txoj cai tswj hwm ntawm Ltalis thiab Fabkis, feem. Thaj chaw tseem ceeb ntawm Bosphorus - Hiav Txwv Marmara - Dardanelles, ua ke nrog Constantinople, tau hloov pauv raws li kev tswj hwm ntawm Entente.
Qaib ntxhw tsuas muaj Anatolian Highlands txwv tsis pub nkag mus rau Aegean thiab Dub Seas. Lub teb chaws cov tub rog tsis yog tsuas yog siv phom hnyav, tab sis kuj tsis muaj txoj cai kom muaj rab phom loj, thiab cov nkoj - cov sib ntaus sib tua, cov nkoj thiab cov neeg rhuav tshem. Thiab tsim cov txheej txheem kev them nyiaj rov qab, suav dua ntawm tus nqi pauv nyiaj hauv Asmeskas tam sim no, mus txog kwv yees li ib feem peb ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv GNP xyoo 2019.
Qaib ntxhw saum toj no tag nrho
Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob uas Republican Grand National Assembly ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv (VNST), tsim nyob rau lub Plaub Hlis 1920 los ntawm M. Kemal thiab I. Inonu (cov thawj tswj hwm ntawm Turkey xyoo 1920-1950), categorically tsis kam lees rau Treaty ntawm Sevres.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Soviet Russia nrhiav "tiv thaiv" Qaib ntxhw los ntawm qhov tsis sib xws hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm Entente, uas tau nthuav tawm thaum ntxov xyoo 1918 ntau dua li ib feem peb ntawm thaj chaw ntawm yav dhau los Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv lem, Kemalists tau xav tau ntau tshaj ntawm kev ua tub rog-kev nom kev tswv thiab kev lag luam, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tsuas yog Soviet Russia.
Coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov kev sib cav ntawm qhov tshiab (uas yog, koom pheej) Qaib ntxhw nrog tim Nkij teb chaws (kev ua tsov ua rog xyoo 1919-1922) thiab feem ntau nrog Entente, qhov no tau pab tsim kom muaj ib hom kev tiv thaiv Entente los ntawm Bolsheviks thiab Turks.
Hauv kev txuas nrog cov xwm txheej saum toj no, thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 26, 1920, M. Kemal tig mus rau VEN Lenin nrog kev thov:
… txhawm rau tsim kev sib raug zoo nrog kev sib raug zoo thiab txhim kho cov tswv yim ua tub rog nyob hauv Caucasus. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv Qaib Cov Txwv tshiab thiab Soviet Russia los ntawm kev ua phem phem hauv thaj av Hiav Txwv Dub thiab Caucasus.
Kemal qhia dab tsi?
Qaib Cov Txwv lees paub los tawm tsam ua ke nrog Soviet Russia tiv thaiv tsoomfwv cov neeg tsis muaj tebchaws, qhia nws txoj kev npaj koom nrog hauv kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv cov neeg tsis muaj tebchaws nyob hauv Caucasus thiab vam tias yuav tau txais kev pab ntawm Soviet Russia hauv kev tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab tsis ncaj uas tawm tsam Qaib Cov Txwv.
Tom qab ntawd tshwj xeeb:
Thawj. Peb cog lus rau peb tus kheej kom txuas tag nrho peb cov haujlwm thiab txhua yam peb kev ua tub rog nrog rau Bolsheviks Lavxias.
Thib ob. Yog tias Soviet cov tub rog npaj siab qhib kev ua tub rog tawm tsam Georgia lossis los ntawm kev txhais lus, los ntawm lawv lub zog, yuam kom Georgia nkag mus rau hauv lub koomhaum koomhaum thiab lees paub kev ntiab tawm tebchaws Askiv los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Caucasus, tsoomfwv Turkey tau ua tub rog ua haujlwm tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Armenia thiab cog lus tias yuav yuam cov koom pheej ntawm Azerbaijan koom nrog lub voj voog ntawm Soviet xeev.
… Peb. Txhawm rau, ua ntej, kom tshem tawm cov tub rog tsis muaj zog uas nyob hauv peb thaj chaw, thiab, ob, ntxiv dag zog rau peb lub zog sab hauv, txuas ntxiv peb cov kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv kev ua tsis ncaj ncees, peb thov Soviet Russia nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm thawj pab muab peb tsib lab Turkish lira hauv kub, riam phom thiab mos txwv hauv qhov ntau uas yuav tsum tau piav qhia thaum lub sijhawm sib tham thiab, ntxiv rau, qee qhov kev siv tub rog-txuj ci thiab khoom siv huv huv, ntxiv rau zaub mov rau peb cov tub rog, uas yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm sab hnub tuaj.
Ntawd yog, kom ua haujlwm hauv Transcaucasia (uas yog xyoo 1919-1921). Los ntawm txoj kev, cov lus pom tseem xav tau ntawm qhov thib ob. Raws li koj paub, Kemalist Qaib Cov Txwv, nrog kev pab ntawm RSFSR, ua tiav cov phiaj xwm no cuam tshuam nrog Armenia thiab Azerbaijan xyoo 1919-1921.
Moscow, ntawm kev thov
Cov thawj coj ntawm Soviet Russia tau pom zoo tam sim rau cov kev pib no. Twb tau nyob rau lub Tsib Hlis 1920, tub rog lub hom phiaj ntawm VNST coj los ntawm General Khalil Pasha tau nyob hauv Moscow. Raws li kev sib tham nrog LB Kamenev, Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm RSFSR ua ntej tshaj plaws tau lees paub qhov kev ua tsov rog ntawm Russia thiab Qaib Cov Txwv thiab tshem tawm cov tub rog Lavxias los ntawm txhua cheeb tsam Turkish sab hnub tuaj, tshaj tawm los ntawm Brest-Litovsk Treaty (1918) ib.
Tsis tas li, cov seem ntawm cov tub rog uas tsis koom nrog Kev Tsov Rog Zaum Ob tau raug tshem tawm ntawm thaj tsam ntawm Batum, Akhaltsikh, Kars, Artvin, Ardahan thiab Alexandropol (Gyumri). Tseem yog ib feem ntawm Russia. Yuav luag tag nrho cov cheeb tsam no hauv 1919-1920 tau nyob hauv pab tub rog ntawm Kemalist Turkey.
Kev qhia cov tub rog mus rau hauv thaj av Armenian tau nrog los ntawm nthwv dej tshiab ntawm kev tua neeg. Ib tus neeg npaj ntawm kev tua neeg Turkish ntawm Armenians thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II, Khalil Kut (tib yam Khalil Pasha), tau hais meej hauv nws phau ntawv teev npe tias nws "tua ntau txhiab leej neeg Armenians" thiab "sim ua kom cov Armenians puas tsuaj mus rau tus txiv neej kawg "(saib Kiernan Ben," Blood and Soil: Modern Genocide ", Melbourne University Publishing (Australia), 2008, p. 413).
Tsis quav ntsej qhov no, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Tib Neeg tau txiav txim siab faib ib lab kub rubles rau Qaib Cov Txwv (774, 235 kg hais txog kub). Thawj 620 kg ntawm cov mos txwv thiab cov npib muaj koob muaj npe tuaj txog ntawm Azerbaijani Nakhichevan thaum kawg ntawm Lub Rau Hli 1920, tus so (hauv rubles rub) Qaib ntxhw tau txais los ntawm Nakhichevan thaum Lub Yim Hli ntawm tib lub xyoo.
Tab sis Turkey xav tias qhov kev pab no tsis txaus. RSFSR nrhiav, rau qhov laj thawj pom tseeb, txhawm rau txhim kho Bolshevik-Turkish tiv thaiv Entente sai. Yog li ntawd, twb nyob rau lub Xya Hli-Lub Yim Hli 1920, ntawm kev sib tham hauv Moscow thiab Ankara, cov ntawv thiab nyiaj pab ntxiv rau Kemalists tau pom zoo.
RSFSR muab rau Turkey siv yam tsis tau them nqi (uas yog, nrog lub sijhawm rov qab tsis muaj hnub kawg) 10 lab kub kub, nrog rau riam phom, mos txwv (feem ntau yog los ntawm cov chaw khaws khoom ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias yav dhau los thiab raug ntes los ntawm Pab Tub Rog Dawb thiab cov kws pab cuam). Thaum Lub Xya Hli-Kaum Hli 1920, Kemalists tau txais 8,000 phom, kwv yees li 2,000 rab phom tshuab, ntau dua 5 lab daim cartridges, 17,600 lub plhaub, thiab yuav luag 200 kg ntawm cov phom kub.
Ib qho ntxiv, xyoo 1919-1920 tau xa mus rau qhov pov tseg ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv. Yuav luag txhua yam riam phom nrog mos txwv thiab txhua daim ntawv cog lus tseg ntawm Lavxias Caucasian Army, uas ua haujlwm xyoo 1914-17. nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Anatolia (piv txwv linyob rau sab hnub poob Armenia) thiab nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Turkish Dub.
Raws li tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm nto moo Turkish thiab kws lag luam Mehmet Perincek, xyoo 1920-1921. Soviet Russia muab rau Turkey nrog ntau dua ib nrab ntawm cov mos txwv siv hauv kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv Entente, ib feem peb (feem ntau) ntawm cov phom thiab phom, thiab ib feem peb ntawm cov phom phom. Txij li thaum Kemal tsis muaj tub rog, Turkey tau txais tsib lub nkoj loj thiab ob lub nkoj ntawm Lavxias Imperial Navy ("Zhivoy" thiab "Creepy") los ntawm RSFSR hauv tib lub xyoo.
Yog li, nyob rau hnub ua ntej ntawm Kev Pom Zoo ntawm Sevres, Ankara tau nthuav dav txoj hauv kev ob qho tib si rau nws (kev cog lus) kev cuam tshuam ntawm nws ib feem, thiab rau kev tshem tawm qhov ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig kev nom kev tswv. Raws li, kev pab tseem ceeb los ntawm Moscow, raws li Turkish cov thawj coj Kemal thiab Inenu tom qab lees paub raug cai, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua tub rog Turkish yeej xyoo 1919-1922. hla cov tub rog ntawm Armenia thiab Greece.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Red Moscow tsis tau tawm tsam rov qab mus rau Qaib Cov Txwv ntawm thaj chaw uas tau yog ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws txij li xyoo 1879. Bolsheviks tau txiav txim siab nws kim heev ua rau muaj kev zoo siab. Lawm, cov riam phom xa mus rau Qaib Cov Txwv tau siv los ntawm Turkey ntxiv rau "kev ntxuav" ntawm Armenians thiab Greek thaum xyoo 1919-1925.
Hauv kev pom ntawm Moscow txoj kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv "kev phooj ywg" nrog Ankara, yav dhau los yeej tau muab daim npav thib ob rau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tshaj plaws ntawm Mustafa Kemal cov neeg txhawb nqa thiab cov thwjtim tawm tsam cov koom txoos hauv zej zog. USSR ua piv txwv tsis ua rau nws, tshwj tsis yog lub sijhawm txij xyoo 1944 txog 1953.
Raws li, piv txwv li, tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Armenia, txoj cai lij choj ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Tib Neeg "On Turkish Armenia" (Lub Ib Hlis 11, 1918) tshaj tawm, raws li tau paub, Soviet Russia txoj kev txhawb nqa rau txoj cai ntawm Armenians ntawm thaj av no los txiav txim siab tus kheej thiab tsim kom muaj kev sib koom ua ke hauv xeev Armenian. Tab sis cov tub rog-nom tswv yam uas ua raws sai sai hloov Moscow txoj haujlwm ntawm qhov teeb meem no thiab feem ntau hais txog Armenian, cov teeb meem Kurdish hauv Qaib Cov Txwv, ntxiv rau hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog Turkey nws tus kheej …
Ciam teb ntawm qhov ua tau … thiab ua tsis tau
Kev sib koom tes ntawm Russia thiab Qaib Cov Txwv, teev tseg los ntawm Kev Pom Zoo ntawm Sevres, coj, ntawm lwm yam, txhawm rau daws cov teeb meem ntawm ciam teb ntawm Armenia thiab Georgia yam tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm cov tebchaws no. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev ywj pheej ntawm "tsis-Bolshevik" Georgia, uas tseem nyob txog thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1921, tau pab Moscow pom zoo rau Turkish cov phiaj xwm "rov qab" rau feem ntau ntawm Tao-Klarjetia nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub poob Georgia.
Tib Neeg Tus Kws Lij Choj rau Kev Txawv Tebchaws Txawv Tebchaws ntawm RSFSR G. Chicherin (daim duab saum toj no) sau rau qhov teeb meem no mus rau Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Hauv Nroog ntawm RCP (b):
Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 6, 1920 Peb qhia tias Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Hauv Nroog qhia rau Tib Neeg Cov Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Txawv Tebchaws kom ua tiav daim ntawv cog lus nrog Turkey, uas yuav lav tau kev ywj pheej ntawm Georgia thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm Armenia, thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm Georgia tsis txhais tau tias kev ua phem ntawm nws thaj chaw tam sim no, uas yuav muaj kev cog lus tshwj xeeb. Cov ciam teb ntawm Armenia thiab Qaib Cov Txwv yuav tsum txiav txim siab los ntawm kev sib koom tes ua haujlwm nrog peb kev koom tes, suav nrog cov kev xav tau ntawm haiv neeg ntawm ob pawg neeg Armenian thiab Muslim.
Tib tsab ntawv tseem hais txog Moscow kev ntshai ntawm kev koom tes "ntau dhau" ntawm Moscow thiab Ankara tawm tsam Great Britain:
Ceev faj yuav tsum tau hais tias kev sib pab sib pab tiv thaiv Askiv tsis tau tsim hauv kev cog lus. Nws yuav tsum txhais cov ntsiab lus hais txog kev sib raug zoo mus sij hawm ntev ntawm ob lub xeev. Ib qho ntxiv, ib tus yuav tsum ua qhov kev sib pauv ntawm cov ntawv zais cia nrog kev cog lus sib cog lus los qhia rau txhua tus thaum muaj kev hloov pauv hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog Entente.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Moscow tau muab qhov ua ntej rau "txiav" ntawm ciam teb ntawm Armenia pib los ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv, uas, peb rov hais dua, tau ua piv txwv hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm thaj av Nakhichevan mus rau Azerbaijan xyoo 1921 thiab hauv kev rov kho dua ntawm Turkish kev ywj pheej nyob rau yav dhau los Lavxias ib feem ntawm Western Armenia (Kars, Ardahan, Artvin, Sarykamysh) xyoo 1920-1921
Kab ntawv no kuj tseem pom hauv tsab ntawv ntawm lub taub hau ntawm Caucasian Bureau of the Central Committee ntawm RCP (b) G. K. Ordzhonikidze rau Cov Neeg Commissar G. Chicherin thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 8, 1920:
Turks muaj kev ntseeg me ntsis hauv Armenian cov neeg tawm tsam (hauv Armenia Bolshevik lub zog tau tsim los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm Kaum Ib Hlis 1920). Lub hom phiaj tseeb ntawm Turks, hauv kuv lub tswv yim, yog faib Armenia nrog peb. Lawv yuav tsis koom nrog kev tsis lees paub Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas ntawm Tsoomfwv.
Hauv kev txhim kho txoj hauv kev no, nws tau sau tseg tias
cov neeg Turkish yuav tsis nkag siab kiag li yog tias tam sim no lawv tau pom zoo rau tsoomfwv Armenian. Hauv Moscow, lo lus kawg yuav yog rau tsoomfwv Soviet.
Kev nthuav dav Pan-Turkist tsis tau lees paub los ntawm Kemalists ua ntej lossis tom qab Sevres. Qhov no tau tshaj tawm thawj zaug los ntawm M. Kemal thaum Lub Kaum Hli 29, 1933 ntawm kev ua koob tsheej nco txog 10 xyoos ntawm kev tshaj tawm txoj cai ntawm Tsoomfwv Turkish:
Muaj ib hnub Russia yuav plam kev tswj hwm cov neeg uas nws tuav nruj hauv nws txhais tes niaj hnub no. Lub ntiaj teb yuav mus txog qib tshiab. Lub sijhawm ntawd, Qaib ntxhw yuav tsum paub ua dab tsi. Peb cov kwv tij los ntawm cov ntshav, los ntawm txoj kev ntseeg, los ntawm cov lus tau nyob hauv txoj cai ntawm Russia: peb yuav tsum tau npaj los txhawb lawv. Peb yuav tsum tau npaj. Peb yuav tsum nco ntsoov peb cov hauv paus hniav thiab koom ua ke peb keeb kwm, uas los ntawm txoj hmoo ntawm txoj hmoo faib peb los ntawm peb cov kwv tij. Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob tos kom lawv ncav tes rau peb, peb yuav tsum mus ze lawv tus kheej. Russia ib hnub yuav poob. Hnub ntawd, Qaib ntxhw yuav dhau los ua lub tebchaws rau peb cov kwv tij uas lawv yuav ua raws li tus yam ntxwv.
