Tab sis koj paub koj tus kheej:
senseless rabble
Hloov pauv, ntxeev siab, kev ntseeg dab tsi, Ib qho yooj yim npliag kev cia siab ntxeev siab
Ua raws li cov lus qhia tam sim, Rau qhov tseeb yog lag ntseg thiab tsis pom zoo, Thiab nws pub rau fables.
A. Pushkin, "Boris Godunov"
Kev sib tham txog Mongols. Tsis tas yuav hais, peb tus yawg Alexander Sergeevich tsis muaj lub tswv yim zoo heev ntawm nws cov neeg nyob ib tiam, vim nws yog qhov tseeb uas nrog nws "Boris Godunov" nws ua ntej ntawm txhua qhov tig mus rau lawv. Ntau lub sijhawm dhau los, xov tooj cua, xov tooj, kev kawm theem nrab tau tshwm sim, Internet muaj rau pej xeem huab hwm. Tab sis "zaub mov ntawm cov dab neeg" tseem muaj kev vam meej thiab nrov txaus. Zoo, tsis muaj Mongols, tsis muaj Tatars, thiab tsis muaj Mongol kov yeej ib yam, thiab yog tias qee tus neeg tawm tsam nrog ib tus neeg nyob ntawd, nws yog Tartars-Rus uas tawm tsam nrog Rus-Slavs. Cov ntawv xov xwm tau rov sau dua tshiab los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Peter the Great, Catherine the Second, lossis ib tus neeg los ntawm Nikolaev, Rubruk - tus neeg sawv cev txiv plig tau tsim txhua yam, Marco Polo yog pea jester … ntawm lub xeev Mongol thiab nws txoj kev kov yeej. Tsis ntev dhau los, ib tus "kws tshaj lij" ntawm no, ntawm "VO", yog li hais tsis meej tias vim li cas Genghis Khan tau mus rau Sab Hnub Poob, thiab tsis mob siab rau Tuam Tshoj. Thiab, pom tseeb, nws tau sau qhov no tawm ntawm qhov tsis paub, maj nrawm, vim nws yog Tuam Tshoj uas Mongols kov yeej thawj zaug.
Kev kawm yog qhov kaj, thiab qhov tsis paub yog qhov tsaus ntuj
Thiab ntawm no peb yuav tsum xav txog cov hauv qab no, uas yog: yog tias peb tsis paub qee yam, nws tsis txhais tau tias qhov no tsis muaj nyob hauv txhua qhov. Muaj, tab sis tsis yog txhua tus paub txog nws, thiab lawv feem ntau txaus siab nrog cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm muaj, tab sis qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Tom qab tag nrho, cia peb hais tias, dej yog dej hauv lub pas dej, thiab hauv lub raj mis ua kua. Thiab txhawm rau kom qaug cawv los ntawm lub pas dej, koj tsuas yog yuav tsum tau khoov, thiab lub decanter … Zoo, ua ntej tshaj plaws, koj yuav tsum muaj nws, thiab qhov thib ob, sau nws, thiab tsis yog los ntawm cov dej hauv pas dej, tab sis koj yuav tsum muaj cov dej zoo li no!
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsis muaj xov xwm rau ntau tus tsis yog lawv qhov txhaum, tab sis qhov hmoov tsis zoo ntawm lawv lub neej tsis muaj txiaj ntsig thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm lawv tsis muaj kev qhia paub txuj ci zoo hauv thaj chaw no. Tias yog vim li cas hauv ntau qhov kev tshaj tawm tom ntej peb yuav sim ua kom tiav qhov sib txawv no. Ntxiv mus, peb yuav sim paub cov neeg nyeem "VO" ua ntej tshaj plaws nrog thawj, tsis yog lwm qhov chaw ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Mongols …
Ntawm no, rau thawj kab lus ntawm cov ncauj lus no, rau nws, nws yuav tsum tau hais txog tias ib tus tuaj yeem kawm keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg tsis paub ntawv, ua ntej, los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm, thiab qhov thib ob, los ntawm kev nyeem txog lawv dab tsi tau sau los ntawm leej twg muaj kev sau ntawv. Yog li, yog tias tib neeg nyob ntsiag to, muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, tom qab ntawv lawv tau ploj mus los ntawm cov lus sau ntawm keeb kwm ntiaj teb. Tab sis yog tias nws pestered cov neeg nyob sib ze, tom qab ntawd txhua tus thiab ntau yam sau txog nws. Peb tsis paub kev sau ntawv ntawm Scythians, Huns, Alans, Avars … Raws li rau Mongols, lawv tsuas yog lawv tus kheej sau ntawv. Txij li xyoo pua 13th, cov neeg Mongolian tau siv txog 10 lub tshuab sau ntawv los sau lawv cov lus. Ib qho ntawm cov lus dab neeg hais tias thaum Genghis Khan kov yeej Naimans hauv 1204, Uyghur tus kws sau ntawv Tatatunga raug ntes los ntawm nws, leej twg, ntawm nws qhov kev txiav txim, hloov kho Uyghur cov ntawv rau sau Mongol hais lus. Muaj lwm cov lus dab neeg, tab sis nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas hauv qhov no peb muaj ob txoj hauv kev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ib zaug - sab hauv ib qho, uas yog dab tsi Mongols lawv tus kheej sau txog lawv tus kheej, thiab sab nraud, suav nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm haiv neeg sau txog lawv, uas feem ntau cov tib Mongols no kov yeej los ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm ntaj.
Ilkhanat - lub xeev Mongols hauv thaj av Persia
Ancient Persia yog ib lub xeev ntawm Sab Hnub Poob uas tau poob los ntawm cov neeg Mongols. Peb yuav tsis tham ntawm no txog qhov kev tawm tsam Mongol tiag ntawm Khan Hulagu (1256-1260) - qhov no yog lub ncauj lus rau kab lus cais. Lwm qhov tseem ceeb, piv txwv li, qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev kov yeej yog lub xeev Hulaguids, thiab lawv qhov kev nce mus rau Sab Hnub Poob tau nres tsuas yog los ntawm Egyptian Mamluks hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Ain Jalut. Lub xeev Hulaguids (thiab ilkhanat hauv Western keeb kwm keeb kwm). Lub xeev no muaj nyob txog 1335, thiab qhov no tau pab ntau los ntawm kev pab los ntawm nws tus kav Gazan Khan los ntawm nws tus vizier Rashid ad-Din. Tab sis Rashid ad-Din kuj yog ib tus neeg muaj txuj ci heev ntawm nws lub sijhawm thiab txiav txim siab sau cov ntawv keeb kwm ua haujlwm rau lub ntiaj teb keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm ntawm Mongols, tshwj xeeb. Thiab Gazan Khan tau pom zoo nws! Yog, qhov "dab neeg" no tau sau rau cov yeej, tab sis qhov no yog qhov laj thawj vim li cas nws thiaj muaj txiaj ntsig. Cov yeej tsis tas yuav hais dag thiab qhuas lawv cov kev ua, vim tias lawv yog tus yeej, nws txhais tau tias txhua yam uas lawv tau ua yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab tsuas yog tsis xav tau kev ua paj ntaub. Lawv sau cov vaj lug kub rau qhov kov yeej kom ua rau lawv lub siab phem ntawm kev swb, thiab cov thawj coj ntawm lub zog zoo li Hulaguids tsuas tsis xav tau qhov no, vim tias lawv yog los ntawm Chingizid tsev neeg, lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv yog Genghis tus kheej!
Los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Gazan Khan thiab nws tus vizier …
Los ntawm txoj kev, Gazan Khan nws tus kheej paub keeb kwm ntawm nws tus kheej cov neeg zoo, tab sis tseem nws tsis tuaj yeem pab tab sis nkag siab tias nws yooj yim tsis tuaj yeem nqa txhua cov ntaub ntawv muaj ntawm nws keeb kwm - tom qab tag nrho, nws yog tus kav lub nceeg vaj, thiab tsis yog keeb kwm thiab sijhawm rau qhov no. nws tsuas yog tsis muaj. Tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, nws muaj hwj chim thiab cov tub qhe ncaj ncees, thiab ntawm lawv yog Rashid ad-Din, uas nws nyob hauv 1300/1301. xaj kom sau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ntsig txog keeb kwm ntawm Mongols. Yog li thawj qhov haujlwm "Ta'rikh-i Gazani" ("Chronicle of Gazan") tau tshwm sim, uas xyoo 1307 tau nthuav tawm rau Oljeyt-khan, thiab tag nrho cov haujlwm ntawm txoj haujlwm no, uas tau txais lub npe "Jami at-tavarih" lossis "Kev sau cov keeb kwm" tau ua tiav tsuas yog xyoo 1310/1311.
Lawm, tsis yog Rashid ad-Din ua haujlwm ntawm phau ntawv sau no. Nws muaj ob tus kws tshaj lij: tus kws sau keeb kwm Abdallah Kashani, paub tias tau sau Cov Keeb Kwm ntawm Oljeitu Khan, thiab Ahmed Bukhari, uas tau sau cov ntawv tseem ceeb. Qee qhov Bolad kuj tau koom nrog txoj haujlwm no, leej twg hauv 1286 tuaj rau Persia los ntawm Tuam Tshoj thiab tau nyiam ua haujlwm, txij li nws tau suav tias yog tus kws tshaj lij keeb kwm thiab kev lis kev cai ntawm Mongols. Rashid ad-Din thiab Bolad ua haujlwm ua ke zoo li kws qhia ntawv thiab tub ntxhais kawm. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no yog li cas ib tus neeg niaj hnub piav qhia lawv txoj haujlwm: ib tus hais, thiab lwm tus sau tseg. Gazan Khan thiab lwm yam Mongols kuj tau ntxiv cov lus piav qhia, qhia txog leej twg paub dab tsi. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Is Nrias teb tau muab los ntawm tus hauj sam hauj sam Kamalashri, ntawm Tuam Tshoj - los ntawm ob tus kws tshawb fawb Suav, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov neeg nyob sab Europe ntawm Rashid cov ntaub ntawv, lossis theej ib tus European - tus txiv plig Franciscan. Tom qab tag nrho, nws kuj tau sau txog Tebchaws Europe.
Rau nws lub sijhawm, lub hauv paus tsim nyog tsim nyog
Ntxiv rau cov ntaub ntawv tau txais los ntawm cov neeg paub keeb kwm los ntawm lo lus ntawm lub qhov ncauj, rau kev sau "Jami 'at-tavarikh", cov ntawv sau uas twb muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tseem tau koom nrog: "Divan-i lugat at-Turk" ("Sau ntawm Turkic dialects ") los ntawm Mahmud Kashgari, tus kws sau keeb kwm Turkic nto moo ntawm xyoo pua 11th; "Tarikh-i-jehangusha" ("Keeb Kwm ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Conqueror") los ntawm Persian keeb kwm Juvaini, uas kuj tau ua haujlwm rau Ilkhans; thiab ntawm chav kawm "Altan Debter" ("Phau Ntawv Golden"), uas yog, keeb kwm raug cai ntawm Genghis Khan, txhua tus nws cov poj koob yawm txwv thiab cov ua tiav, sau ua lus Mongolian thiab khaws cia hauv Ilkhan cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg.
Tom qab ntawd, thaum Rashid ad-Din poob rau hauv kev txaj muag thiab raug tua (thiab kev nyiam los ntawm cov thawj coj yog lub neej luv heev!), Nws tus tuav ntaub ntawv Abdallah Kashani nthuav tawm txoj cai ntawm kev sau ntawv rau "Ta'rikh-i Gazani". Tab sis kev sib piv ntawm cov style ntawm "Keeb Kwm ntawm Oljeitu Khan" qhia tau tias nws tsis zoo ib yam li Rashid ad-Din, uas tau sau yooj yim heev, zam kev ua Persian nrov npe hauv txhua txoj hauv kev.
Thawj qhov kev qhia ntawm kev ua siab ntev?
Muaj ob ntu tseem ceeb hauv daim ntawv teev npe ntawm Rashid ad-Din. Thawj zaug piav txog keeb kwm ntawm Mongols, suav nrog Hulaguid Iran. Qhov thib ob tau mob siab rau keeb kwm ntiaj teb. Thiab thawj zaug muaj keeb kwm ntawm Caliphate thiab lwm lub xeev Muslim ua ntej Mongol kov yeej - Ghaznavids, Seljukids, xeev Khorezmshahs, Gurids, Ismailis ntawm Alamut; tom qab ntawd tuaj txog keeb kwm ntawm Suav teb, cov neeg Yudais qub, "Franks", popes, "Roman" (uas yog, Germanic) huab tais thiab Is Nrias teb, raws li qib kev paub txog cov tebchaws no. Thiab qhov tseeb tias txhua yam no yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, vim nws tso cai rau ib qho los sib piv qee yam keeb kwm tseeb uas tau hais tseg hauv txoj haujlwm no thiab yog li tsim lawv qhov tseeb los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas nrog lwm qhov chaw.
Civil sib cav. Cov duab los ntawm cov ntawv sau "Jami at-tavarikh", XIV xyoo pua. (Xeev Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv, Berlin)
Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias hauv "Jami 'at-tavarih" nws tau hais ncaj qha tias, txawm hais tias ntau tus neeg tsis lees paub Islam, lawv tseem tsim nyog tau sau lawv cov keeb kwm sau tseg, rau nws taw tes rau qhov tsis muaj kev txawj ntse ntawm Allah, uas tso cai rau lawv muaj, thiab cov neeg ncaj ncees los hloov lawv nrog lawv cov haujlwm rau hauv kev ntseeg tiag, tab sis muaj lub tswv yim ntawm "kev sib piv" ntawm cov kab lis kev cai sib txawv twb tau nkag siab los ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd.
Ib feem peb, txoj kev npaj ib puag ncig ib puag ncig, kuj tau tsim los rau kev sau ntawv, uas txhua txoj kev lag luam ntawm Mongol Empire kuj tseem yuav piav qhia. Tab sis Rashid ad-Din ib yam tsis muaj sijhawm sau nws, lossis nws tuag tom qab nws ua tiav xyoo 1318 thaum lub sijhawm plunder ntawm nws lub tsev qiv ntawv hauv Tabriz.
Qhov tshiab ntawm txoj haujlwm yog kev sim sau keeb kwm ntiaj teb tiag. Ua ntej ntawd, txoj haujlwm no tseem tsis tau ua los ntawm ib tus kws sau keeb kwm Persian. Ntxiv mus, tag nrho cov keeb kwm ua ntej Islamic ntawm cov neeg Muslim tau txiav txim siab los ntawm lawv tsuas yog ua ntej keeb kwm ntawm Islam thiab tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv, thiab keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg tsis yog Muslim tau suav tias yog qhov tsis tsim nyog ntawm kev saib xyuas. Nws yog Rashid ad-Din uas nkag siab tias keeb kwm ntawm Persians thiab Arabs tsis muaj dab tsi ntau dua li ib ntawm ntau tus dej uas ntws mus rau hauv hiav txwv ntawm keeb kwm ntiaj teb.
Kuj tseem muaj kev txhais ua lus Lavxias
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm Rashid ad-Din thiab nws pab tau muab txhais ua lus Lavxias thaum ntxov li 1858-1888. Lavxias orientalist IP Berezin, txawm hais tias tsis yog tag nrho, tab sis ib nrab. Nws txoj haujlwm raug hu zoo li no: Rashid-Eddin. Sau los ntawm Vaj Keeb Kwm. Keeb kwm ntawm Mongols. Kev sib xyaw ntawm Rashid-Eddin. Taw qhia: Txog pab pawg neeg Turkish thiab Mongolian / Per. los ntawm Persian, nrog rau kev qhia thiab sau tseg los ntawm IP Berezin // Zapiski imperial. Archeol. zej zog. 1858, nqe 14; Rau cov ntawv Persian, kev txhais lus Lavxias thiab sau ntawv, saib: Cov Txheej Txheem ntawm Sab Qaum Teb Sab Hnub Tuaj ntawm Lavxias Lub Koom Haum Archaeological. 1858 T. V; 1861 T. VII; 1868. T. VIII; 1888. Vol. XV. Hauv USSR, xyoo 1936, Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Kawm Sab Hnub Tuaj ntawm Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm USSR tau npaj ua tiav ib tsab ntawm cov haujlwm no ua plaub ntu. Tab sis kev ua haujlwm tau qeeb los ntawm kev ua tsov rog, thiab ntxiv rau, nws nyuaj heev uas ob qhov kawg tshwm sim tsuas yog xyoo 1952 thiab 1960.
120 nplooj ntawv rau 850 txhiab phaus
Qhov txaus siab, xyoo 1980, 120-nplooj ntawv tawg ntawm ib qho ntawm cov ntawv sau ua piv txwv "Jami 'at-tavarih", sau ua lus Arabic, tau muag ntawm Sotheby's, qhov uas nws tau muab los ntawm British Royal Asiatic Society. Nws tau yuav los ntawm ib tus neeg uas xav kom tsis qhia npe rau … 850 txhiab phaus sterling. Cov nyiaj no tau xub xub them rau cov ntawv Arabic.
Ntawd yog, peb muaj dab tsi thaum kawg? Ib qhov chaw zoo ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Mongols, thiab nws cuam tshuam nrog ntau qhov chaw hauv lwm yam lus. Thiab muaj kev txhais lus zoo ntawm nws ua lus Lavxias, yog li niaj hnub no txhua tus neeg txawj nyeem ntawv tuaj yeem nyeem thiab nyeem nws.
Cov ntawv nyeem:
1. Rashid ad-Din. Sau cov keeb kwm / Per. los ntawm Persian L. A. Khetagurov, luam tawm thiab sau los ntawm prof. A. A. Semenova. - M.- L.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1952.-- T. 1, 2, 3.
2. Ata-Melik Juvaini. Genghis Khan Ib Keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb tus kov yeej (Genghis Khan: keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb tus kov yeej) / Txhais los ntawm cov ntawv ntawm Mirza Muhammad Qazvini ua lus Askiv los ntawm J. E. Boyle, nrog cov lus qhia ua ntej thiab phau ntawv sau los ntawm D. O. Morgan. Kev txhais cov ntawv los ntawm lus Askiv rau Lavxias los ntawm E. E. Kharitonova. - M.: "Publishing house Magistr-press", 2004.
3. Stephen Turnbull. Genghis Khan & Mongol Conquests 1190-1400 (QHOV TSEEB HISTORIES 57), Osprey, 2003; Stephen Turnbull: 5 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk! Mongol Warrior 1200-1350 (WARRIOR 84), Osprey, 2003; Stephen Turnbull: 5 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk! Mongol Invasions ntawm Nyij Pooj 1274 thiab 1281 (CAMPAIGN 217), Osprey, 2010; Stephen Turnbull: 5 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk! Great Wall of China 221 BC - AD 1644 (FORTRESS 57), Osprey, 2007.
