Kev tsim khoom thiab siv cov khoom siv sib xyaw hauv tsev tsis ntev los no tau loj hlob ntawm qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo ntawm peb txog tsib feem pua. Cov no yog kev ntsuam xyuas txawv teb chaws. Cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis nyuaj heev rau kev tsim cov khoom siv raw, cov khoom lag luam ib nrab thiab cov khoom tsim nyog tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv ib hmos los ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm Lavxias nkaus xwb, nrog rau cov khoom sib txawv ntawm lawv tus kheej.
Tau ntev, ob qho tib si thev naus laus zis thiab cov khoom tiav hauv thaj chaw no feem ntau yog txawv teb chaws - los ntawm Tuam Tshoj thiab ntau lub tebchaws Asian (txog 60-65%), ntxiv rau sab hnub poob. Ntxiv mus, nws tau kwv yees tias Soviet kev txhim kho tau siv tsawg kawg 30 lub tebchaws txawv tebchaws, suav nrog NATO cov tswvcuab, suav nrog Fabkis, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Belgium, Tebchaws Asmeskas, thiab Canada.
Nws tsis yog qhov tsim nyog los ua pov thawj tias cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb npaum li cas hauv kev tiv thaiv, hauv kev siv ob yam khoom thiab hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam pej xeem. Yog li ntawd, hauv peb lub tebchaws, ib yam li Sab Hnub Poob, muaj qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj tus kheej txaus nyob rau txhua qhov ntawm kev lag luam sib xyaw, tshwj xeeb yog hauv ib feem ntawm nws uas tau siv hauv kev lag luam tiv thaiv.
Vladimir Putin tau teeb tsa txoj kev taw qhia rov qab rau xyoo 2008, hais tias Russia yuav tsum tsis txhob vam khom cov khoom siv txawv teb chaws kom ua tiav daim ntawv xaj tiv thaiv. Qhov no kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev sib koom ua ke, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cuam tshuam nrog cov kev rau txim hnyav zuj zus ntxiv. Ib qho ntxiv, kev txwv tsis pub siv feem ntau suav nrog cov khoom lag luam thiab thev naus laus zis uas tuaj yeem siv hauv kev lag luam tiv thaiv.
Thaum Lub Xya Hli 2008, tsoomfwv tau pom zoo Tsoomfwv Txoj Haujlwm Txoj Haujlwm rau kev tsim cov txheej txheem cov khoom siv sib xyaw (cov pa roj carbon ntxiv cov yas) rau riam phom thiab khoom siv tub rog, uas muab rau qhov tsis kam yuav ntau dua 300 yam khoom hauv xyoo 2020. Hauv tsib xyoos tom ntej no, "daim ntawv qhia kev" rau carbon fiber tau txais yuav, thiab tsoomfwv tau pom zoo txoj phiaj xwm rau kev txhim kho kev tsim cov khoom siv sib xyaw. Xyoo 2012–2016, Txoj haujlwm Lavxias-Belarusian "Kev tsim kho cov thev naus laus zis tshiab thiab cov txheej txheem rau kev tsim khoom ntawm cov khoom sib tw sib tw, qib kawm thiab cov khoom txhawb ntxiv" tau ua tiav.
Raws li kwv yees hais tawm ntawm cov rooj sab laj thoob ntiaj teb muaj nyob rau xyoo 2017, ntau dua 60 lub tuam txhab thiab tsawg kawg 30 lub chaw tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb tam sim no koom nrog hauv kev ua raws li kev txiav txim siab tau txais. Ntshuam kev vam khom hauv ntu uas cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim khoom thiab kev siv cov khoom sib xyaw tau poob qis dua 10 xyoo dhau los txog 15 feem pua - txog 30-35 feem pua. Cov peev txheej Asmeskas thiab Askiv kwv yees kwv yees li ntawm 40 feem pua, sau tseg 10-12 feem pua poob qis tib lub sijhawm. Tab sis hauv kev sib piv nrog ntau lub tebchaws sab hnub poob, Tuam Tshoj, Is Nrias teb, Ixayees, qhov chaw sib xyaw thiab lawv cov txiaj ntsig tau siv dav hauv kev tsim nkoj, roj thiab roj tsim tawm thiab lwm yam kev lag luam-siv cov khoom lag luam, qhov xav tau ntawm cov yas yas hauv Russia yog qis dua. Qhov no yog vim qhov tsis nyob ntev hauv txoj haujlwm no ntawm kev lag luam hauv tsev thiab, vim li ntawd, qhov kev xav tau tseem qis, piv txwv li, kev siv cov khoom sib xyaw hauv kev tsim kho nkoj ntawm Lavxias Federation tseem tsis tau tshaj li ib feem pua ntawm lub ntiaj teb..
Ib txoj hauv kev lossis lwm qhov, lub xeev tau txiav txim siab muab cov peev txheej thiab cov phiaj xwm kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev lag luam sib xyaw (CI). Nyob rau tag nrho, cov kev hloov pauv tau zoo, txawm hais tias tsis nco qab txog cov teeb meem ntawm kev lag luam hauv lub tebchaws, tau ntsib hauv 90s, tseem cuam tshuam.
Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm lub rooj sab laj ntawm kev sib koom ua ke thaum kawg lub Kaum Hli 2017: ntawm cov laj thawj tseem ceeb cuam tshuam kev hloov pauv hloov pauv hloov pauv yog qhov qis qis ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cov qauv cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom siv tshiab, kev txhim kho kev lag luam hauv tsev thiab tsis muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm. leej twg nkag siab txog cov teeb meem ntawm kev lag luam.
Qhov kev xav ntawm Kirill Komarov, Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Kev Txhim Kho thiab Kev Lag Luam Thoob Ntiaj Teb ntawm Lub Xeev Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom, tau hais hauv tib lub rooj sab laj: txheej txheem ntawm kev lees paub ntawm cov khoom siv sib xyaw tshiab rau cov cuab yeej siv sijhawm txog peb xyoos, ob zaug ntev npaum li txawv teb chaws. Ib qho ntxiv, yuav tsum muaj "txheej txheem kev cog lus ntau ntxiv rau kev txhim kho cov qauv, kev tshawb fawb thiab ntsuas yuav tsum tsis txhob ua ua ntu zus, tab sis ua ke." Thiab txhawm rau thov cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, nws tsis txaus los tso cai rau lawv kho thiab piav qhia hauv cov cai - cov neeg ua haujlwm tau kawm tiav xav tau.
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv txheej txheem hais los saum no, los ntawm 2020 qhov ntim ntawm kev tsim cov khoom sib xyaw thiab cov khoom lag luam los ntawm lawv yuav tsum yog 120 billion rubles. Kev txhim kho thiab kev lees paub tsawg kawg ntawm 550 tus qauv-txuj ci, kev cai lij choj thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv tsim nyog rau kev tsim kho kev lag luam tau npaj tseg. Qhov kawg ntawm Lub Kaum Hli 2017, Tus Lwm Thawj Saib Xyuas Kev Lag Luam thiab Kev Lag Luam Sergey Tsyb tau hais tias 363 tus qauv tshiab, 25 txoj cai, 4 kev faib tawm, 16 tus qauv kwv yees thiab 5 txoj haujlwm kev qhia paub txuj ci twb tau tsim thiab pom zoo rau kev sib koom ua ke.
Kev koom tes xov?
Kev tsim cov pa roj carbon fiber ntau hauv tsev (HC) qhia txog kev loj hlob siab tshaj plaws. Raws li Andrey Ignatiev, Tus Thawj Coj Muag Khoom ntawm Umatex Group, lub peev xwm ntawm HC kev lag luam hauv tsev yog kwv yees li 300 tons nrog lub peev xwm los sib tw yav tom ntej. Xyoo 2015, lub teb chaws cog qoob loo loj tshaj plaws "Alabuga-fiber" nrog rau txhua xyoo muaj peev xwm ntawm 1400 tons ntawm hydrocarbons hauv ib xyoos. Txog xyoo 2030, lub tuam txhab no npaj yuav nkag mus rau npe ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom siv roj carbon ntau tshaj plaws. Txawm hais tias tsob ntoo twb tsim tsib zaug ntau dua cov pa roj carbon fiber ntau dua li qhov xav tau los ntawm Lavxias kev lag luam, yog li ntawd ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim khoom raug xa tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj kev ntshai tias, vim qhov kev kwv yees kev loj hlob hauv kev thov cov roj carbon hauv tsev, kev xa tawm yuav dhau los ua teeb meem nrog kev xav tau hauv tsev.
Raws li rau cov khoom siv thermoplastic polymer, Russia tseem muaj ob feem pua hauv ntiaj teb kev lag luam, qhov ntim ntawm kev thov hauv lub tebchaws tsis ntau tshaj rau lab lab hauv ib xyoos. Lub caij no, kev xa khoom tuaj, raws li Sergey Kiselev, tus kws tshaj lij ntawm Polyplastic, tau ua tsawg kawg 25 feem pua nyob rau peb xyoos dhau los thiab yuav nce ntxiv vim yog qhov tseeb tias cov neeg xa khoom txawv teb chaws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov neeg sab hnub tuaj Asia, muab cov khoom qis thiab nruab nrab., thaum Lavxias cov neeg sib tw kim dua, txawm hais tias feem ntau zoo dua.
Muaj qee qhov nuances hais txog resins rau kev tsim cov khoom sib xyaw. Qhov kawg ntawm xyoo tas los, kev siv cov polyester uas tsis muaj cov roj ntsha yuav tsawg kawg yog 45 txhiab tons, nrog txog 80 feem pua ntawm cov khoom lag luam Lavxias. Tab sis hauv ntu ntawm epoxy resins nrog lub peev xwm ntawm kev lag luam hauv tsev ntawm 40-42 txhiab tons, qhov sib faib ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom hauv tsev tsis tshaj 10 feem pua. Lub niche no tau ntseeg khov kho los ntawm txawv teb chaws, feem ntau yog cov neeg xa khoom Suav. Lawv cov khoom tau pheej yig dua, feem ntau yog them tus nqi zoo. Yog li qhov nrawm ntawm kev hloov pauv kev hloov pauv hauv cov khoom lag luam no tsis yog tsuas yog ua rau lub cev nce ntxiv hauv qhov ntau lawm, tab sis kuj tseem txo qis hauv cov nqi tsim khoom.
Hauv ntu ntawm cov tshuaj fiber ntau (CVN), cov ntaub qhwv thiab cov khoom lag luam raws lawv, qhov xwm txheej nrog kev hloov pauv khoom tseem nyuaj. Raws li tau sau tseg hauv lub rooj sab laj xyoo tas los "Tsim cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim cov khoom siv hluavtaws: los ntawm hydrocarbons mus rau cov khoom kawg", tsis muaj kev nyab xeeb hauv tsev thov rau cov khoom no tseem tsawg kawg 60 feem pua, txawm tias kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias kev tsim khoom hauv ntu no. Ntawm qhov laj thawj rau qhov tsis txaus yog qhov yuav luag tag nyob rau xyoo 1980s thiab 1990s ntawm cov tshuaj me thiab nruab nrab thiab nws cov khoom siv raw, nrog rau ze rau 100% kev vam khom ntawm feem ntau ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov cuab yeej siv txawv teb chaws. Cov khoom pov tseg tib yam los ntawm PRC thiab cov tebchaws txhim kho yeej cov khoom lag luam ntshuam. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau peb xyoos dhau los, kev tsim cov nonwovens siv CVI raws li qhov xav tau hauv kev tiv thaiv kev lag luam thiab lwm yam lag luam tau nce ntxiv los ntawm ib feem peb, uas tau muab los ntawm cov tuam txhab Kuibyshevazot, Kurskkhimvolokno, Gazpromkhimvolokno thiab Termopol.
Tab sis qhov haujlwm loj tshaj plaws hauv ntu no - txheej txheej polyester hauv thaj av Ivanovo - tseem tsis tau ua tiav, cov hnub pib tsim kho tau ncua tas li. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no yog kev pib ntiag tug uas tsis muab rau tsoomfwv cov peev nyiaj. Cov kws tshaj lij ceeb toom tias qhov tsis yog-xeev xwm txheej ntawm txoj haujlwm cuam tshuam nws kev siv, thiab qhov no, nyeg, cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev tsim khoom hauv tsev ntawm kev hloov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, suav nrog cov khoom sib xyaw.
Ntawm lub rooj sab laj uas tau hais los saum toj no, nws tau thov kom txhim kho "txoj hauv kev" rau kev txhim kho kev tsim khoom hauv tsev ntawm CVI thiab cov khoom lag luam cuam tshuam nrog. Thiab tsis ntev los no, los ntawm kev txiav txim los ntawm Ministry of Industry thiab Trade, ib pawg neeg ua haujlwm sib koom ua ke los ntawm Tus Lwm Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws Sergei Tsyb tau tsim los tsim cov phiaj xwm phiaj xwm rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam ntawm cov khoom lag luam tsim hluavtaws thiab hluavtaws thiab xov rau lub sijhawm txog xyoo 2020.. Nws suav nrog cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm 20 lub tuam txhab tshwj xeeb, suav nrog, piv txwv li, Gazpromkhimvolokno, Union of Composite Producers, Sibur, Kompozit, NIITEkhim, Balakovo Carbon Production, Khimprominzhiniring, Kazanorgsintez.
Los yog PAN, lossis ploj mus
Txoj kev loj hlob yav tom ntej yog, ua ntej tshaj plaws, kev tsim cov pawg sib koom ua lag luam ib pawg "Composites without ciam teb". Nws tau tsim txij li xyoo 2016 ntawm kev pib ua haujlwm ntawm Umatex Group (ib feem ntawm Rosatom). Ntawm lub rooj sib tham "Ntshuam Hloov-2017", tus thawj coj dav dav ntawm lub tuam txhab Alexander Tyunin, nthuav qhia txoj haujlwm, tau sau tseg tias txoj haujlwm yog txhawm rau nce kev lag luam Lavxias rau cov roj carbon fiber thiab cov khoom siv raws nws. Tam sim no nws yog 0.5 feem pua ntawm lub ntiaj teb, thiab los ntawm 2025 nws yuav tsum yog plaub npaug. Pawg yuav tsim cov xwm txheej rau cov lag luam loj, nruab nrab thiab me, nrog rau cov tub lag luam hluas uas tau npaj los npaj cov chaw tsim khoom zoo tshaj plaws thiab txhim kho cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis tshiab raws li kev sib xyaw. 23 kev lag luam los ntawm Tatarstan, Moscow thiab Saratov cheeb tsam tau lees tias lawv txaus siab rau txoj haujlwm no. Pawg yuav tsum tau ua tiav los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo no.
Raws li kev sib xyaw thiab cuam tshuam txog R&D thiab cov phiaj xwm, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los hais txog thev naus laus zis tsim los ntawm Perm Kev Tshawb Fawb Txuj Ci Tsev Kawm Ntawv rau kev siv cov roj carbon rov ua dua tshiab los ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw polymer. Tus kws tshaj lij Yulia Kulikova saib xyuas cov kev txhim kho no. Raws li nws, kev tshawb fawb txog kev rho tawm cov roj carbon fiber los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw polymer (PCM) los ntawm cov txheej txheem reagent tsis muaj kev sib piv hauv tebchaws Russia, lawv tsim lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov lag luam tshiab rau kev tsim cov qauv thiab lwm yam khoom lag luam. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm txoj haujlwm yog txhawm rau txhim kho lub neej kev ua haujlwm ntawm PCM cov khoom lag luam, suav nrog hauv kev lag luam aviation thiab chaw, hauv kev siv tshuab, los ntawm kev siv cov peev txheej qub. Kev txo qis yam tsawg hauv kev siv zog ntawm PCM los ntawm cov khoom lag luam qib thib ob hauv kev sib piv nrog cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau ua tiav. Kev qhia txog thev naus laus zis no tau npaj los ntawm cov tuam txhab pov tseg pov tseg Uralplast thiab Bumatika. Hauv Alabuga, nrog kev pab los ntawm Kev Txhim Kho Kev Txhim Kho Kev Lag Luam, xyoo no lub tshuab cua sov tau hloov kho tshiab rau kev tsim cov iav fiber ntau zoo. Tus nqi ntawm txoj haujlwm yog kwv yees li 900 lab rubles, ntawm qhov uas 441.5 lab yuav muab los ntawm cov nyiaj qiv los ntawm IDF. Raws li Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Lag Luam thiab Kev Lag Luam ntawm Lavxias Federation, qhov kev xav tau rau txoj haujlwm no yog vim qhov tseeb tias fiberglass yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv sib tw uas tau siv tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim cov khoom sib xyaw. Nws tseem yog cov khoom tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv pom zoo rau siv hauv kev lag luam tiv thaiv. Los ntawm txoj kev, kev siv fiberglass thoob ntiaj teb yog 85 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov fibers siv rau kev sib xyaw ua ke, thiab tsuas yog 13.5 feem pua suav nrog los ntawm lwm cov polymers.
Thaum pib xyoo 2017, kev cog lus koom tes tau kos npe los ntawm tsoomfwv thaj tsam Saratov thiab JSC NPK Khimprominzhiniring ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm txoj haujlwm tsim cov pa roj carbon fiber ntau ntawm Saratovorgsintez site. Lub tuam txhab no tsim cov khoom tsim nyog - acrylic acid nitrile, los ntawm qhov uas Khimpromnizhiniring yuav tsim cov PAN ua ntej - dawb fiber uas ua lub hauv paus ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw. Txoj haujlwm tau tham txog hauv kev tswj hwm cheeb tsam rov qab rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 2016. Tom qab ntawd nws tau tshaj tawm tias tus neeg nqis peev yuav nqis peev 3.5 billion rubles hauv kev tsim khoom. Lub peev xwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag hauv Saratov yuav yog plaub txhiab tons hauv ib xyoos nrog kev nce ntxiv mus txog 25 txhiab. Nws tau npaj los ua txoj haujlwm no hauv peb xyoos. Cov nroj tsuag hauv Balakovo (thaj av Saratov) npaj tsim cov khoom tiav raws li PAN ua ntej.
