Ob lub hiav txwv thiab roob pom kuv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua
nrog ntau tus tub rog ntawm Turan.
Kuv tau ua dab tsi - kuv lub hnub qub yog kuv tus tim khawv!
Rashid ad-Din. "Jami 'ntawm-tavarih"
Kev sib tham txog Mongols.
Ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev kov yeej ntawm Mongols, Suav nyob hauv qhov chaw tshwj xeeb. Tab sis nws yuav tsum tau hais meej tias muaj ntau ntawm lawv. Muaj Mongolian, Suav, Arab, Persian, Armenian, Georgian, Byzantine (yog, muaj qee qhov!), Serbian, Bulgarian, Polish qhov chaw. Kuj tseem muaj kev faus neeg uas pom cov cim xub xub thiab lwm yam riam phom. Penza Zolotarevka ib leeg muaj nqis dab tsi, pes tsawg leej twb tau pom ntawm no thiab txuas ntxiv mus nrhiav …
Suav cov peev txheej tshaj tawm …
Tom qab cov peev txheej Persian, peb tig mus rau Suav cov peev txheej. Hauv kev xav, nws yuav tsum yog lwm txoj hauv kev ib puag ncig, tab sis Rashid ad-Din phau ntawv twb tau sau zoo heev, thiab ntxiv rau, nws tau hla mus rau kuv ua ntej, yog vim li cas peb thiaj pib nrog nws.
Cov peev txheej ntawm tus kws sau ntawv Suav kuj yog qhov nthuav heev. Thiab lawv tsis tsuas yog tuaj yeem muab lawv cov kws tshawb fawb nthuav dav cov ntaub ntawv hais txog keeb kwm ntawm ob tus neeg Suav thiab Mongolian, tab sis lawv tso cai rau ntau cov ntaub ntawv kom meej. Tshwj xeeb, cov pov thawj ntawm tib tus Persian thiab Arab tus kws kho mob ntev. Ntawd yog, peb tab tom cuam tshuam nrog cov ntaub ntawv hla mus rau ib qho thiab tib qho xwm txheej, uas, ntawm chav kawm, tseem ceeb heev rau keeb kwm keeb kwm. Niaj hnub no, tus nqi ntawm Suav cov peev txheej uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog Mongolia hauv xyoo pua 13th thiab lwm lub tebchaws ntawm Genghis Khan faj tim teb chaws feem ntau lees paub. Lwm qhov yog tias peb cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias pom nws nyuaj rau nws kawm. Koj yuav tsum paub lus Suav thiab Uyghur cov lus, ntxiv rau lub sijhawm ntawd, koj yuav tsum muaj kev nkag tau rau cov peev txheej no, tab sis muaj kev nkag tau li cas - cov nyiaj tsis tseem ceeb nyob hauv Suav teb thiab tuaj yeem ua haujlwm nrog lawv. Thiab tib yam mus rau qhov ua tau ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv Vatican lub tsev qiv ntawv. Koj yuav tsum paub Latin nruab nrab thiab … nws yog banal kom muaj nyiaj, them nyiaj rau zaub mov thiab chaw nyob. Thiab qhov kev txom nyem qhib ntawm peb cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm tsuas yog tsis tso cai rau txhua qhov no. Yog li ntawd, ib tus yuav tsum yog cov ntsiab lus nrog kev txhais ua ntej thiab dab tsi tau ua hauv qhov nruab nrab los ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm ntawm USSR Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb, ntxiv rau kev txhais lus ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb European hauv lawv tus kheej cov lus, uas … koj kuj yuav tsum paub thiab paub zoo!
Ib qho ntxiv, yog tias Plano Carpini ua haujlwm, Guillaume Rubruc thiab Marco Polo tau luam tawm ntau zaus hauv ntau yam lus, tom qab ntawv phau ntawv Suav tsis yooj yim rau cov neeg nyeem thoob plaws. Ntawd yog - "lawv tsuas yog tsis muaj." Tias yog vim li cas coob tus neeg thiaj hais li ntawd, lawv hais tias, tsis muaj keeb kwm ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Mongols. Txawm hais tias lawv yeej muaj.
Cia peb pib nrog qhov tseeb tias kev ua haujlwm qub tshaj plaws niaj hnub no, uas tau tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg Mongols, yog "Men-da bei-lu" (lossis hauv kev txhais lus "Kev piav qhia tag nrho ntawm Mongol-Tatars"). Nov yog daim ntawv ceeb toom los ntawm tus sawv cev ntawm Nkauj Paj Nruag lossis Song Chao faj tim teb chaws - lub xeev nyob hauv Suav teb uas muaj los ntawm 960 txog 1279 thiab poob rau hauv Mongols. Thiab tsis yog Nkauj, tab sis Yav Qab Teb Nkauj - txij li keeb kwm ntawm Nkauj tau muab faib ua Qaum Teb thiab Yav Qab Teb lub sijhawm cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv peev ntawm lub xeev los ntawm sab qaum teb mus rau sab qab teb, qhov uas nws tau tsiv tom qab kev kov yeej sab qaum teb Tuam Tshoj los ntawm Jurchens hauv 1127. Sab Qab Teb Nkauj Thawj tau tawm tsam lawv, thiab tom qab ntawd yog Mongols, tab sis lawv tau kov yeej los ntawm 1280.
Spy Ambassadors thiab Monks Traveler
Hauv tsab ntawv no, Zhao Hong, Tus Kws Lij Choj Sab Qab Teb rau Tuam Tshoj Sab Qaum Teb, twb tau nyob hauv txoj cai ntawm Mongols, qhia nws tus thawj coj kom ntxaws txog txhua yam uas nws tau pom nyob ntawd thiab muaj tsawg kawg qee qhov tseem ceeb. Cov ntawv tau sau tseg hauv 1221. Kev nthuav qhia tau hais meej meej thiab muab faib ua ntu me me: "Kev tsim lub xeev", "Qhov pib ntawm kev sawv los ntawm tus kav Tatar", "Lub npe ntawm cov nom tswv thiab xyoo ntawm tsoomfwv", "Cov thawj coj thiab cov thawj coj", "Generals thiab hwm cov neeg ua haujlwm "," Cov thawj coj ntseeg "," Ua tub rog "," Nees yug menyuam "," Muab "," Tshaj tawm tub rog "," Ua haujlwm txoj haujlwm "," Tus yam ntxwv thiab kev lis kev cai "," Cov cuab yeej siv tub rog thiab riam phom "," Tus sawv cev ", "Kev fij tseg", "Poj niam", "Tsiab peb caug, seev cev thiab nkauj". Ntawd yog, peb muaj ua ntej peb tshaj plaws "tshaj tawm cov neeg soj xyuas" uas nws tus kws sau piav qhia yuav luag txhua yam ntawm Mongol lub neej. Nws kuj tseem muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb txog Mukhali, tus tswv xeev ntawm Genghis Khan nyob rau sab qaum teb Tuam Tshoj thiab nws cov neeg koom nrog tam sim ntawd. Ntawm lwm yam, los ntawm cov lus no, peb tuaj yeem kawm paub tias Mongols hauv av tau nthuav dav nyiam cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv nroog ntawm Suav cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov … nquag koom tes nrog tus yeej!
"Men-da bei-lu" tau txhais ua lus Lavxias thaum ntxov xyoo 1859 los ntawm VP Vasiliev thiab tau siv dav los ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm Lavxias uas sau txog Mongols. Tab sis niaj hnub no yuav tsum muaj kev txhais lus tshiab, uas yuav tsis muaj qhov qhia tsis tau.
Qhov txiaj ntsig thib ob yog "Chang-chun zhen-ren si-yu ji" ("Nco txog txoj kev taug mus rau Sab Hnub Poob ntawm Chang-chun ncaj ncees") lossis yooj yim "Si-yu ji". Nov yog phau ntawv teev kev mus ncig ntawm Taoist tus hauj sam Qiu Chu-chi (1148-1227), leej twg paub zoo dua li Chang-chun. Nws tau coj los ntawm ib tus ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm, Li Chih-chan.
Tshawb pom hauv 1791, nws tau luam tawm thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1848. Phau ntawv teev npe suav nrog kev soj ntsuam lub neej ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm cov tebchaws ntawd uas Chiang Chun tau mus ntsib nrog nws cov tub ntxhais kawm, suav nrog Mongolia.
"Hei-da shi-lue" ("Cov ntaub ntawv luv luv txog cov neeg dub Tatars")-cov peev txheej no tseem sawv cev rau kev sau ntawv mus ncig, tab sis tsuas yog ob tus neeg sawv cev Suav. Ib tug hu ua Peng Da-ya, lwm tus Xu Ting. Lawv yog cov tswv cuab ntawm kev tshaj tawm txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Yav Qab Teb Nkauj Xeev thiab tau mus ntsib Mongolia thiab lub tshav puam ntawm Khan Ogedei. Thaum Xu Ting rov qab los hauv 1237, nws tau kho cov ntawv sau mus ncig no, tab sis hauv lawv daim ntawv qub lawv tsis mus txog peb, tab sis nqis los rau qee qhov ntawm Yal Tzu hauv 1557, luam tawm xyoo 1908. Cov lus ntawm ob tus neeg taug kev no suav txog ntau yam teeb meem, suav nrog kev lag luam ntawm Mongols, lawv lub ntsej muag, lub neej ntawm kev ua neeg ncaj ncees, thiab kev coj ncaj ncees hauv tsev hais plaub. Lawv kuj tau piav qhia txog kev yos hav zoov ntawm cov neeg Mongols, sau tseg tias qhov no yog kev npaj zoo rau kev ua tsov rog. Xu Ting tham hauv cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog cov txuj ci ntawm Mongols thiab, uas yog nkag siab heev, kev ua haujlwm ntawm pab tub rog Mongolian, lawv cov riam phom, piav qhia lawv cov tswv yim ua tub rog, uas yog, cov no hu ua "ambassadors" tsis tsuas yog ua lawv tus sawv cev ua haujlwm, tab sis kuj tau khaws cov ntaub ntawv kev txawj ntse, thiab nws yuav tsum yog qhov tseeb tas li.
"Sheng-wu qin-zheng lu" ("Kev piav qhia ntawm kev tshaj tawm tus kheej ntawm kev dawb huv-kev ua tsov ua rog [huab tais Chinggis]") yog lub hauv paus ntsig txog lub caij nyoog ntawm ob qho tib si Genghis Khan tus kheej thiab Ogedei. Nws tau pom nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, tab sis vim yog qhov nyuaj ntawm kev txhais lus los ntawm cov lus ntawm xyoo pua 13th, lawv tsis tau ua tib zoo mloog nws ntev. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws tau npaj rau kev tshaj tawm tsuas yog xyoo 1925 - 1926, thiab cov lus pom dav tau ua rau kev txhais lus. Txawm li cas los xij, cov peev txheej no tseem tsis tau txhais ua lus Lavxias thiab yog li tsis tau tshawb fawb tag nrho!
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj ntawm Mongolian
"Mongol -un niucha tobchan" ("Cov lus dab neeg zais cia ntawm Mongols" - qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Mongols thaum ntxov, kev tshawb pom uas tau cuam tshuam nrog Suav keeb kwm yav dhau los. Keeb kwm "Lus dab neeg …" tau sau siv cov ntawv Uyghur, tau qiv los ntawm Mongols thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. Cov peev txheej no yog qhov nthuav heev, tab sis kuj nyuaj heev rau ntau qhov laj thawj. Suffice nws hais tias txhua yam tau tham hauv nws, los ntawm cov lus nug ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab hnub sau ntawm lub npe nws tus kheej. Kev sib cav ntawm cov kws tshaj lij kuj ua rau muaj lus nug tias nws puas yog qhov ua tiav lossis nws tsuas yog ib feem ntawm kev ua haujlwm loj dua, thiab seb nws tau tshwm sim ua ntej lossis tom qab Khan Udegei tuag. Yog li hnub no, txawm tias hnub sau cov ntawv no xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv nrog kev koom tes ntawm txhua tus paub Suav thiab Kauslim, nrog rau cov peev txheej Persian, uas, ntawm chav kawm, tsuas yog nyob hauv lub zog ntawm pab pawg loj ntawm cov kws tshaj lij nrog cov peev txheej tseem ceeb. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub monument no muab qhov laj thawj ntseeg tias nws tau sau (lossis sau tseg) hauv daim ntawv ntawm zaj dab neeg los ntawm ib tus qub nukers ntawm Genghis Khan, ua hauv xyoo "Mouse" (raws li Mongolian daim ntawv qhia hnub) kurultai ntawm tus dej. Kerulen. Ntxiv mus, rau qee qhov laj thawj no kurultai tsis raug kaw hauv cov ntaub ntawv raug cai. Qhov zoo siab, qhov no qhia ncaj qha nws qhov tseeb. Txij li txhua hnub ntawm kurultays tau paub, txoj hauv kev yooj yim tshaj plaws yog - yog nws dag, los khi nws rau ib qho ntawm lawv, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tsis tau ua tiav. Tab sis kev sib tham tim ntsej tim muag yog tej zaum qhov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm ib tus neeg dag, thiab yog vim li cas nws thiaj li pom meej yam tsis muaj laj thawj ntau. Los ntawm txoj kev, kev txhais lus los ntawm A. S. Kozin (1941) hauv Lavxias hauv Is Taws Nem …
Hauv Suav Teb, Cov Lus Dab Neeg Tsis Txaus Ntseeg ntawm Mongols tseem nyob tau ntev ua ib feem ntawm Yun-le da-dyan. Nws yog kev suav ua ntu zus ntawm 60 tshooj hauv kab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab 22,877 tshooj ncaj qha hauv cov ntawv ntawm kev sau ntawm ntau tus neeg sau ntawv thaum ub thiab nruab nrab, uas tau suav sau hauv Nanjing xyoo 1403-1408. Ntau tshooj ntawm txoj haujlwm no tuag nyob hauv Beijing xyoo 1900 thaum lub sijhawm "boxer uprising", tab sis qee cov ntawv luam ntawm daim ntawv no tau txais thaum xyoo 1872 thiab tom qab ntawd txhais ua lus Lavxias los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias hauv Sinology P. I. Kafarov. Thiab xyoo 1933 nws tau xa rov qab mus rau Suav teb hauv daim ntawv theej theej duab los ntawm daim tseem, uas tam sim no tau khaws cia hauv peb Lub Tsev Haujlwm Sab Hnub Tuaj ntawm Gorky Kev Tshawb Fawb Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Leningrad University. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsuas yog tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob uas daim ntawv no tau nthuav dav thoob plaws ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb zej zog. Los ntawm txoj kev, thawj qhov kev txhais ua lus Askiv tau tsim los ntawm Francis Woodman Cleaves tsuas yog xyoo 1982. Txawm li cas los xij, ua lus Askiv lub npe ntawm cov peev txheej no tsis zoo li siab zoo, tab sis muaj ntau txoj hauv kev zoo dua - "Cov Keeb Kwm Tsis Txaus Ntseeg ntawm Mongols ".
Cov ntaub ntawv raug cai
Thaum lub sij hawm kev tswj hwm ntawm Mongols hauv Suav teb, coob leej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug cai raug tso tseg, uas niaj hnub no tau sib sau ua ke: "Da Yuan sheng-zheng goo-chao dian-zhang"-cov ntawv luv ntawm "Yuan dian-zhang" ("Kev tsim ntawm [dynasty] Yuan"), thiab "Tung-chzhi tiao-ge"-dua ob qhov kev suav sau loj los ntawm ntau txoj haujlwm. Lawv qhov kev sib tham tim ntsej tim muag tsis paub, tab sis thawj zaug muaj cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm 1260 - 1320, thiab qhov thib ob - tshwm sim hauv 1321 - 1322. P. Kafarov tau ntsib nrog "Yuan dian-chzhang" rov qab rau xyoo 1872, tab sis nws cov duab photolithographic tau tshaj tawm hauv Suav teb tsuas yog xyoo 1957. Raws li, "Tung-chzhi tiao-ge" yog sau los ntawm Mongol txoj cai sau hnub tim 1323. Nws tau luam tawm hauv Suav teb rov qab rau xyoo 1930. Nws tau pom meej tias cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb no yog cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm ntawm lub sijhawm Mongol txoj cai hauv Suav teb.
Qhov no, tej zaum, tsim nyog nyob ntawm no, vim tias tsuas yog cov npe ntawm tag nrho lwm cov ntaub ntawv Suav ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Mongols, yog tias tsis yog monograph, tom qab ntawd ib tsab xov xwm ntawm cov ntim loj uas nws yuav yooj yim tsis txaus siab nyeem nws rau -kws tshaj lij. Tab sis nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas muaj ntau qhov chaw zoo li no, ntau heev - ntau pua txhiab nplooj ntawv nyob rau ntau xyoo sib txawv, uas tau lees paub los ntawm kev hla tus lej thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv lawv tus kheej. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv no nyuaj rau kawm. Koj yuav tsum paub Suav thiab tsis yog lus Suav, tab sis Suav ntawm xyoo pua 13th, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov lus Uyghur tib lub sijhawm. Thiab leej twg hnub no thiab rau nyiaj dab tsi yuav mus kawm txhua qhov no hauv Russia, thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - vim li cas! Yog li cov lus dag txog lwm qhov chaw hauv Suav, tsis hais txog Mongolian cov, yuav txuas ntxiv mus yav tom ntej. Tom qab tag nrho, "nws pub rau fables" …
Cov ntaub ntawv:
1. Keeb Kwm Sab Hnub Tuaj (hauv 6 ntu). T. II. Sab Hnub Tuaj hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub Nyoog. Moscow, tshaj tawm lub tuam txhab "Eastern Literature" RAS, 2002.
2. Khrapachevsky RP Cov tub rog lub zog ntawm Genghis Khan. Moscow, Lub tsev luam tawm "AST", 2005.
3. Rossabi M. Lub Hnub Nyoog Golden ntawm Mongol Empire. Saint Petersburg: Eurasia, 2009.
4. Suav qhov chaw hais txog thawj Mongol khans. Ib daim duab ntxa rau ntawm qhov ntxa ntawm Yelyui Chu-Tsai. Moscow: Nauka, 1965.
5. Cleaves, F. W., trans. Zaj Keeb Kwm Ntawm Mongols. Cambridge thiab London: Tshaj tawm rau Harvard-Yenching Institute los ntawm Harvard University Press, 1982.
