Kuv tau nyob ntawd. Nyob hauv hav
Qhov twg txhua yam yog maj mam muab los ntawm lub qhov muag, Ntawm qhov rapids txaus ntshai kuv tau ua
Balkan roob tsis yooj yim.
Kuv pom hauv cov zos uas nyob deb ntawd
Qab lub plow ci ntawm Yunak, Kuv tau siab rau qhov siab
Qhov twg huab so.
Kuv nyob ntawd thiab thaum lub caij sov, Kuv siv los nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav -
Kuv ua pa tag nrho thaj av nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus neeg tuag, Swarm ua si hauv cov xim ntawm cov menyuam.
Nyob ntsiag to, nyob kaj siab lug, cov poj niam tau tig, Thiab lawv tau hu nkauj cov nkauj thaum ub
Thiab ua siab ntev tos
Los ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm lawv cov neeg ua haujlwm …
Gilyarovsky V. A. Kuv pom lawv nyob hauv cov pa luam yeeb, hauv cov hmoov av … / V. A. Gilyarovsky // Bulgaria hauv Lavxias paj huam: paj huam / [comp. Boris Nikolaevich Romanov; tus kws kos duab Andrey Nikulin]. M., 2008.-- S. 160-161
Cuam tshuam ntawm kev tsim cov tub rog Balkan kev coj noj coj ua
Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Hauv tsab xov xwm dhau los hais txog cov tub rog ntawm Balkans, thiab siab dua txhua tus neeg Serbs, Romanians thiab Bulgarians, tau hais hauv cov lus ntawm tus kws sau keeb kwm Askiv D. Nicolas. Tab sis cov ntawv txuas ntxiv tau cog lus tseg, raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm Bulgarian keeb kwm keeb kwm, thiab ntawm no nws nyob ntawm koj xub ntiag, suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qee tus kws tshawb fawb hais lus Askiv.
Kev rov txhim kho riam phom thiab keeb kwm ntawm Bulgarian cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv nruab nrab yog ib txoj haujlwm nyuaj heev, txij li cov ntawv sau los uas tau nqis los rau peb yog qhov me me, uas ua rau nws nyuaj rau lawv txhais lus. Muaj cov chaw tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm, cov ntawv sau thiab cov duab kos los ntawm Bulgaria thiab thaj tsam uas nyob ib sab. Tab sis tib lub frescoes tsis yog qhov ntseeg tau thiab yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo.
Txawm li cas los xij, nws pom tseeb tias Thib Ob Bulgarian Lub Nceeg Vaj twb yog lub xeev muaj kev ywj pheej tag nrho, cov neeg tseem ceeb uas suav nrog cov neeg tseem ceeb nrog kev tuav av tseem ceeb, uas suav nrog ob lub zos thiab nroog. Lub sijhawm dhau los, lawv cov cai thiab kev muaj nyiaj ntau zuj zus tig lawv mus rau hauv cov thawj coj hauv cheeb tsam uas muaj kev ywj pheej tag nrho hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog lub xeev lub hwj chim siab tshaj. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tau xa mus rau lub zog no, thiab sib pauv rau cov cai tshwj xeeb tau muab rau nws, thiab thaj chaw uas lawv muaj. Thiab txij li txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm txhua tus neeg nyob nruab nrab hauv nruab nrab yog kev ua tub rog, nws pom tseeb tias tib yam tau tshwm sim ntawm Bulgarian kev coj noj coj ua, uas txij thaum yau tau kawm los tuav riam phom, caij nees, thiab nkag siab txog cov hauv paus ntawm cov tswv yim thiab cov tswv yim.
Thiab nws nkag siab tias cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv kev sib raug zoo yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv zoo, txawm hais tias kev xav txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov cuab yeej ntawm cov neeg siab phem Bulgarian tseem muaj teeb meem. Txawm li cas los xij, yog paub zoo thiab tsis tuaj yeem sib cav tau? Piv txwv li, qhov tseeb uas nyob rau xyoo XII. Crusaders los ntawm Tebchaws Europe Sab Hnub Poob tau hla hla thaj tsam Balkan Peninsula mus rau lub nroog Byzantium, Constantinople. Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim zoo li kev ntxeem tau ntawm Normans, qhov no tsis yooj yim ua rau qiv hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev ua tub rog. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, qhov kev txhawj xeeb hnyav cavalry. Tib lub sijhawm, ntau tus kws sau keeb kwm sau tseg tias nws yog XII caug xyoo uas yog lub sijhawm hloov pauv hauv Byzantine kab lis kev cai, txij thaum ntawd ntau yam kev lis kev cai sab hnub poob kuj tshwm sim hauv Byzantium. Ib qho ntawm kev hloov pauv tshiab yog kev sib tw zoo, uas tus huab tais Immanuel Comnenus tau sib tw nrog cov thawj coj ntawm cov tebchaws Latin.
Ib feem ntawm cov tub rog tseem ceeb uas tau koom nrog cov kev sib tw no yog los ntawm Bulgarian boyars, xws li Assen thiab Peter, yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm nws cov khoom European nyob hauv Bulgaria.
Ntxiv rau Byzantium, kev tawm tsam ntawm Normans, Magyars thiab, raws li tau sau tseg, Kev Tsov Rog, ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev hla tebchaws Bulgarian, muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev tsim ntawm Balkan cov tub rog kev coj noj coj ua. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev loj hlob ntawm Italian nroog-xeev tau pib thiab lawv cov lag luam nthuav mus rau Sab Hnub Tuaj. Tsis ntev lawv tau txais txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb hauv Mediterranean thiab Balkans. Tab sis tom qab plaub Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb, Western European cuam tshuam hauv Balkans nkag mus rau theem tshiab. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov neeg European nyob sab hnub poob hauv cheeb tsam tau nce, tshwj xeeb yog Fab Kis thiab Italians. Thiab lawv nqa nrog lawv cov qauv tshiab ntawm cov cuab yeej thiab riam phom. Ib qho ntxiv, ntau thiab ntau tus neeg Germanic tuaj nyob ntawm ciam teb nrog Bulgarian lub nceeg vaj nyob rau sab qaum teb, los ntawm Hungary thiab sab hnub poob cov tub rog nyob hauv Serbia thiab Byzantium. Nyob rau xyoo pua 14th, kev cuam tshuam ntawm Italian nroog-xeev thiab Dubrovnik tau nce ntau ntxiv, yog li ntawd lawv tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam hauv cheeb tsam. Qhov no tau lees paub los ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los: tus lej tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv kab lis kev cai yog keeb kwm sab hnub poob, feem ntau yog cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov kws txawj Italian - cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab cov khoom zoo nkauj, riam phom, siv tawv, tais diav, thiab lwm yam. cov khoom siv kab lis kev cai ntawm Bulgarian lub nroog thiab kev sib pauv pauv pauv ntawm cov xeev sab hnub poob ntawm Bulgaria.
Xyoo 1240 Bulgaria thiab lwm qhov chaw ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj thiab Nruab Nrab Europe tau poob qis los ntawm Mongol Tatars. Cov neeg kov yeej tshiab los ntawm Great Steppe nqa nrog lawv hom tshiab ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv uas muab cov qub. Cov no yog cov khaub ncaws ua los ntawm ntaub lossis tawv, nrog rau daim hlau hlau. Tag nrho cov no tau txuas ua ke thiab hloov mus rau hauv cov qauv ruaj khov. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntau thiab ntau cov khoom tiv thaiv hlau rau caj npab thiab txhais ceg pib tshwm rau ntawm cov cuab yeej ntawm European cov tub rog, uas, ua ke nrog cov saw xa ntawv, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los tsim kev tiv thaiv zoo heev. Zaj dab neeg ntawm servilera pib, uas thaum kawg tig mus rau hauv lub kaus mom hlau kaus mom hlau. Nws thawj zaug siv tau sau tseg thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th hauv Padua, qhov uas nws tau hais tias yog lub kaus mom hlau siv los ntawm cov tub rog, thiab tom qab ntawd tau kis thoob plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe sai, qhov uas nws tau hloov pauv ntau yam thiab cov ntawv tau tshwm sim. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, "lub kaus mom hlau loj" kuj tseem siv tau, tab sis nws tsuas yog neeg caij nees xwb. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis zoo li nws nyiam nyob hauv Balkans thiab hauv tib Bulgaria, txawm hais tias feem ntau nws cov riam phom ua raws Western zam. Qhov no tau pom meej los ntawm kev tshawb pom keeb kwm yav dhau los, ntau yam duab ntawm frescoes, npib, me me, ntsaws ruaj ruaj, thiab kos duab tsis raug.
Cov qauv ntawm kev ua raws li European zam
Txawm hais tias muaj qhov pom me me ntawm cov cuab yeej ua rog thiab riam phom los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Lub Tebchaws Bulgarian Thib Ob, txawm li cas los xij lawv qhia peb paub meej meej ua raws European qauv. Ntxiv mus, tsis muaj ntau qhov pom uas yuav lees paub qhov no, tab sis lawv yog.
Cov ntaj European, rab ntaj thiab rab hneev taw rau nees tau pom nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Bulgaria, muaj cov qauv ntawm lub kaus mom kaus mom hlau los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th, nrog rau cov cim ntawm lamellar "armor" ntawm hom brigandine.
Muaj cov ntawv sau los ntawm qhov uas nws tau pom tseeb tias cov riam phom Italian tau yuav los ntawm Bulgarians ob qho tib si rau lawv tus kheej thiab muag rau lawv cov neeg nyob ze, uas hais txog kev tsim caj npab lag luam zoo nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd thiab nthuav dav tshaj plaws ntawm tib yam qauv Italian hauv cov Balkans.
Qhov kev lag luam txawv teb chaws tseem ceeb npaum li cas? Muaj cov ntawv ua tim khawv rau lub sijhawm 1329 - 1349, thaum nyob hauv tebchaws Serbia Lub Nceeg Vaj lub sijhawm no 800 daim ntaub paj ntaub, 750 lub hauv caug hlau hauv ncoo, 500 cov saw xa shossos, ntau dua 1300 pawg phaj phom, 100 saw xa ntawv, 650 lub hauv paus, 800 barbut lub kaus mom hlau, 500 khub hnab looj tes, 300 daim thaiv, 400 "hom Serbian" daim thaiv, 50 lub tsev teev ntuj-de-fer ("lub kaus mom hlau") lub kaus mom hlau, 100 tus tiv thaiv, 500 greaves, 200 teev ntawm forged tes phaj, 500 luv (pom tseeb saw xa ntawv!), 250 qhov ua tiav "Armor", thiab feem ntau - cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv rau 833 tus neeg thiab riam phom ntau ntxiv rau 1200 tus neeg, tag nrho cov no nrog tus nqi tag nrho ntawm 1,500 kub ducats. Thiab qhov no tsis yog riam phom rau cov tub rog. Lawv ib txwm yuav thiab xaj txhua yam ntawm lawv tus kheej. Nws yog nrog nyiaj muaj koob muaj npe uas cov riam phom zoo ib yam tau yuav rau cov tub rog muaj koob muaj npe!
Cov ntawv sau qhia ua piv txwv muaj ob qhov tseem ceeb thiab muaj txiaj ntsig uas tau tsim yuav luag nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thiab muab cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo txog lub sijhawm - Cov ntawv Bulgarian daim ntawv qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm Manasseh thiab Hungarian piav qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm Piktun. Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias muaj ob qho xwm txheej sib txawv thiab qee qhov sib txawv hauv lawv cov duab, tab sis tag nrho lawv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas qhia tias cov tsho nrog cov tes tsho ntev yog tus tseem ceeb ntawm ob qho keeb kwm.
Hauv Vaj Keeb Kwm ntawm Manasseh. feem ntau, cov ris tsho hnav tau pleev xim rau xim xiav, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev txhais sib txawv ntawm qhov pom. Tab sis nws tau pom meej tias muaj ntau hom kaus mom hlau, ua los ntawm ib daim hlau: kheej kheej (cervelier) thiab ntau yam piv txwv ntawm lub kaus mom hlau conical. Ntawm cov nyiaj npib Bulgarian muaj cov duab ntawm "lub kaus mom loj". Thaj, nws yog lub cim ntawm kev sib tw thiab lub zog.
Raws li kev siv cov hnab looj tes phom cov phom, hauv Chronicle ntawm Manasseh, tus kws pleev xim pleev xim rau cov neeg caij nees nrog txhais tes liab qab, tab sis cov neeg caij nees los ntawm Chronicle Pictun hnav cov hnab looj tes European classic. Qhov zoo siab, cov hnab looj tes zoo sib xws tau piav qhia ntawm lub qhov muag ntawm Markov Monastery ze Prilep. Cov riam phom sau hauv ob tsab ntawv yog ntaj thiab hmuv. Cov ntaub thaiv npog yog daim duab peb sab lossis hauv daim ntawv ntawm "inverted drop". Cov spurs thiab cov khoom pom los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los.
Thiab tam sim no qee yam zoo li qhov xaus, txij li hauv lub voj voog no tsis muaj cov lus xaus tom qab txhua cov khoom. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, cov ntaub ntawv thib ob ua tiav thawj zaug, uas yog, dab tsi D. Nicole sau. Nws cov neeg sau tau paub zoo dua nrog cov hauv paus tseem ceeb (thiab nws yuav coj txawv txawv yog tias nws tsis yog!), Tab sis lawv tus kheej hais txog lawv qhov xwm txheej tsis zoo. Yog li peb tseem feem ntau pom cov txheej txheem tshawb fawb nrog cov hauv paus tsis sib xws. Thiab rau cov neeg nyiam ntawm "qhov chaw kawg" qhov tseeb, koj tuaj yeem ntxiv - thiab nws ib txwm "nyob ntawd"!
P. S. Kuv tsis paub leej twg, tab sis tus kheej nws nyuaj rau kuv nyeem thiab txhais cov ntawv Bulgarian, txawm hais tias hom lus Bulgarian muaj ntau txoj hauv kev zoo ib yam li Lavxias. Nws tau hloov pauv kom yooj yim dua los nyeem thiab nyeem cov lus Askiv, uas qhov no tau pom zoo hauv cov npe ntawm cov neeg ua tim khawv.
Cov neeg ua tim khawv
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3. Haldon, Yauhas. Byzantium ntawm Tsov Rog: AD 600-1453. Bloomsbury Publishing, xyoo 2014.
4. Sophoulis, Panos. Byzantium thiab Bulgaria, 775-831. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2011.
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