Shields of Trojan War (ntu plaub)

Shields of Trojan War (ntu plaub)
Shields of Trojan War (ntu plaub)

Video: Shields of Trojan War (ntu plaub)

Video: Shields of Trojan War (ntu plaub)
Video: koj tuav kuv tes txog txij no xwb - hu cover nuj xeem - original : kab lia vwj 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Anonim

Ntau yam thiab muaj qab ntxhiab tau hais txog cov ntaub thaiv npog hauv Iliad. Tsuas yog kev piav qhia ntawm daim ntaub thaiv ntawm Achilles muaj nqis rau qee yam. Tab sis peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab tias Tsov Rog Tsov Rog tau nyob qhov twg hauv lub sijhawm 1250 - 1100. Tab sis tag nrho lub sijhawm Minoan lub sijhawm, Cretan-Mycenaean kab lis kev cai, lub sijhawm Achaean thiab Aegean kev vam meej (qhov tseeb, lawv txhua tus zoo ib yam!) Ob qho pib ua ntej thiab xaus me ntsis tom qab lub sijhawm no. Yog li, zaj dab neeg ntawm kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig feem ntau nyob ib puag ncig lub ntiaj teb yuav tsum pib nrog qhov tseeb tias cov ntaub thaiv npog puag ncig hauv cheeb tsam Aegean tau pib siv ib puag ncig 1300 BC.

Duab
Duab

Mycenaean rab riam nrog tua tsiaj. Archaeological Museum ntawm Athens.

Ntxiv mus, txhua yam hlau (tooj liab) daim thaiv ntawm lub sijhawm no tau paub los ntawm kev pom hauv Nruab Nrab thiab Sab Qaum Teb Europe, tab sis tsis yog hauv Hellas thiab Asia Me. Tab sis txij li muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo puag ncig daim hlau thaiv tau pom nyob ntawd, lawv siv tau suav tias yog qhov ua tau los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm lub ntiaj teb Achaean.

Shields of Trojan War (ntu plaub)
Shields of Trojan War (ntu plaub)

Ib daim duab ntawm vajtswv lossis tub rog los ntawm Enkomi, Cyprus (kwv yees li 1200 BC). Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Nicosia.

Qee cov ntawv kub, cov nyees khawm, thiab cov pob zeb ci ntsa iab los ntawm huab tais cov ntxa ntawm Mycenae hnub tim 1500 BC. tau txhais los ntawm Heinrich Schliemann ua cov ntawv me me. Nws lub tswv yim tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm kev pom cov khoom ntoo loj (uas tau sib sau los ntawm ntau qhov tawg) hauv qhov ntxa. 5 ntawm Mycenae (kwv yees li 1500 BC), vim nws yuav luag yog ib feem ntawm daim ntaub thaiv. Hauv nruab nrab ntawm qhov muaj sia nyob, muaj ib lub qhov puag ncig, uas tau siv los txuas tus tuav, uas tau npog los ntawm sab nraud los ntawm cov hlau umbo.

Duab
Duab

Aegean ntiaj teb daim ntawv qhia.

Muaj ib qho tawg ntawm fresco nrog tua tsiaj los ntawm Pylos (puag ncig 1300 BC), uas tseem qhia tau tias muaj daim thaiv npog puag ncig. Cov ntaub thaiv npog ua los ntawm ntau txheej tawv tawv kuj tau piav qhia hauv Iliad. Muaj tus duab tooj dag, "daim duab los ntawm Enkomi", piav qhia tus tub rog nrog rab hmuv thiab ib puag ncig daim ntaub thaiv. Cov tub rog ntawm "cov neeg ntawm hiav txwv", piav qhia txog kev pab ntawm lub tuam tsev Ramses II hauv Medinet Abu, tseem muaj riam phom puag ncig.

Tab sis nws yog nyob hauv ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb no uas tsis muaj qhov txawv txav zoo li lub npe hu ua "proto-Dipylonian" daim ntaub thaiv tau tshwm sim, uas zoo li lub ntsej muag loj loj ntawm yim. Cov ntaub thaiv npog no muaj cov ntoo ntsug ntsug thiab lub hauv paus, feem ntau yuav xaws los ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab npog nrog bovine nkaum.

Duab
Duab

Dipylon tawv ntaub thaiv npog. Rov tsim kho dua. Thaum pib ntawm VIII xyoo pua. BC Nyob rau tim Nkij teb chaws, muaj ob hom tseem ceeb ntawm daim thaiv: lub ntsej muag, nrog rau kev so ntawm ob sab - hom no feem ntau hu ua Dipylonian, tom qab lub npe ntawm toj ntxas hauv Athens, qhov twg pom ntau cov duab ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog no, thiab puag ncig, nrog tuav nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Cov ntaub thaiv npog Dipylon yuav luag ncaj qha cuam tshuam nrog daim duab-yim Mycenaean cov ntaub thaiv npog.

Cov pas nrig thaum xaws tuaj yeem dhau los ntawm lub qhov hauv cov ntoo no, txawm hais tias qhov no tsis muaj dab tsi ntau dua li qhov kev xav. Hauv qhov no, cov yam ntxwv muaj zog ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog tau nce ntau ntxiv, thiab nws tuaj yeem npog nrog ntau dua ib daim tawv nqaij, tab sis muaj lub npog ua los ntawm ntau cov tawv nqaij tawv thiab sib cuam tshuam. Hauv qhov no, lub zog ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog tuaj yeem sib raug zoo nrog lub zog ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog ntawm Kaffir-Zulu ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, uas tau ua los ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm tus ntxhw thiab hippos thiab tiv taus qhov tshuab ntawm tus tsov ntxhuav clawed!

Duab
Duab

Shield ntawm lub fresco los ntawm lub tsev ntawm Knossos (ncig 1500 - 1350 BC)

Muaj ntau cov duab ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog no. Cov no yog frescoes los ntawm lub tsev huab tais hauv Knossos, thiab Minoan vases thiab txawm tias cov duab ntawm cov neeg yos hav zoov tua ntawm cov hniav ntawm rab yaj phom tooj dag zoo nkauj los ntawm lub tsev khaws khoom qub hauv Athens. Qhov no hniav, los ntawm txoj kev, piav qhia cov ntaub thaiv npog ntawm ob hom: "yim-zoo li tus" thiab cov duab plaub nrog ib lub voj voog ib nrab nyob rau sab saum toj.

Cov ntaub thaiv zoo li no tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv nrog cov hlau txuas nrog ntawm ntug thiab txawm tias npog nrog cov ntawv hlau nyob saum. Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias hauv Iliad, ib yam nkaus, cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm Achaeans thiab Trojans tau hnav cov tawv nqaij tawv nqaij, txhawb ntxiv nrog cov hlau. Muaj cov lus piav qhia ntawm daim duab plaub tiv thaiv kom meej nrog cov tawv nqaij ntawm tus nyuj rau rau sab nrauv thiab nyob rau hauv cov frescoes nto moo los ntawm Akrotiri ntawm Santorini Island.

Duab
Duab

Kev yos hav zoov yos hav zoov cuam tshuam nrog tus hneev taw thiab rab hmuv nrog yim daim zoo li daim ntaub thaiv. Foob los ntawm Kudonia, xyoo pua 16th BC

Duab
Duab

Lub fresco los ntawm qhov hu ua "tsev sab hnub poob", los ntawm Akrotiri los ntawm cov kob ntawm Santorini. Ntawm daim fresco hauv nws sab saud, cov tub rog nyob hauv lub kaus mom hlau ua los ntawm npua teb tus ntxhw nrog cov tib neeg loj li lub ntsej muag daim thaiv npog nrog cov tawv nyuj ntau xim. Xws li daim ntaub thaiv yuav tsum tau ua los tiv thaiv zoo rau tus tub rog, tab sis nws lub xub ntiag hais lus ntau. Nws tsis muaj kev nkag siab rau ib tus tub rog kom muaj ntaub thaiv npog zoo li no! Tsuas yog ntau tus tub rog uas muaj cov ntaub thaiv npog, nyob hauv phalanx, nkag siab ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Qhov no txhais tau tias phalanx twb paub lawm. Los ntawm txoj kev, hmuv ntev hauv cov tub rog txhais tes lees paub qhov kev xav no. Los ntawm txoj kev, daim duab nws tus kheej yog nkag siab heev, txawm hais tias nws tau kos los ntawm tus kws kos duab uas nyob ntawm peb nyob rau lub sijhawm tsis nco qab. Cov tub rog tiv thaiv lub nroog, cov poj niam nyob hauv nws thiab cov neeg yug yaj, tsav tsheb mus rau lub nroog. Ntawm hiav txwv peb pom lub nkoj thiab cov neeg dhia dej koom nrog qee yam lag luam tseem ceeb.

Duab
Duab

Ajax nrog nws daim ntaub thaiv. Kev kho dua tshiab.

Cov ntaub thaiv yooj yim nrog cov plaub hau zais tuaj yeem txhim kho tau zoo heev. Piv txwv li, los ntawm kev txuas ntau daim tawv nqaij ua ke. Cov ntaub thaiv npog ntawm Ajax Telamonides tsuas yog xws li, uas yog, "xya-tawv nqaij" thiab tseem npog nrog cov nplooj tooj dag. Nws ntseeg tias daim ntaub thaiv zoo li no yuav hnyav heev. Nws tau paub tias qhov nruab nrab ntom ntawm tooj liab yog 8300 kg / m3. Yog li, nrog daim ntawv me me ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm los ntawm 1.65 m txog 1 m, dav li ntawm 70 cm thiab tuab 0.3 mm, qhov no yuav ua rau peb hnyav txog 4 kg. Qhov hnyav tag nrho ntawm xya daim tawv nqaij yog 6 kg ntxiv rau 4 kg ntawm cov phaj tooj liab, uas yog, tag nrho qhov hnyav ntawm daim ntaub thaiv yuav txog 10 kg. Nws nyuaj, tab sis tej zaum, ntxiv mus, Iliad hais qhia tias daim ntaub thaiv no hnyav rau Ajax nws tus kheej.

Iliad tseem piav qhia daim ntaub thaiv ntawm Achilles, ua los ntawm tus vajtswv Hephaestus, thiab rau qhov zoo nkauj, nws ua ntau yam duab rau nws. Tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv nto moo Peter Connolly thiab tus kws sau keeb kwm keeb kwm Italian Raffaele D'Amato tau sim rov txhim kho cov xwm txheej uas piav qhia ntawm daim ntaub thaiv no. Kev ua haujlwm ntau tau ua tiav, txij li muaj 78 qhov xwm txheej hauv Achilles daim ntaub thaiv, yog li nws lub ntim tuaj yeem xav!

Txog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm daim duab thiab theej tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, siv cov duab los ntawm frescoes, ntxiv rau ntau yam khoom cuav. Piv txwv li, yos hav zoov dev - fresco los ntawm Tiryns ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. BC NWS; Achaean poj niam - fresco ntawm Tiryns ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. BC NWS; cov poj niam hauv tsheb nees - lub fresco ntawm Tiryns los ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. BC NWS; cov pov thawj nrog lub tuam tsev fresco los ntawm Mycenae ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. BC NS. - thiab ntxiv rau.

Duab
Duab

Kev txhim kho ntawm daim ntaub thaiv ntawm Achilles.

Raws li cov lus piav qhia hauv Iliad, Hector daim ntaub thaiv yuav zoo xav tias yog "yim-zoo li" (hom-Dipylonian hom) ntawm ob peb txheej ntawm cov tawv nyuj.

Pom zoo: