Cov ntsiab lus me tshaj plaws ntawm daim duab, pleev xim nrog kev saib xyuas zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tseeb - khaub ncaws ntawm tus phab ej, lawv cov riam phom, kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov nees - tau ua raws li lub tswv yim dav dav ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab, yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau "archaeology" ", tsuas yog txhim kho qhov kev xav dav dav ntawm lub neej puv ntoob thiab keeb kwm qhov tseeb ntawm daim duab no.
Zoo nkauj canvases. Ib., 1966 S. 298
Kos duab thiab keeb kwm. Ob peb lo lus rau cov uas nyeem kab ntawv hauv "VO" maj nrawm, hla kab, lossis nyeem hauv lawv yam uas tsis muaj nyob rau ntawd. Kab lus no tsis yog txhais tau tias yog kev sim ua phem rau, thuam lossis saib tsis taus qhov tseem ceeb ntawm daim duab "Heroes" rau kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Russia (yog, uas yog lub npe ntawm daim duab nto moo no, thiab tsis yog "Peb Heroes" txhua qhov, zoo li nws tom qab ntawd tau hu ua lus sib dhos!), Sau los ntawm Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov. Tab sis qhov no yog tib lub sijhawm teb rau qhov eulogy uas muaj nyob hauv epigraph rau daim duab no. Nws pom tseeb tias tus kws kos duab muaj txuj ci muaj peev xwm piav qhia cov piv txwv ntawm cov khoom siv kab lis kev cai ntawm nws daim ntawv nthuav dav uas nyob deb ntawm qhov tseeb, zoo li Leonardo da Vinci tau ua, piv txwv li, hauv daim duab "Battle of Anghiara", thiab nws daim duab yuav zoo yuav tsum muaj cai yog tias daim duab no muaj tiag … Tam sim no, yog tus kws kos duab tsis muaj txuj ci zoo thiab tsis muab cov tswv yim tshwj xeeb rau hauv daim duab, tom qab ntawd nws yuav tsum piav qhia txhua yam kev yees duab kom raug. Nws yog lwm qhov teeb meem yog tias nws paub yuav ua li cas qhia tus ntsuj plig ntawm qhov tshwm sim nrog nws txhuam, txhawm rau sau nws daim ntaub nrog qee qhov lwm yam hauv ntiaj teb, tom qab ntawd ib qho kev ywj pheej yuav raug zam txim rau nws. Tsis yog lub neej niaj hnub yog nws lub hom phiaj, yog li ntawd!
Txawm li cas los xij, paub qhov no, peb yuav tsum paub tias nws ntseeg tau zoo npaum li cas piav qhia qee yam khoom los ntawm tib "keeb kwm keeb kwm" ntawm daim ntaub no! Thiab lawv puas tuaj yeem ntseeg tau los ntawm keeb kwm kev pom. Ntxiv mus, daim duab "Heroes", zoo li, tej zaum, tsis muaj lwm yam, tso cai rau koj ua qhov no.
Ua ntej, keeb kwm me ntsis. Vasnetsov tu lub tswv yim ntawm cov phab ej ntau tshaj nees nkaum xyoo. Thiab nws tau hais txog nws zoo li no: "Tej zaum kuv ib txwm tsis ua haujlwm ntawm" Heroes "nrog rau kev mob siab rau thiab mob siab rau, tab sis lawv tau ua tsis tu ncua nyob rau ntawm kuv xub ntiag, tsuas yog kuv lub siab tau rub mus rau lawv thiab kuv txhais tes tau ncav tes! Nov yog kuv lub luag haujlwm muaj tswv yim. " Lub sijhawm ntawd yog cov kws ua yeeb yam ntawm qib Vasnetsov tau kos txawm tias cov ntsiab lus tsis tseem ceeb los ntawm xwm, thiab txawm tias ob peb zaug. Lawv siv cov khoom cuav los ntawm Kremlin Armory, thiab nws tau suav tias yog kev hwm, thiab txiav txim siab, ua rau lawv.
Ntawm no thiab Ilya Muromets rau nws "Heroes" V. M. Vasnetsov sau los ntawm Abramtsevo tus neeg tsav tsheb cab neeg Ivan Petrov. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus qauv ntawm tus tub hluas Alyosha Popovich tau ua los ntawm tus tub ntawm tus saib xyuas kev kos duab Savva Mamontov Andrey, uas nws qub txeeg qub teg hauv Abramtsevo Vasnetsov tau nyob nrog nws tsev neeg. Raws li rau Dobrynya, tus kws thuam duab Nikolai Prakhov ntseeg tias nws lub ntsej muag yog cov duab ntawm Vasnetsovs - tus kws kos duab txiv, nws txiv ntxawm thiab ib feem, tus kws pleev xim nws tus kheej. Txawm hais tias muaj ib qho version uas Dobrynya tau pleev xim los ntawm tus kws kos duab V. D. Polenov. Raws li rau nees, txhua yam yooj yim: lawv txhua tus yog Savva Mamontov, yog li tus kws kos duab yeej ib txwm nyob ntawm tes.
Thaum daim ntaub thaiv tau nthuav tawm rau pej xeem saib hauv xyoo 1898, nws tau zoo siab los ntawm cov pej xeem thiab cov neeg thuam. Thiab tus neeg sau khoom nto moo P. M. Tretyakov tau ua rau nws xav tsis thoob tias nws sawv ntawm nws xub ntiag ntev thiab tam sim ntawd xav yuav nws. Ntawm tus kheej nthuav qhia ntawm Vasnetsov thaum Lub Peb Hlis-Plaub Hlis 1899nws kuj tseem nyiam cov neeg mloog, thiab qhov no tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob. Lub zog thiab qhov tseem ceeb no tawm los ntawm nws tias koj tsuas yog hnov lawv lub cev, koj tsuas yog yuav tsum sawv me ntsis ze ntawm daim ntaub no.
Yav dhau los, tus phab ej ntawm epics tau suav hais tias yog cov ua cim nkaus xwb, tab sis cov kws sau keeb kwm tau pom tias "tiag" Ilya Muromets, piv txwv li, tau yug los hauv nroog Murom nyob rau xyoo pua 12th. Nws tau raug faus nyob hauv lub npe Eliyas hauv Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, thiab xyoo 1643 nws tau ua kev cai raus dej. Nws cov khoom tseem muaj sia nyob, uas txawm qhia tias nws muaj teeb meem, thiab nws qhov siab yog txog 182 cm. Thaum Ilya tseem hluas, Dobrynya twb yog ib tug txiv neej laus, thiab Alyosha Popovich tseem yog ib tug tub. Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov tseeb tus tub rog Alexander Popovich tsis yog txhais tau tias yog pov thawj - "pov thawj tus tub", tab sis Rostov boyar, tau sib ntaus sib tua hauv Vsevolod lub Zes Loj, Konstantin Vsevolodovich thiab Mstislav qub, thiab tuag hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kalka hauv 1223.
Zoo, tam sim no cia saib ze dua ntawm daim duab no los ntawm qhov pom ntawm riam phom kev tshawb fawb, uas yog, cov piv txwv ntawm riam phom thiab cuab yeej cuab tam uas tau piav qhia ntawm nws. Cia peb pib nrog daim duab ntawm sab laug deb - Dobrynya Nikitich. Ntawm nws lub taub hau yog qhov hu ua "kaus mom hlau nrog Deisus" lossis "Greek cap". Thiab nws tau paub txog qhov piv txwv nkaus xwb, uas yog nyob hauv Armory Chamber ntawm Moscow Kremlin, thiab nws pom tseeb tias nws yog los ntawm nws uas nws tau kos. Lub kaus mom hlau rov qab los rau XIII-XIV ib puas xyoo, tab sis hauv Byzantium nws tuaj yeem siv tau ua ntej. Hauv cov khoom lag luam ntawm 1687 nws tau hais txog nws raws li hauv qab no: "Lub kaus mom nrog Deisus yog ua los ntawm hlau, cov nyom me me, kos nrog kub thiab nyiaj. Laus, tsis muaj phom. Raws li kev suav pej xeem tam sim no ntawm 1687 thiab los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas, lub hau ntawd tau los ua ke tawm tsam phau ntawv suav pej xeem yav dhau los. Tus nqi yog rau caum rubles, thiab tus thib tsib tau sau rau hauv phau ntawv piav qhia yav dhau los. " Ua ke ntawm lub kaus mom hlau, cov duab tau ua nrog thais thiab pleev xim rau, ua ke nrog cov ntawv sau ua lus Greek. Koj tuaj yeem pom tus lej ntawm Tus Muaj Hwjchim Loj kawg nkaus, nkauj xwb, Yauhas tus Muab Neeg Ua Kev Cai Raus Dej, ob Tus Saib Xyuas Tub txib saum ntuj, ob tug Cherubim thiab ob tug tshaj tawm Txoj Moo Zoo, ib tus yog St. Nicholas tus Wonderworker.
Lub kaus mom hlau zoo li no tuaj yeem siv nrog cov saw xa ntawv aventail, thiab Vasnetsov tau kos nws. Zoo, kev xaiv hom kaus mom hlau yog pom tseeb. Feem ntau yuav yog, qhov no yog li cas tus kws kos duab xav qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm Russia thiab Byzantium, nrog rau kev ntseeg ntawm tus phab ej, uas lub kaus mom hlau tsis yog yam tsis muaj laj thawj nrog cov duab ntawm cov neeg ntseeg. Dobrynya lub ntsej muag yog qhov xav tsis thoob. Yog tias peb saib cov duab kos thiab kos duab hauv cov ntawv xov xwm xws li "Niva", peb yuav pom tias qhov no yog Scandinavians thiab Germans li cas, tus phab ej ntawm "Nkauj ntawm Nibelungs", tau piav qhia hauv peb lub tebchaws thaum ntawd, thiab tsis yog Slavs. Muab lub kaus mom hlau nrog tis, thiab pem hauv ntej ntawm peb yuav zoo, twv yuav raug hu Thor lossis Odin.
Armor ntawm Dobryna yog qhov nthuav heev. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws yog phaj phom uas ua los ntawm cov duab plaub hlau xaws rau saum cov ntaub xiav. Tom qab ntawd nws hnav lub saw xa ntawv nrog lub tes tsho dav dav. Tab sis nws lub caj npab tseem tau npog nrog cov saw xa ntawv, thiab nrog cov hlua tes hlau ntawm lub dab teg.
Qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov phaj thiab lawv cov duab tsis tso cai rau cov cuab yeej no los txheeb xyuas ua ib kab ntawv lossis lwm yam. Thiab ntau ntxiv rau XII - XIII ib puas xyoo. "Heroic era" ua tiav "tsis cuam tshuam" saw xa nrog lub tes tsho rau lub dab teg, thiab txawm tias nruj. Hauv ib lo lus, ntawm no peb tab tom cuam tshuam nrog tus kws sau ntawv lub tswv yim, txawm hais tias nws yog qhov ua tau zoo tsis tawm tsam. Vim li cas, nws tsis hnav Dobrynya hauv kab ntawv no, txawm hais tias nws tuaj yeem ua tau zoo.
Dobrynya daim thaiv yog qhov ua rau pom ntau dua, vim nws yog xim liab, thiab txawm tias muaj cov quav hniav. Lawv qhov kev nplua nuj heev yog lus nug. Pom qhov zoo li no tsis paub. Tab sis lub umbon tshwj xeeb tshaj yog atypical. Nws yuav tsum muaj lub ntsej muag los yog lub tog raj kheej kheej kheej, thiab nws qhov loj me yuav tsum yog xws li txhais tes khoov rau hauv lub nrig tau zais hauv qab nws.
Dobrynya tus ntaj yog qhov nthuav heev. Qhov no yog rab ntaj Scandinavian, nrog peb ntu pommel thiab tus ntoo khaub lig me ntsis nkhaus mus rau ntawm qhov chaw. Tus qauv ob qho tib si ntawm nws thiab ntawm qhov kev sib tshuam yog feem ntau Norman. Muaj ntau tus ntaj zoo sib xws, ntxiv rau lub kaus mom, hauv "Petersen typology" - phau ntawv nthuav dav "Norwegian ntaj ntawm Viking hnub nyoog" (Jan Petersen "Norwegian ntaj ntawm Viking hnub nyoog. Kev kawm raug ntawm riam phom ntawm Viking hnub nyoog." St. Petersburg. Alpharet, 2005). Nws zoo li tias Vasnetsov tsis pom muaj dab tsi tsis raug nrog "Norman txoj kev xav", lossis tsawg kawg tsis xav tias vim li cas nws yuav txaj muag rau peb tus phab ej los siv rab ntaj ntawm "Scandinavian keeb kwm". Muaj tseeb, nws nyuaj rau txiav txim siab yam hom ntaj "raws li Petersen" los ntawm daim duab, tab sis qhov tseeb tias nws yog Scandinavian ntaj yog qhov tsis ntseeg.
Feem ntau, hauv kuv lub tswv yim, Dobrynya hauv daim duab (yog tias koj tsis suav nrog daim ntaub thaiv tsis muaj lub qhov txhab) zoo li … vaj ntxwv Scandinavian uas tau ua haujlwm hauv Byzantium. Nyob ntawd nws tau txais cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg Greek thiab ob txoj hauv kev xa ntawv, hnav ib qho hauv qab, lwm tus neeg nplua nuj Greek lub kaus mom hlau, thiab nws khaws nws rab ntaj nrog "haiv neeg" gilded kov.
Daim duab ntawm tus phab ej no hnav khaub ncaws yooj yim dua los ntawm tus kws ua yeeb yam: saw xa ntawv, txawm hais tias muaj lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj ntawm nws xub pwg sab laug, lub kaus mom hlau yooj yim heev. Nws tuaj yeem pom tias nws muaj tus nqov nrog cov xub tom qab nws, uas txhais tau tias muaj hneev, tab sis nws tsis pom. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas tus neeg saib xyuas tau mloog zoo yog rab hmuv thiab cov mace zoo nrog me me thiab tsis ntshai kiag li. Tus hmuv kuj zoo heev, tab sis muaj lus nug rau nws. Ilya yog tus neeg caij nees, tus tub rog, uas txhais tau tias nws yuav tsum muaj tus hmuv hmuv. Ntawd yog, kom muaj qhov taw qhia … "tis", yog li tom qab rab hmuv tsoo rab hmuv yuav tsis hla "qhov khoom ntawm kev tawm tsam" los ntawm, thiab nws tus tswv yuav muaj sijhawm (txawm tias me me!) Txhawm rau rho nws thiab rov siv dua nws. Tau kawg, cov hmuv tsis muaj tis kuj tseem paub. Txawm li cas los xij, twb tau nyob hauv Carolingian cov tub rog caij nkoj, lawv tau siv yam tsis tau poob. Ntawd yog, qhov zoo tshaj plaws, lub taub hau nws tus kheej yuav tsum yog nqaim dua thiab yuav tsum muaj tus ntoo khaub lig. Thiab Vasnetsov tuaj yeem ua tau zoo. Tab sis vim qee qhov nws tsis ua …
Ib yam nkaus, mace, uas dai los ntawm Muromets ntawm lub dab teg, muaj qhov zoo nkauj kiag li. Thiab, pom tseeb, nws yog daim duab ntawm tus mace no uas yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab Vasnetsov lub cim lag luam "dag" - ib zaug nws tau kos nws, nws rov ua dua. Peb pom cov mace no hauv nws daim duab "Tsov rog ntawm Scythians nrog Slavs", sau los ntawm nws xyoo 1881; nws tseem muaj riam phom (txawm tias tsis muaj pos) "Tus Knight ntawm Txoj Kev Hla Dhau" ntawm xyoo 1882. Txawm hais tias nws tau pleev xim ua ntej "Tom Qab Tsov Rog Igor Svyatoslavich nrog Polovtsy" xyoo 1880, peb pom cov pos zoo heev ntawm cov mace uas tau piav qhia nyob ntawd.
Nws hloov tawm tias tus kws kos duab txhob txwm ua rau mob siab rau muab qhov tsos ntawm Muromets zoo li qhov siab tshaj plaws tau txais kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. Ntawd yog, txawm hais tias muaj "pos" ntawm nws cov mace, lawv me me heev uas lawv tsis ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Tab sis qhov ntxim nyiam tshaj plaws yog tias lub mace ntawm nws yog qhov zoo heev, lossis "epic", vim tias tsis muaj riam phom zoo li nyob hauv qhov tseeb. Ntawd yog, cov pab pawg pear-topped tau paub, tab sis lawv muaj qhov sib txawv kiag li. Vasnetsov tuaj yeem pom cov kab lis kev cai Turkish ntawm cov qauv zoo sib xws hauv Armory Chamber ntawm Moscow Kremlin. Lawv lub ntsej muag pom meej rau hauv nws tus plig, thiab nws tsim nws mus rau qee yam uas tsis muaj nyob tiag, tab sis nws ua rau muaj kev ntseeg siab heev.
Tam sim no cia xav txog ib pliag tias tus kws kos duab yuav caj npab Ilya nrog lub tsev khaws puav pheej tiag tiag. Nws puas saib hauv daim duab? Yeej tsis yog. Los yog nws yuav yog riam phom uas txaus ntshai, kawm nrog pos, es tham txog kev nqhis dej ntawm nws tus tswv dua li hais txog nws kev thaj yeeb, lossis … Ilya. Ci ntsa iab? Yog, ci ntsa iab, txawm hais tias tsis yog keeb kwm. Tsis yog keeb kwm, tab sis epic!
Nov yog daim ntaub thaiv … nws pom tseeb puag ncig, hlau nrog tus ntuav thiab tseem pom meej meej tsiv ntawm no los ntawm daim duab "Tus Knight ntawm Txoj Kev Hla Hla", tab sis … qhov tseeb yog, tsis muaj cov ntaub thaiv npog zoo li no hauv tebchaws Russia " heroic sijhawm "tseem! Qhov no yog qhov qub Turkish kalkan, uas tau nthuav tawm ntawm peb hauv lub xyoo pua 16th, yog li ntawm no muaj cov txiv ntoo zoo li, loj, daim npog "liab" yuav zoo dua rau Muromets. Zoo, ntawm no yog qee yam zoo li daim ntaub thaiv ntawm Bilibino "Red Horseman" ntawm xyoo 1899 thiab nws lwm tus phab ej. Qhov no yuav tsis ua rau daim duab tsis zoo.
Qhov thib peb bogatyr yog tus yau tshaj thiab pom tseeb, yog vim li cas nws thiaj li hnav khaub ncaws "hluas tshaj" rau Russia. Nws hnav lub kaus mom hlau thiab cov saw hlau phaj ntawm cov qauv zoo ib yam. Thiab, tau kawg, hneev tau sau zoo nkauj, rov los ntawm kev sau los ntawm Armory Chamber.
Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias ntawm nws caj dab nws muaj lub teeb thiab saw, thiab lub nplhaib nrog pob zeb ntawm nws tus ntiv tes, thiab lub nplhaib, thiab nws kuj tseem muaj txoj siv sia nrog nplua nuj, uas yog, Alyosha nyiam qhia nrog Vasnetsov, thiab nws tuaj yeem ua li cas yam tsis muaj qhov no, yog tias nws ua tiav hauv qhov tsos, thiab ua li cas, hauv qhov no, "phooj ywg zoo" thiab tsis muaj "qauv" zoo nkauj? Txhua leej txhua tus sau txog gusli ntawm lub eeb, tab sis qhov crosshair thiab pommel ntawm ntaj muaj qee qhov zoo sib xws nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntaj ntawm Charlemagne "Jauyez" ua cas tsis muaj leej twg mloog, txawm hais tias muaj qhov zoo sib xws. Muaj tseeb, qhov kawg ntawm txoj kev hla hla ntawm ntaj Fab Kis tau pom meej dua.
Peb tsis paub dab tsi tus kws kos duab xav txog thaum tsim cov duab ci ntsa iab no ntawm nws. Nws tsis nco qab tias nws pleev xim daim duab no li cas. Tab sis qhov kev xav tsis txhob txwm xav rau hauv siab tias Dobrynya ua piv txwv Byzantium thiab Varangians, Alyosha yog Sab Hnub Tuaj, los ntawm cov riam phom sab hnub tuaj thiab kev coj ua ntawm kev sib ntaus hneev tuaj rau peb, tab sis Ilya Muromets ua rau muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov neeg Lavxias, nws sawv ntawm Sab Hnub Poob thiab Sab Hnub Poob, raws li qhov muaj zog tshaj, muaj zog tshaj plaws thiab txawj ntse.
Yog li ntawd, muaj cov duab tha xim uas keeb kwm tau txi rau qhov zoo, tab sis yog tus tswv sau lawv, tom qab ntawd lawv qhov zoo tsis raug kev txom nyem los ntawm qhov no tag nrho, peb tsuas yog nkag siab tias tus kws kos duab tau hloov pauv ntau lub suab kom pom kev zoo dua thiab… yog li ntawd! Lub tswv yim ua rau txhua yam thiab tib lub sijhawm ua tus tswv zoo!
Thiab tam sim no cia peb xav tias Vasnetsov yuav tsis yog … nws yog dab tsi, tab sis yuav kos peb tus phab ej uas muaj hnub nyoog sib txawv nyob rau tib lub sijhawm thiab koom nrog tib kab lis kev cai. Qhov no tuaj yeem yog ib qho piv txwv zoo rau kev nrhiav "Faus Dub" faus, lossis cov tub rog nyob hauv "Yaroslav Vsevolodovich lub kaus mom hlau" - leej twg yog tus nplua nuj, leej twg yog neeg txom nyem. Tag nrho peb tus tuaj yeem muaj puag ncig nrog qhov ntaws lossis daim thaiv zoo li tus txiv ntoo thiab … peb yuav tau txais dab tsi thaum kawg? Thiab puas yuav cov phab ej no piv nrog cov phab ej uas peb paub?!
