Kawm Kuv Tus Tub: Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Ntseeg
Peb tab tom ntsib kev ua neej nyob nrawm -
Muaj ib hnub, thiab tsis ntev tej zaum
Txhua qhov chaw uas koj nyob tam sim no
Kuv piav qhia nws kom ntse ntawm daim ntawv
Txhua tus yuav tau txais koj li hauv qab caj npab -
Kawm, kuv tus tub, thiab yooj yim dua thiab meej dua
Koj yuav nkag siab txog kev ua nom tswv.
A. S. Pushkin. Boris Godunov: 3 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk!
Koj tuaj yeem dhau los ua tus neeg tawm tsam tsuas yog thaum koj txhim kho koj lub cim xeeb nrog kev paub txog txhua yam kev nplua nuj uas tib neeg tau tsim.
"Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov koomhaum hluas" (cov lus ntawm kev hais lus ntawm V. I. Lenin ntawm III Congress ntawm Komsomol thaum Lub Kaum Hli 2, 1920)
Keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb piv rau pseudoscience. Nov yog kab lus thib peb tshwj xeeb rau keeb kwm Lavxias qub. Nws yuav tham txog yuav ua li cas qee tus ntawm lawv zoo li, vim tias coob leej neeg yuav tsis nkag mus rau hauv lawv cov chaw khaws khoom, ntxiv rau cov ntsiab lus. Tom qab tag nrho, qee tus neeg nyeem "VO" ntseeg tias txhua qhov no yog qhov chaw thiab dag, tsis muaj leej twg txhais cov ntawv qub rau hauv lus Lavxias tshiab, tsis kawm txog qhov tseeb, tsis raug hom kev txheeb xyuas hom lus, thiab txhua qhov kev tshawb pom hauv qhov no cheeb tsam tsuas yog xibfwb Petukhov thiab ua. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav pib, tej zaum, nrog Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Menuscripts ntawm Lavxias Lub Tebchaws Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv, qhov twg, nrog rau lwm cov ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm peb cov poj koob yawm txwv, keeb kwm, uas tau txais lub npe Laurentian, tau khaws cia. Thiab nws yog lub npe tom qab tus neeg uas theej nws xyoo 1377, thiab thaum kawg, ntawm nplooj ntawv kawg, tshuav qhov kev kos npe zoo li no: "Az (Kuv) yog nyias, tsis tsim nyog thiab ua txhaum ntawm Vajtswv Lavrenty mnih (tus hauj sam) "…
Cia peb pib nrog qhov tseeb tias cov ntawv sau no tau sau rau ntawm "daim ntawv cog lus", lossis, raws li cov khoom siv no tseem hu ua, "nqaij nyuj", uas yog, parchment, lossis tshwj xeeb hnav khaub ncaws nyuj. Peb nyeem nws ntau, raws li nws tau pom meej tias nws cov ntawv tsis yog tsuas yog puas tsuaj, tab sis ntau qhov cim tseg ntawm cov ciab los ntawm tswm ciab tau pom ntawm nplooj ntawv. Ntawd yog, phau ntawv no tau pom ntau hauv nws rau pua pua-xyoo-laus xyoo pua.
Ipatiev Chronicle tau khaws cia rau hauv Manuscript Department of the Library of the Academy of Sciences hauv St. Petersburg. Nws tuaj ntawm no nyob rau xyoo pua 18th los ntawm Ipatiev Monastery, uas nyob ze Kostroma. Nws yog ntawm XIV xyoo pua thiab zoo li khov heev: lub hau yog ntoo, npog nrog tawv tawv. Nws ntseeg tias nws tau sau ua plaub (tsib!) Cov ntawv sib txawv, uas yog, nws tau sau los ntawm ntau tus neeg. Cov ntawv mus rau hauv ob kab ntawv, sau ua tus lej dub, tab sis cov tsiaj ntawv loj tau sau hauv cinnabar. Daim ntawv thib ob ntawm cov ntawv sau tau sau tag nrho hauv cinnabar thiab yog li ntawd zoo nkauj tshwj xeeb. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov tsiaj ntawv loj ntawm nws tau ua hauv tus lej dub. Pom tseeb, cov kws sau ntawv uas ua haujlwm rau nws tau txaus siab rau lawv txoj haujlwm. "Peb tab tom kho tus kws kho mob Lavxias nrog Vajtswv. Leej Txiv Zoo, "tau sau los ntawm ib tus kws sau ntawv ua ntej cov ntawv.
Raws li rau cov npe qub tshaj plaws ntawm Lavxias keeb kwm, nws kuj tau ua rau parchment hauv XIV xyoo pua. Nov yog daim ntawv Synodal ntawm Novgorod Thawj Vaj Keeb Kwm, uas tau khaws cia hauv Xeev Lub Tsev Khaws Keeb Kwm, uas yog, Tsev khaws puav pheej Keeb Kwm hauv Moscow. Nws tsuas yog ua ntej ntawd nws tau nyob hauv Moscow Synodal Library, thiab yog vim li cas nws thiaj muaj npe tom qab nws.
Ib qho kev nthuav keeb kwm zoo heev ntawm yav dhau los yog, tau kawg, cov duab kos duab nto moo Radziwill, lossis Konigsberg, keeb kwm, vim tias muaj ntau yam xim xim hauv nws. Nws yog lub npe vim tias qee lub sijhawm nws tau nyob hauv tus tswv ntawm Radziwill, thiab lawv hu nws Konigsberg vim Peter thawj pom nws hauv Konigsberg. Nws nyob hauv Tsev Qiv Ntawv ntawm Academy of Sciences hauv St. Petersburg. Rau qee qhov laj thawj, nws yog nws uas ua rau muaj kev tsis ntseeg, yog li tham, ntawm nws "tsis sib xws", txij li, lawv hais tias, qhov phem Radziwills nyuam qhuav tsim nws. Tab sis nws tau sau thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, thiab tsis yog nyob txhua qhov chaw, tab sis … hauv Smolensk. Nws tau sau nyob rau hauv ib nrab ustav, uas yog, nyob rau hauv me ntsis sai dua thiab yooj yim sau ntawv dua li ntau dua solemn thiab cov ntawv pom zoo, txawm hais tias daim ntawv no kuj zoo nkauj heev.
Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov me me ntawm Radziwill Chronicle, uas muaj 617! Tsuas yog xav: 617 cov duab kos ua xim, thiab tag nrho cov xim yog ci, zoo siab heev thiab qhia tau zoo txog dab tsi tau sau txog hauv cov ntawv. thiab cov tub rog taug kev hla cov chij fluttering, thiab cov duab ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, sieges - hauv ib lo lus, kev ua tsov rog nyob rau txhua qhov nws tom qab ntawv. Peb pom cov thawj coj zaum ntawm "lub rooj" uas ua haujlwm rau lawv ua lub zwm txwv, thiab cov neeg sawv cev txawv tebchaws nrog cov ntawv hauv lawv txhais tes. Cov choj, lub tsev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab phab ntsa, "cav" - qhov taub, "vezhi" - qhov no yog li cas nomads 'wagons tau hu hauv Russia. Peb tuaj yeem xav txog txhua yam no los ntawm kev kos duab ntawm Radziwill Chronicle. Tib yam tuaj yeem hais txog riam phom thiab cuab yeej ua rog, tsis muaj ntau ntawm lawv ntawm no, tab sis tsuas yog ntau. Thiab txhua daim duab ua ke nrog cov ntawv. Thiab qhov xaus: xws li cov duab kos, ua ke nrog cov ntawv, yog lub cev tsis tuaj yeem tsim tawm. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, qhov kev zam txim yuav tsis nkag siab, vim nws yuav yooj yim tsim los ntawm kev sib piv nrog lwm cov ntawv, thiab yuam kev hauv kev piav qhia - los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm. Koj nyob qhov twg los xij, txhua qhov chaw ua ib daim duab! Ob qho koj dag ib mus rau ib qho, lawv hais tias, peb pom lwm daim ntawv uas tsis tau paub yav dhau los thiab xav muag nws kom tau nyiaj ntau heev (tseem muaj tsawg kawg qee qhov kev cia siab tias lawv yuav tsis suav nws, txawm tias tsis muaj zog heev), lossis peb hloov pauv nyob ntawd, thiab peb nyob ntawm no tau nthuav tawm los ntawm thawj tus kws tshaj lij uas tuaj hla! Ntawd yog, hauv txhua qhov xwm txheej, cov nyiaj siv yuav tsis them tawm. Tsuas yog 617 qhov me me … zoo … 500,000 rubles txhua. rau txhua + ntawv nyeem … kev lom zem kim tuaj tawm, tsis yog? Thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, yog dab tsi?
Cov no yog cov npe qub tshaj plaws ntawm keeb kwm Lavxias. Qhov xwm txheej, lawv raug hu ua "cov npe" vim tias lawv tau "theej" los ntawm ntau phau ntawv sau thaum ub uas tsis tau los rau peb.
Cov ntawv ntawm txhua lub sijhawm tau sau tseg raws li huab cua, yog li cov ntawv nkag hauv lawv feem ntau pib zoo li no: "Nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov xws li thiab xws li (uas yog, hauv ib xyoos) nws zoo li no thiab xws li … lossis tsis muaj dab tsi tshwm sim, lossis tsis muaj dab tsi tau tshwm sim, "thiab tom qab ntawd muaj cov lus piav qhia txog dab tsi tshwm sim. Cov ntawv sau keeb kwm tau ua "los ntawm kev tsim lub ntiaj teb", uas yog, kom txhais cov hnub ntawd mus rau cov xwm txheej niaj hnub no, koj yuav tsum rho tawm los ntawm cov ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los yog tus lej 5508 lossis 5507. Qee cov lus tau luv heev: "Thaum lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 6741 (1230), lub tsev teev ntuj tau kos npe (uas yog pleev xim rau) Tus Niam Dawb Huv ntawm Vajtswv hauv Suzdal thiab muab cov pob zeb sib txawv "," Thaum lub caij ntuj sov 6398 (1390) muaj tus mob plague hauv Pskov, zoo li (raws li) muaj tsis muaj xws li; qhov twg ib qho khawb ntau dua, ib thiab tsib thiab kaum tso "," Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 6726 (1218) tau nyob ntsiag to. " Thaum muaj ntau qhov xwm txheej, tus kws kho mob tau siv cov lus hais hauv qab no: "tib lub caij ntuj sov" lossis "tib lub caij ntuj sov."
Cov ntawv uas cuam tshuam nrog ib xyoos hu ua kab lus. Cov kab ntawv hauv kab ntawv yog kab, lawv tau hais los ntawm kab liab xwb. Cov npe tsuas yog muab rau cov ntawv tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb tau mob siab rau, piv txwv li, rau Alexander Nevsky, Tub Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Pskov Dovmont, Tsov rog ntawm Kulikovo thiab ntau qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb.
Tab sis nws tsis yog qhov xav tias cov keeb kwm tau khaws cia hauv qhov no, uas yog, cov ntaub ntawv tau ua nyob rau hauv ib xyoos ib xyoos dhau ib xyoos. Qhov tseeb, cov keeb kwm yog cov ntawv nyuaj tshaj plaws uas tau mob siab rau keeb kwm Lavxias. Qhov tseeb yog tias lawv cov kws kho mob ntev yog ob tus neeg ntseeg, uas yog, lawv tau ua haujlwm rau tus Tswv, thiab cov tshaj tawm thiab cov keeb kwm. Yog lawm, lawv khaws cov ntaub ntawv huab cua txog qhov lawv tau pom, tau ntxiv kev txhim kho ntxiv rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lawv cov neeg ua ntej, uas lawv tau kawm los ntawm tib phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum, kev ntseeg ntawm cov neeg ntseeg thiab lwm qhov chaw. Nov yog qhov lawv tau txais lawv "tus lej": qhov nyuaj "sib xyaw" ntawm cov lus hauv phau npaiv npaum, kev hloov kho, cov lus qhia ncaj qha ntawm tus npis sov lossis tus tub huabtais sawv ntawm tus kws kho mob ntev, thiab nws tus cwj pwm. Tsuas yog cov kws tshaj lij tshaj lij tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov keeb kwm, txwv tsis pub koj tuaj yeem yooj yim mus tom qab ntawd mus saib lub qhov ntxa ntawm Svyatopolk Lub Damned ntawm Polish-Czech ciam teb.
Ua piv txwv, xav txog cov lus ntawm Ipatiev Chronicle hais txog yuav ua li cas Tub Vaj Ntxwv Izyaslav Mstislavich tawm tsam nrog Yuri Dolgoruky rau kev kav Kiev xyoo 1151. Nws muaj peb tus thawj coj: Izyaslav, Yuri thiab Andrei Bogolyubsky. Thiab txhua tus muaj nws tus kheej mob ntev, thiab tus kws kho mob ntev Izyaslav Mstislavich tau qhib siab qhuas lub siab thiab nws cov tub rog cunning; tus kws kho mob ntev ntawm Yuri tau piav qhia ntxaws li cas Yuri xa nws lub nkoj mus ncig lub pas dej Dolobskoye; zoo, tus kws kho mob ntev Andrei Bogolyubsky qhuas tus nqi ntawm nws tus tub huabtais.
Thiab tom qab ntawd, tom qab 1151, lawv txhua tus tuag thiab cov ntawv sau tseg rau lawv tau poob rau hauv txhais tes ntawm tus kws kho mob tom ntej ntawm Kiev tus tub huabtais tom ntej, uas lawv tsis muaj kev txaus siab rau tus kheej ntxiv lawm, vim tias lawv dhau los ua neeg nyob deb. Thiab nws ua ke tag nrho peb ntawm cov dab neeg no hauv nws lub cev. Thiab cov lus tau tawm tiav thiab tiag tiag. Thiab cross-referencing nws yog ib qho yooj yim los xyuas seb qhov twg raug coj los ntawm.
Cov kws tshawb fawb tswj hwm cais cov ntawv qub ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau los li cas? Qhov tseeb yog tias tus cwj pwm ntawm kev nyeem ntawv nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd yog kev hwm heev. Cov ntawv sau tau muaj qee lub ntsiab lus dawb huv; nws tsis yog ib qho uas tsis muaj lus hais tias: sau nrog tus cwj mem - koj tsis tuaj yeem txiav nws nrog rab riam. Ntawd yog, cov kws sau ntawv ntawm phau ntawv qub tau ua haujlwm ntawm lawv cov neeg ua ntej nrog kev hwm, vim rau lawv nws yog "ntawv", qhov tseeb ua ntej tus Tswv Vajtswv. Yog li ntawd, lawv tsis hloov kho cov ntawv uas lawv tau txais rau rov sau cov keeb kwm, tab sis tsuas yog xaiv cov xwm txheej uas lawv nyiam. Tias yog vim li cas cov xov xwm ntawm XI-XIV ib puas xyoo tseem tsis tau hloov pauv tom qab luam. Qhov ntawd tso cai rau lawv los sib piv thiab sib txawv.
Ib qho ntxiv, cov kws kho mob ntev tau qhia cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm: "Thaum kuv los txog rau Ladoga, cov neeg nyob hauv Ladoga tau hais rau kuv …" Cov ntawv sau zoo li no tau pom hauv cov ntawv txhua lub sijhawm. Nws kuj yog ib txwm coj los qhia: "Thiab saib seb los ntawm lwm tus neeg mob ntev" lossis "Thiab saib seb los ntawm lwm tus, qub." Piv txwv li, hauv Pskov keeb kwm, uas qhia txog kev tawm tsam ntawm Slavs tawm tsam cov neeg Greek, tus neeg mob ntev tau sau rau ntawm ntug: "Qhov no tau sau hauv qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm Stephen ntawm Surozh." Qee tus neeg mob hnyav tau koom nrog tus tub huabtais pawg sab laj, mus ntsib kws kho mob, thiab txawm tias tau tawm tsam nrog cov yeeb ncuab "ze ntawm kev sib cav" ntawm lawv tus tub huabtais, uas yog, lawv tau mus koom nrog nws, yog ob tus neeg tim khawv thiab ncaj qha koom nrog hauv kev thaiv lub nroog, thiab feem ntau, txawm tias tom qab tawm hauv lub ntiaj teb, tau ua txoj haujlwm siab hauv zej zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov thawj coj lawv tus kheej, lawv tus ntxhais huab tais, cov tub rog tseem ceeb, cov tub hluas, cov npisov, cov txiv plig tau koom nrog hauv keeb kwm. Txawm hais tias muaj nyob ntawm lawv ob qho tib si yooj yim hauj sam thiab txo hwj chim pov thawj ntawm cov feem ntau dog dig pawg ntseeg pawg ntseeg.
Thiab ib tus yuav tsum tsis txhob xav tias cov keeb kwm tau sau "yam phiaj xwm". Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, leej twg “pom”, sau li ntawd, nco ntsoov, txawm li cas los xij, tias Vajtswv rau kev dag, tshwj xeeb yog sau ib qho, “ntawv, los ntawm txoj kev,” yuav rau txim ob zaug. Cov teeb meem ntawm kev txaus siab hauv daim ntawv sau keeb kwm yog, dua, meej heev. Cov ntawv xov xwm kuj tau hais txog qhov zoo ntawm cov thawj coj zoo ib yam, tab sis lawv kuj tau liam lawv tias ua txhaum txoj cai thiab kev cai lij choj. Ntawd yog, tsis yog txhua yam txawm tias tam sim no (zoo li tam sim no!) Tau yuav nyiaj thiab los ntawm kev quab yuam!
P. S. Pom zoo tsab xov xwm rau kev nyeem ntawv ntxiv: Shchukina T. V., Mikhailova A. N., Sevostyanova L. A. Cov ntawv keeb kwm Lavxias: cov yam ntxwv thiab teeb meem ntawm kev kawm // Cov kws tshawb fawb hluas. 2016. Tsis yog 2. S. 940-943.
