Rau ntau tshaj li ib puas xyoo, qhov zoo tshaj plaws tiv thaiv lub mos txwv mos txwv yog cov khoom ya nrawm. Thiab lo lus nug tseem ceeb uas cov kws siv phom sib ntaus sib tua yog yuav faib nws li cas sai li sai tau.
Nws tsuas yog hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab hais txog Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum II uas tso tsheb hlau luam tawg tom qab raug tsoo los ntawm lub plhaub - tom qab tag nrho, nws yog yeeb yaj kiab. Hauv lub neej tiag, cov tso tsheb hlau luam feem ntau tuag zoo li cov tub rog uas tau ntes lawv cov mos txwv nrawm. Ib lub phiaj xwm APCR ua rau lub qhov me me hauv lub cev tuab, tua cov neeg ua haujlwm nrog rab phom ntawm lub tank lub tsho tiv thaiv. Muaj tseeb, tsis zoo li cov tub rog, feem ntau ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam no tuaj yeem rov muaj sia tau yooj yim tom qab ob peb hnub, lossis ntau teev. Muaj tseeb, nrog cov neeg coob sib txawv.
Hauv kev tsim kho tshiab niaj hnub no ntawm rab phom nrog cov kab xev, cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb tau pom meej: daim ntaub thaiv tau ua los ntawm ob daim hlau thaiv
Yuav luag txog thaum pib Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum II, qhov nrawm ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws hauv lub teb chaws tau txaus los nkag rau hauv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam, thiab cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv feem ntau yog cov mos txwv. Cov phom loj uas siv phom ntev tshaj plaws yog cov hlau loj tsis pom kev-taw qhia (yog li tsis txhob plam tawm ntawm cov cuab yeej thiab tsis tawg tawm ntawm qhov taub ntawm qhov projectile) tus neeg nqa khoom, feem ntau nrog lub dav hlau tooj liab lub hau ntsais-thiab qhov me me ntawm cov khoom tawg hauv hauv qab - tsis muaj peev txheej txaus ntawm lawv tus kheej cov cuab yeej ua rog ua ntej ua tsov rog rau kev tawg zoo.
Txhua yam hloov pauv thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 18, 1939, thaum, txhawb kev ua phem ntawm Soviet cov tub rog, muaj kev paub txog KV-1 lub tank tau tawm tsam cov haujlwm Finnish. Lub tank tau tsoo los ntawm 43 lub foob pob loj, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg thooj cov cuab yeej ua rog. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev nthuav tawm no tsis pom los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij rau qee qhov laj thawj tsis paub.
Yog li ntawd, qhov tshwm sim nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lub tank Soviet nrog cov phom tiv thaiv phom - hnyav KV thiab nruab nrab T -34 - yog qhov tsis txaus siab rau cov thawj coj ntawm Wehrmacht. Hauv thawj hnub ntawm kev ua tsov rog, nws tau pom meej tias txhua rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank ntawm Wehrmacht thiab ntau txhiab leej raug ntes - Askiv, Fab Kis, Polish, Czech - tsis muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev tawm tsam KV tso tsheb hlau luam.
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov tub ceev xwm German tau tawm tsam sai heev. Cov tub rog rab phom tau raug pov tawm tsam KV - 10.5 cm rab phom loj thiab 15 cm hnyav hnyav li cas. Qhov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog lawv yog rab phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau ntawm 8, 8 thiab 10, 5 cm. armor-hlawv).
Ib nrab phom-ib nrab-phom
German 20/28-mm anti-tank rifle sPzB 41. Vim yog lub khob hliav qab, uas tau muab qhov siab tshaj tawm ua ntej rau qhov projectile, nws nkag mus rau cov cuab yeej ntawm T-34 thiab KV tso tsheb hlau luam.
Pawg thiab ceev
Cia peb tso cov mos txwv sib nrug - peb tham txog lawv hauv cov teeb meem dhau los ntawm "PM". Kev nkag mus ntawm qhov qub, cov phiaj xwm phiaj xwm nyob ntawm peb yam - cuam tshuam qhov cuam tshuam, cov khoom siv thiab cov duab ntawm cov projectile. Lub zog cuam tshuam tuaj yeem nce ntxiv los ntawm kev nce qhov hnyav ntawm qhov projectile lossis nws qhov nrawm. Qhov nce ntawm qhov hnyav thaum tswj hwm qhov muaj peev xwm tau tso cai hauv qhov txwv me me, qhov nrawm tuaj yeem nce ntxiv los ntawm kev nce qhov hnyav ntawm cov tshuaj tua hluav taws thiab nce qhov ntev ntawm lub thoob. Cov lus nyob hauv thawj lub hlis ntawm kev ua tsov rog, cov phab ntsa ntawm cov phom ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau tuab, thiab cov thoob lawv tus kheej tau ntev dua.
Qhov nce yooj yim hauv qhov muaj peev xwm kuj tsis yog panacea. Cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank muaj zog ntawm qhov pib ntawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II tau ua tiav zoo li no: lawv tau nqa qhov viav vias ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau thiab muab tso rau hauv lub tsheb hnyav. Yog li ntawd, hauv USSR, raws li qhov viav vias ib feem ntawm B-34 cov tub rog tiv thaiv dav hlau phom, 100-mm BS-3 phom tiv thaiv lub tank nrog lub taub hau hnyav ntawm 3, 65 tons tau tsim.(Rau kev sib piv: German 3, 7-cm phom tiv thaiv lub tank hnyav 480 kg). Peb txawm tias tsis txaus siab hu mus rau BS-3 rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank thiab hu nws ua phom tom teb, ua ntej ntawd tsis muaj phom nyob hauv pab tub rog liab, qhov no yog lub sijhawm ua ntej kev tawm tsam.
Lub hauv paus ntawm 8.8 cm phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau "41" Cov neeg German tau tsim ob hom phom tiv thaiv lub tank uas hnyav 4, 4-5 tons. cov phom phom tau tsim nrog qhov hnyav hnyav heev ntawm 8, 3-12, 2 tons.
Cov phom no tau kim heev thiab tsis tsim tawm ntau txhiab leej, tab sis ntau pua hauv ob lub tebchaws Yelemes thiab hauv USSR. Yog li, thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1, 1945, Cov Tub Rog Liab muaj 403 chav ntawm 100-mm BS-3 rab phom: 58 hauv cov tub rog loj, 111 hauv cov tub rog rab phom thiab 234 hauv RVGK. Thiab hauv kev faib phom loj lawv tsis muaj hlo li.
Tus tsim ntawm lub plhaub tso cai rau lawv kom tawg hauv qhov av
Cov phom loj yuam
Ntau qhov nthuav ntau yog lwm txoj hauv kev los daws qhov teeb meem - thaum tswj lub peev xwm thiab qhov hnyav ntawm qhov projectile, ua kom nrawm dua. Ntau qhov kev xaiv sib txawv tau tsim, tab sis phom tiv thaiv lub tank nrog cov kab xev tau tig los ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev. Lawv cov thooj av muaj ob peb qhov sib hloov ua ib kab thiab ib kab thooj voos kheej kheej, thiab cov foob pob hluav taws muaj qhov tshwj xeeb tsim los ntawm kev ua ib feem, tso cai nws txoj kab uas hla kom qis raws li qhov projectile txav mus raws cov channel. Yog li, ua tiav qhov kev siv ntau tshaj plaws ntawm qhov siab ntawm cov hmoov av hauv qab ntawm qhov projectile tau ua kom ntseeg tau los ntawm kev txo nws cov ntu ntu ntu.
Qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo no tau tsim ua ntej ua ntej Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ib - thawj daim ntawv pov thawj rau rab phom nrog lub qhov nqaj tau txais los ntawm German Karl Ruff hauv 1903. Cov kev sim nrog cov kab xev tau ua tiav hauv tebchaws Russia. Xyoo 1905, tus kws tshaj lij M. Druganov thiab General N. Rogovtsev tau thov daim ntawv patent rau rab phom nrog lub qhov nqaj. Thiab hauv xyoo 1940, cov qauv ntawm cov thooj av nrog lub conical channel tau raug sim hauv chav tsim qauv ntawm cov phom loj cog No. 92 hauv Gorky. Thaum lub sijhawm sim, nws tuaj yeem tau txais qhov pib nrawm ntawm 965 m / s. Txawm li cas los xij, V. G. Grabin tsis tuaj yeem tiv nrog tus lej ntawm cov txheej txheem thiab cov laj thawj cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov projectile thaum lub sijhawm hla ntawm lub thoob, thiab kom ua tiav qhov xav tau zoo ntawm kev ua cov channel. Yog li ntawd, txawm tias ua ntej pib Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob, Lub Hauv Paus Loj Artillery Tus Thawj Coj tau txiav txim siab tshem tawm kev sim nrog cov thooj av nrog lub conical channel.
Hmoov tsis zoo
Cov neeg Germans txuas ntxiv lawv cov kev sim, thiab twb tau nyob hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm xyoo 1940, phom hnyav tiv thaiv lub tank s. Pz. B.41 tau txais los, lub thoob uas muaj lub peev xwm ntawm 28 hli thaum pib ntawm cov channel, thiab 20 mm ntawm lub qhov ncauj. Lub kaw lus tau hu ua rab phom rau cov laj thawj kev ua haujlwm, tab sis qhov tseeb nws yog rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank qub nrog cov cuab yeej thim rov qab thiab nrog lub log tsav, thiab peb yuav hu nws rab phom. Nrog rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank, nws tau coj los ua ke nkaus xwb los ntawm qhov tsis muaj cov txheej txheem qhia. Tus neeg tua phom taw qhia lub tog raj kheej. Phom tuaj yeem muab sib nrug. Qhov hluav taws tuaj yeem raug tua los ntawm lub log thiab bipods. Txog rau cov tub rog saum nruab ntug, tau hloov kho rab phom, hnyav txog 118 kg. Cov phom no tsis muaj ntaub thaiv npog, thiab lub teeb nrig tau siv rau hauv kev tsim cov tsheb thauj mus los. Cov log txheem tau hloov pauv nrog cov menyuam me yam tsis muaj kev ncua. Qhov hnyav ntawm rab phom hauv qhov chaw tua tsuas yog 229 kg, thiab qhov hluav taws kub tau nce mus txog 30 puag ncig ib feeb.
Cov mos txwv suav nrog cov phom loj nrog lub tungsten core thiab lub plhaub tawg. Hloov ntawm txoj siv tooj liab siv hauv cov phiaj xwm qub, ob lub foob pob hluav taws muaj ob lub hauv paus ib puag ncig ntawm cov hlau mos, uas, thaum raug rho tawm, tawg thiab txiav rau hauv rab phom ntawm lub thoob. Thaum lub sijhawm hla tag nrho txoj hauv kev ntawm qhov projectile los ntawm cov channel, txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov ntawv nthuav tawm ib xyoos tau txo los ntawm 28 txog 20 hli.
Qhov tawg ntawm qhov projectile muaj qhov ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj heev thiab tau npaj tshwj xeeb rau kev tiv thaiv tus kheej ntawm cov neeg coob. Ntawm qhov tod tes, thawj qhov nrawm ntawm rab phom-tho qhov projectile yog 1430 m / s (piv rau 762 m / s rau qhov qub 3, 7 cm phom tiv thaiv lub tank), uas tso s. Pz. B.41 rau ntawm sib tw nrog cov phom zoo tshaj plaws niaj hnub no. Txog kev sib piv, lub ntiaj teb zoo tshaj plaws 120-mm German tank phom Rh120, tau teeb tsa ntawm Leopard-2 thiab Abrams M1 tso tsheb hlau luam, ua rau lub foob pob hluav taws qis mus rau 1650 m / s.
Txog rau Lub Rau Hli 1, 1941, cov tub rog muaj 183 rab phom. Pz. B.41, nyob rau tib lub caij ntuj sov lawv tau txais lawv cov kev cai raus dej ntawm hluav taws ntawm Sab Hnub Poob. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis xyoo 1943, rab phom s. Pz. B.41 kawg tau xa tuaj. Tus nqi ntawm ib rab phom yog 4520 Reichsmarks.
Ntawm thaj tsam ze, 2, 8/2-cm phom yooj yim tsoo txhua lub tso tsheb hlau luam nruab nrab, thiab nrog kev ua tiav, lawv kuj tseem tawm ntawm cov phom hnyav ntawm KV thiab IS hom.
Soviet 76/57-mm cannon S-40 nrog lub cylindrical-conical bore
Loj dua caliber, qis dua
Xyoo 1941, 4, 2-cm anti-tank gun mod. 41 (4, 2 cm Pak 41) los ntawm Rheinmetall nrog txoj kab nqes. Nws thawj txoj kab uas hla yog 40.3 hli, thiab nws txoj kab uas hla kawg yog 29 hli. Xyoo 1941, 27 4, 2-cm phom mod. 41, thiab xyoo 1942 - lwm 286. Lub qhov ncauj qhov ncauj ntawm rab phom -tho qhov projectile yog 1265 m / s, thiab ntawm qhov deb ntawm 500 m nws nkag mus rau 72 -mm armor ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm 30 °, thiab raws li ib txwm - 87 -hli armor. Qhov hnyav ntawm rab phom yog 560 kg.
Cov phom loj tshaj plaws uas muaj zog tiv thaiv nrog lub conical channel yog 7, 5 cm Pak 41. Nws tsim tau pib los ntawm Krupp xyoo 1939. Nyob rau lub Plaub Hlis - Tsib Hlis 1942, Krupp lub tuam txhab tau tso tawm ib pawg ntawm 150 yam khoom, uas nres lawv cov khoom. Thawj qhov nrawm ntawm rab phom-tho qhov projectile yog 1260 m / s, ntawm qhov deb ntawm 1 km, nws tau hle 145 mm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm 30 ° thiab 177 mm raws qhov qub, uas yog, rab phom tuaj yeem sib ntaus sib tua txhua yam tso tsheb hlau luam hnyav.
Lub neej luv
Tab sis yog tias cov kab xev tsis tau nthuav dav, ces cov phom no muaj qhov tsis txaus. Peb cov kws tshaj lij tau txiav txim siab tseem ceeb ntawm lawv kom muaj txoj sia nyob qis dua ntawm cov kab xev (qhov nruab nrab kwv yees li 500 txhaj tshuaj), uas yog, yuav luag kaum npaug tsawg dua li ntawm 3.7-cm Pak 35/36 phom tiv thaiv lub tank. (Kev sib cav, los ntawm txoj kev, tsis ntseeg siab - qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev muaj sia nyob rau rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank uas tau tua 100 txhaj tshuaj ntawm lub tank tsis tshaj 20%. ntawm fragmentation shells. Tab sis rab phom yog anti-tank.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov phom German tau ua rau muaj kev txaus siab rau Soviet cov tub rog, thiab tam sim ntawd tom qab ua tsov rog, TsAKB (Grabin Design Bureau) thiab OKB-172 (“sharashka”, qhov uas cov neeg raug kaw ua haujlwm) pib ua haujlwm tiv thaiv phom hauv lub tebchaws nrog cov kab xev. qab. Raws lub hauv paus ntawm rab phom ntes 7, 5 cm PAK 41 nrog lub tog raj kheej-conical chim, TsAKB xyoo 1946 pib ua haujlwm ntawm 76/57-mm regiment anti-tank gun S-40 nrog lub tog raj kheej-conical. Lub thoob ntawm S -40 muaj lub raj mis loj ntawm 76, 2 hli, thiab lub qhov ncauj - 57 hli. Qhov ntev ntawm lub thoob yog li 5.4 m. Lub camora tau qiv los ntawm 85-mm tiv thaiv dav hlau phom ntawm xyoo 1939. Qab lub chav muaj ib rab phom phom loj ntawm rab phom loj 76, 2 hli, ntev 3264 hli nrog 32 nqes ntawm qhov nqes mus tas li hauv 22 caliber. Lub taub hau nrog lub cylindrical-conical channel yog ntsia rau ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm cov yeeb nkab. Qhov hnyav ntawm qhov system yog 1824 kg, qhov hluav taws kub tau nce mus txog 20 rds / min, thiab thawj zaug ceev ntawm 2, 45-kilogram armor-piercing projectile yog 1332 m / s. Feem ntau, ntawm qhov deb ntawm 1 km, qhov projectile tau hle 230-mm armor, rau qhov muaj peev xwm thiab rab phom hnyav nws yog cov ntaub ntawv zoo heev!
Tus qauv ntawm S-40 rab phom dhau lub Hoobkas thiab kev sim hauv xyoo 1947. Qhov tseeb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab kev nkag mus ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv cov phom los ntawm S-40 tau zoo dua li ntawm tus qauv thiab sim phom ntawm 57-mm ZIS-2 phom loj uas tau sim ua ke, tab sis C-40 yeej tsis tau nkag rau kev pabcuam. Cov neeg tawm tsam cov lus sib cav yog tib yam: cov thev naus laus zis tsis yooj yim ntawm kev ua lub thoob, kev muaj sia nyob tsawg, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm qis ntawm cov phiaj xwm tawg. Zoo, dua li, tom qab ntawd Minister of Armaments D. F. Ustinov ntxub Grabin thiab tawm tsam kev saws me nyuam ntawm ib qho ntawm nws cov kab ke loj.
Conical nozzles
Nws yog qhov xav paub tias lub thoob conical tau siv tsis yog hauv rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank, tab sis kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev tiv thaiv lub dav hlau phom loj, thiab hauv rab phom loj ntawm lub zog tshwj xeeb.
Yog li, rau 24-cm ntev-ntau K.3 rab phom loj, uas tau tsim ua ntu zus nrog lub qhov tso pa, nyob rau xyoo 1942-1945 ntau ntau qhov piv txwv ntawm cov thoob thoob tau tsim, ntawm kev tsim uas cov tuam txhab Krupp thiab Rheinmetall ua haujlwm ua ke. Rau kev tua los ntawm lub thoob conical, qhov tshwj xeeb 24/21-cm sub-caliber projectile hnyav 126, 5 kg tau tsim, nruab nrog 15 kg ntawm cov khoom tawg.
Txoj kev muaj sia nyob ntawm thawj lub thoob kab xev tau qis, thiab hloov lub thoob tom qab ob peb lub txhaj tshuaj tau kim heev. Yog li ntawd, nws tau txiav txim siab los hloov lub thooj voos kheej kheej nrog lub cylindrical-tapered ib. Lawv tau siv tus qauv thooj voos kheej kheej nrog cov kab zoo thiab nruab nws nrog lub taub hau taub hau uas hnyav ib tuj, uas tau yooj yim ntswj mus rau tus txheem phom phom.
Thaum lub sijhawm tua, kev muaj sia nyob ntawm lub taub hau taub hau tig mus txog 150 txhaj tshuaj, uas yog, siab dua li ntawm Soviet 180-mm B-1 phom tub rog (nrog phom zoo). Thaum lub sijhawm tua thaum Lub Xya Hli 1944, tau pib qhov nrawm ntawm 1130 m / s thiab thaj tsam li 50 km. Cov kev ntsuas ntxiv tseem tau qhia tias cov phiaj xwm uas tau dhau los dhau los ntawm ib feem cylindrical tau ruaj khov dua hauv kev ya. Cov phom no, nrog rau lawv cov neeg tsim, raug ntes los ntawm Soviet pab tub rog thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1945. Kev kho dua ntawm K.3 cov kab ke nrog lub tog raj kheej kheej kheej tau ua tiav xyoo 1945-1946 hauv lub nroog Semmerda (Thuringia) los ntawm pab pawg German tus tsim qauv nyob rau hauv kev coj ua ntawm Assmann.
Txog thaum Lub Yim Hli 1943, Rheinmetall tau tsim 15-cm GerKt 65F phom tiv thaiv dav hlau nrog lub raj kheej kheej thiab rab phom rov qab. Qhov projectile nrog ceev ntawm 1200 m / s ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus txog lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov siab ntawm 18,000 km, qhov twg nws ya mus rau 25 vib nas this. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua haujlwm ntev ntawm cov phom hauv 86 ncig ua rau qhov kawg ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm rab phom zoo no - kev siv cov foob pob hauv cov phom loj tiv thaiv dav hlau yog ib qho txaus ntshai.
Cov ntaub ntawv rau phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau nrog lub khob hliav qab tau poob rau hauv Artillery thiab Mortar Group ntawm Ministry of Armament of the USSR, thiab xyoo 1947, ntawm tsob ntoo No. 8 hauv Sverdlovsk, Soviet qauv ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau nrog lub conical channel yog tsim. Lub plhaub ntawm 85/57 mm KS-29 rab phom muaj qhov pib nrawm ntawm 1500 m / s, thiab lub plhaub ntawm 103/76 mm KS-24 rab phom-1300 m / s. Rau lawv, cov mos txwv qub tau tsim (los ntawm txoj kev, tseem cais tawm).
Kev ntsuas phom tau lees paub qhov ua tsis tau zoo ntawm German - tshwj xeeb, kev muaj sia nyob tsawg, uas ua rau qhov kawg kawg rau cov phom zoo li no. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov kab ke uas muaj lub thoob ntawm 152–220 mm muaj peev xwm ua ntej pom nyob rau xyoo 1957 ntawm S-75 tiv thaiv dav hlau foob pob hluav taws tuaj yeem tsuas yog txhais tau tias koom nrog lub dav hlau tshawb nrhiav qhov siab thiab ib lub dav hlau foob pob-nqa cov riam phom nuclear. Yog tias, tau kawg, peb tuaj yeem nkag mus rau lawv.
