Thaum Lub Yim Hli 4, 1985, Soviet nuclear submarine (nuclear submarine) K-278 nyob rau hauv kev hais kom ua Tus Thawj Tub Rog Qib 1st A. A. Zelensky (tus thawj coj loj ntawm 1st lub nkoj submarine flotilla, Vice Admiral ED Chernov) tau ua cov ntaub ntawv nqus dej hiav txwv. ntawm qhov tob ntawm 1027 meters, nyob ntawd rau 51 feeb. Tsis muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua submarine txij li mus txog qhov tob (qhov ib txwm muaj qhov tob tshaj plaws ntawm feem ntau nuclear-powered submarines yog ob zaug tsawg dua, thiab tsis yog nuclear submarines yog peb zaug tsawg dua).
Thaum nce mus, ntawm qhov tob ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm 800 meters, qhov kev tshuaj xyuas tiag tiag ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm torpedo-missile complex (TRK) tau ua los ntawm kev tua cov raj torpedo (TA) nrog cov phom torpedo.
Ntxiv nrog rau cov neeg coob thiab Chernov, tus thawj tsim qauv ntawm qhov haujlwm, Yu N. Kormilitsin, thawj tus lwm thawj tus tsim qauv, D. A. Romanov, tus saib xyuas lub luag haujlwm xa khoom V. M. Chuvakin, thiab tus kws tshaj lij tus kws ua haujlwm L. P. Leonov, tau nyob hauv nkoj.
1. Vim li cas koj thiaj xav tau qhov tob ntawm ib kilometers?
Txawm li cas los xij, cov lus nug tshwm sim: dab tsi yog lub ntsiab lus rau submarines hauv cov ntaub ntawv no hauv ib txhiab metres ntawm kev dhia dej tob?
Cov kab lus ib txwm muaj ntawm "zais ntawm kev kuaj pom" thiab "nkaum los ntawm riam phom" tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev muaj tiag.
Ntawm qhov tob tob, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv lub suab txhais tau tias txo qis, thiab raws li, qib suab nrov ntawm lub nkoj submarine tsis tuaj yeem ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua.
V. N. Parkhomenko ("Kev thov nyuaj ntawm kev tiv thaiv lub suab txhais tau tias txo qis kev co thiab suab nrov ntawm cov khoom siv nkoj", St. Petersburg "Morintech" 2001):
Kev hloov pauv los thaiv cov txheej txheem txheej txheem ntxiv ua rau muaj teeb meem ntawm kev sib txuas tsis txhawb nqa. Lub zog hydrostatic nce ntxiv thaum lub nkoj submarine ua rau lub zog quab yuam nyob hauv dej hiav txwv kev khiav. Ntawm qhov tob tob, qhov quab yuam no tuaj yeem hnyav dua qhov hnyav ntawm lub thaiv, thiab nws "ntab" dhau qhov kev txhawb nqa dampers, tuav qhov tseem ceeb tsuas yog los ntawm kev tsis txhawb nqa txuas, uas tau dhau los ua tus choj tseem ceeb ntawm cov cuab yeej vibroactive thiab cov suab nrov nrov vaj tse.
Kev suav suav qhia tias 600-tuj thaiv ntawm qhov tob tob tshaj 300 m muaj kev hu xov tooj nrog lub cev ua haujlwm nkaus xwb los ntawm kev sib cais-cais cov kav dej. Hauv qhov no, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm lub taub hau txiav txim siab lub suab nrov nrov.
Thiab ntxiv:
… Qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov qauv ua kom poob siab thiab ua kom nrawm ntawm cov nkoj niaj hnub no … qhov sau tseg saum toj no tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev txhais tau tias txo qis kev co lub zog nthuav tawm nrog cov kev sib txuas tsis txhawb nqa (cov kav xa dej, shafts, cov kab txuas). Kev ntsuam xyuas cov suab nrov ntawm cov nkoj niaj hnub no tau qhia tias nyob hauv ntau lub twj tso kua mis, ntau txog 60% lossis ntau dua ntawm lub zog sib zog mus hla cov kav dej.
Qhov no tau ua rau hnyav ntxiv los ntawm qhov feem ntau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws rau kev tshawb nrhiav cov nkoj hauv qab dej hiav txwv mus rau qhov tob. Muaj qhov yooj yim tsis muaj "dhia txheej" ntawm qhov tob (lawv tsuas tuaj yeem nyob ntawm qhov tob tob), ntxiv mus, lub nkoj submarine nyob ze ntawm lub axis ntawm hydrostatic hauv qab lub suab suab (daim duab ntawm sab laug).
Tib lub sijhawm, lub nkoj submerged nrog kev tshawb nrhiav zoo txhais tau tias, los ntawm qhov tob tob, muaj, raws li txoj cai, qhov pom kev loj dua thiab pom thaj tsam ntau dua (daim duab ntawm sab xis yog thaj chaw teeb pom kev zoo siv piv txwv ntawm lub zog niaj hnub txo qis HAS (OGAS) FLESH).
Hais txog kev siv riam phom mus txog, ib mais tsuas yog kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv me-me me Mk46 torpedoes thiab kev hloov kho thaum ntxov ntawm lub nkoj hnyav Mk48. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov loj me me (32 cm) Mk50 thiab hnyav (53 cm) Mk48 mod.5 torpedoes muaj kev mus ncig ntau dua li ib mais thiab ua kom ntseeg tau tias yeej ntawm lub hom phiaj submarine nyob ntawd. Ntawm no, txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias thaum lub sijhawm nkag mus rau hauv kev pabcuam ntawm K-278 Navy, ntawm nws qhov tob tshaj plaws, tsis muaj qauv ntawm Asmeskas thiab NATO tiv thaiv riam phom hauv nkoj tuaj yeem "mus txog", tshwj tsis yog rau qhov tob tob nqi (Mk50 thiab Mk48 mod.5 torpedoes nkag rau kev pabcuam tom qab kev tuag ntawm K-278 xyoo 1989).
2. Tom qab
Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag (NPP), submarines tau tiag tiag "zais" thiab tsis "dhia" nkoj. Hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib cav nyuaj ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Txias, kev sib tw rau kev ua haujlwm tau zoo dua pib, ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas nyob rau thaum ntxov 60s tau txiav txim siab qhov tob ntawm kev raus dej.
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias lub sijhawm ntawd USSR tau tuav txoj haujlwm, Tebchaws Asmeskas tau ua ntej nws tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho qhov tob tob.
Hnub no, tom qab txhua qhov kev sib tw hauv hiav txwv ua tiav ntawm peb lub nkoj submarine (thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov chaw tshwj xeeb hauv qab dej ntawm GUGI-Tus Thawj Coj Loj rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Dej Hiav Txwv), qhov no zoo li tsis txaus ntseeg, txawm li cas los xij, nws yog Tebchaws Meskas thawj zaug pib tsim cov dej hiav txwv tob.
Thawj yog kev sim roj-hluav taws xob AGSS-555 Dolphin, tso rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 9, 1962 thiab xa mus rau lub nkoj thaum Lub Yim Hli 17, 1968. Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1968, nws tau teeb tsa cov ntaub ntawv rau kev dhia dej tob - txog 3,000 ko taw (915 m), thiab thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 1969, qhov tob tshaj plaws torpedo tau ua los ntawm nws (cov ntsiab lus ntawm US Navy tsis tau tshaj tawm, tshwj tsis yog tias nws nyob deb. tswj kev sim torpedo ntawm hluav taws xob puag Mk45).
AGSS-555 Ntses taub ntswg ntev tau ua raws lub atomic NR-1, nrog kev tshem tawm ntawm kwv yees li 400 tons thiab qhov tob ntawm qhov tob txog li 1000 metres, tso rau xyoo 1967 thiab tau xa mus rau lub nkoj hauv xyoo 1969.
Lub dab da dej "Trieste", uas xub mus txog hauv qab ntawm Mariana Trench rov qab rau xyoo 1960, tsis txhob hnov qab los tsim ntawm no.
Tom qab ntawd, txawm li cas los xij, lub ntsiab lus sib sib zog nqus hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas Tub Rog tau hloov kho tshiab thiab xyaum ua "sib npaug los ntawm xoom" rau ob qhov laj thawj: ua ntej, kev faib tawm tseem ceeb ntawm Asmeskas kev siv nyiaj tub rog los ntawm Nyab Laj Nyab Laj; qhov thib ob thiab qhov tseem ceeb yog kev rov kho dua ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov cuab yeej muaj tswv yim ntawm cov nkoj submarines, vim qhov ntawd, raws li tau hais tseg hauv kab lus 1, qhov tob tob tob tsis tau txiav txim siab los ntawm US Navy li qhov tseem ceeb.
Qee qhov ncha (thiab "inertia") ntawm Asmeskas kev tshawb fawb ua haujlwm ntawm cov ncauj lus sib sib zog nqus dej ntawm 60s yog qee qhov kev tshawb fawb luam tawm, piv txwv li, hauv dej tob (nrog kwv yees qhov tob tob ntawm 4500 m) loj dua (3600 tons ntawm tshem tawm) submarine nrog "kheej kheej" qhov chaw ntawm lub cev muaj zog (yam "American louse") hauv Phau Ntawv Xov Xwm ntawm Hydronautics xyoo 1972.
Hauv USSR, thaum ntxov 60s, kev txhim kho ntawm qhov tob tob kuj tau pib.
Ntawm qhov pom tseeb ua ntej ntawm 685 txoj haujlwm, ib tus yuav tsum tau sau npe xyoo 1964 ua ntej tsim qauv ntawm ib leeg-ncej sib sib zog nqus-hiav txwv nuclear submarine nrog torpedo riam phom (10 TA thiab 30 torpedoes), ib txwm txav ntawm kwv yees li 4000 tons, nrawm dua mus txog 30 pob thiab qhov tob tshaj plaws txog li 1000 m (cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm OVT "Caj npab ntawm Leej Txiv" A. V. Karpenko).
Lub tswv yim zoo ntawm lub nkoj submarine nuclear thiab nws cov cuab yeej siv phom hydroacoustic tau nthuav heev: GAS "Yenisei" nrog kev txheeb xyuas ntau yam ntawm SSBNs ntawm "George Washington" hom mus txog 16 km. Nws tau kwv yees tias hauv ib lub voyage uas muaj kev ywj pheej tag nrho ntawm 50-60 hnub, lub nkoj submarine nuclear tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij tua tus yeeb ncuab txog li tsib lossis rau zaug. Kev nyab xeeb siab ntawm lub nkoj submarine nuclear tau muab los ntawm qhov tob tob tob heev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, TsNII-45 (tam sim no KGNTs) hauv nws cov lus xaus ntawm txoj haujlwm no tau sau tseg tias nyob rau xyoo ntawd (1964) nws tau txiav txim siab tsim kom tsim tau cov dej sib sib zog nqus nuclear submarine nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm qhov tob ntawm 600-700 m, immersion qhov tob ntawm 1000 m tau tshaj qhov xav tau thiab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem loj hauv kev siv nws.
3. Kev tsim lub nkoj
Tactical thiab technical assignment (TTZ) rau kev txhim kho ntawm kev sim nkoj nrog kev nce qhov tob ntawm txoj haujlwm 685, tus lej "Plavnik", tau tshaj tawm los ntawm TsKB-18 (tam sim no TsKB "Rubin") xyoo 1966, nrog rau kev ua tiav qhov project tsuas yog xyoo 1974.
Xws li lub sijhawm tsim qauv ntev tsis yog tsuas yog ua kom nyuaj ntawm txoj haujlwm, tab sis tseem yuav tsum tau kho qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau ua thiab pom ntawm lub cim thib 3 nuclear submarine (nrog rau kev ua haujlwm kom txo suab nrov thiab txhim kho sonar riam phom), thiab, raws li, hloov pauv cov khoom siv tseem ceeb (tshwj xeeb, chav tsim hluav taws xob (PPU) nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear OK-650 thiab hydroacoustic complex SJSC "Skat-M"). Qhov tseeb, Project 685 yog thawj tiam thib 3 nuclear submarine tau lees paub rau kev txhim kho.
"Fin" tau tsim los ua qhov kev paub dhau los, tab sis lub nkoj sib ntaus sib tua kom ua tiav cov haujlwm, suav nrog kev tshawb nrhiav, thiab tshawb nrhiav ntev thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov yeeb ncuab submarines, txhawm rau tawm tsam cov dav hlau thauj khoom, cov nkoj loj.
Kev siv cov titanium alloy 48-T nrog rau qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm 72-75 kgf / mm2 ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txo qis qhov hnyav ntawm lub hull (tsuas yog 39% ntawm qhov kev tshem tawm ib txwm muaj, zoo ib yam li lwm lub submarines nuclear).
4. Kev tshuaj xyuas qhov haujlwm
Thawj qhov uas yuav tsum tau nco txog Fin yog qhov tshwj xeeb zoo ntawm kev tsim kho, ob lub nkoj nws tus kheej thiab ntawm cov khoom siv. Tus sau ntawm kab lus tau hnov cov kev ntsuas ntawm lub nkoj los ntawm ntau tus tub ceev xwm. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias USSR kev tiv thaiv kev lag luam ua rau cov nkoj zoo heev (ntau qhov "freaks" yog qhov ua tsis tiav), tab sis tiv thaiv lawv keeb kwm yav dhau, "Fin" sawv tawm qhov pom tau tias zoo dua.
Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb, ob qho tib si xav txog qhov tseem ceeb thiab xav tau ntawm lub suab qis thiab lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm peb cov tshuab siv tshuab, kom deb li qhov muaj peev xwm tsim cov cuab yeej nrog qib qis ntawm cov yam ntxwv vibroacoustic (IVC) tuaj yeem ua tau, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog siv rau hauv suav txog qhov tshwj xeeb hauv hiav txwv ntawm lub nkoj, qhov uas txhua qhov "ib txwm muaj" teeb meem nrog IVC thiab suab nrov tau ua rau ntau lub sijhawm (saib nqe 1). Thiab ntawm no yog qhov ua tau zoo heev ntawm kev tsim lub nkoj hauv ntau qhov kev hwm ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tau raws qib kev qhia ib txwm muaj teeb meem ntawm lub tshuab tsim ntawm USSR. K-278 tau dhau los ua lub suab nrov qis heev hauv lub nkoj submarine.
Cov cuab yeej ua rog rau kev paub txog kev sib sib zog nqus hauv hiav txwv nuclear submarine ntawm 6 TA thiab 20 torpedoes thiab foob pob hluav taws-torpedoes yuav tsum suav tias txaus.
Qhov ntxim nyiam ntawm Fin tsis yog pab pawg hydraulic torpedo tubes (zoo li ntawm qhov seem ntawm lub cim thib 3 ntawm nuclear submarines, qhov twg cov raj torpedo ntawm ob sab sib xws tau "pawg" rau hauv cov tso tsheb hlau luam thiab cov piston fais fab nroj tsuag ntawm lub tshuab tua hluav taws), tab sis cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ib leeg rau txhua lub submarine.
Cov cuab yeej ua rog muaj USET-80 torpedoes (zoo, cov tau txais los ntawm Navy hauv qhov "pov tseg" daim ntawv los ntawm qhov uas tau thov kom txhim kho los ntawm Tsab Cai ntawm Pawg Neeg Soj Ntsuam ntawm CPSU thiab Council of Ministers ntawm USSR, txog qhov no hauv tsab xov xwm tom ntej), tiv thaiv cov foob pob hluav taws hauv Dej Tshav Dav Hlau (nrog rau nuclear thiab lub taub hau torpedo). Cov torpedoes ntawm tiam thib ob (SET-65 thiab SAET-60) tau qhia hauv qee qhov chaw uas yog ib feem ntawm Fin cov mos txwv tsis muaj dab tsi los ua qhov tseeb, lawv tsis muaj dab tsi ntau dua li kev npau suav ntawm tus neeg sau ntawv.
Hais txog "USET-80 torpedoes" thaum ntxov, nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias lawv tuaj yeem raug tua los ntawm qhov tob ntawm 800 meters (uas tsis tau muab los ntawm USET-80 "lig", thiab tsis yog vim yog hloov chaw Cov cuab yeej "Dej tsaws tsag" nrog cov txheej txheem tsis muaj zog "Ceramics", tab sis thiab hloov cov roj-magnesium sib ntaus sib tua roj teeb nrog tooj liab-magnesium ib qho, nrog cov teeb meem sib xws ntawm "cocking" ntawm "dej txias").
Raws li tau sau tseg saum toj no, cov cuab yeej tshawb fawb tseem ceeb rau nuclear submarines yog SJSC "Skat-M" ("kev hloov kho me me" ntawm "loj" SJSC "Skat-KS" rau submarines ntawm kev txav chaw nruab nrab thiab SSBNs ntawm txoj haujlwm 667BDRM). Nws qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm "loj" "Skat-KS" yog lub kav hlau txais xov loj (qhov ntswg) ntawm SAC (uas yog vim qhov sib txawv ntawm nws cov nqa khoom). Coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov tseeb tias "loj" SJC tsis tau sawv ntawm "Plavnik", nws yog qhov kev lees paub thiab tsim qauv zoo nrog ib qho "tab sis" … Hmoov tsis zoo, "Small Skat" tsis suav nrog qhov qis -frequency saj zawg zog ncua txuas txuas tus kav hlau txais xov (GPBA). Txog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev siv Fin, nws yuav zoo heev thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo: ob qho tib si txhawm rau txheeb xyuas lub hom phiaj thiab tswj hwm lub suab nrov sab hauv (suav nrog kaw lawv cov kev hloov pauv thaum dhia mus rau qhov tob sib txawv).
Hais txog qhov pom tseeb tiag ntawm cov hom phiaj qis-suab nrov los ntawm "Fin", peb tuaj yeem hais cov hauv qab no kev ntsuam xyuas cov neeg siv ntawm lub rooj sab laj RPF "Valeric":
Thiab lub suab nrov qis ntawm Sharks tsis yog lus dab neeg … Tus Shark, ntawm chav kawm, tsis mus txog Hiav Txwv Wolfe lossis Ohio. Nws mus txog Los Angeles, yuav luag:)), yog tias tsis yog rau qee qhov sib xyaw ua ke. Thiab raws li qhov txo qis suab nrov, tsis muaj lus nug tshwj xeeb rau Sharks.
Submarine pr. 685 ua ntej tawm mus rau nws qhov kev tswj hwm tus kheej kawg ntawm kev ua haujlwm pom peb ntawm 7 kab. Barracuda (ib tus ntawm thawj tus) kuaj pom peb ntawm 10. Txawm hais tias cov lej no, tau kawg, siv rau qhov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb xwb.
Coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov tseeb tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm Plavnik thiab Barracuda SJCs nyob ze, qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ntsuas pom yog vim qhov sib txawv me me ntawm cov kav hlau loj ntawm SJC. Thiab ntawm no kuv xav hais qhia ib zaug ntxiv - “Plavnik” yeej tsis muaj GPBA. Thiab ntawm no tsis muaj kev tsis txaus siab txog lub nkoj tus tsim qauv - thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, tsis muaj qhov zoo li GPBA (qhov sib txawv nrog "loj" GPBA ntawm Skat -KS xav tau lub tshuab tua hluav taws nyuaj thiab tsis haum rau Plavnik).
Feem ntau, nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias Plavnik nuclear submarine yog qhov tsis ntseeg qhov ua tiav thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nuclear submarine ntawm Navy (uas feem ntau yog los ntawm kev tsim kho tau zoo heev). Raws li ib qho kev paub dhau los, nws tau lees paub qhov raug nqi ntawm nws kev tsim thiab muab ob qho kev kawm txog cov teeb meem ntawm kev siv ua tau zoo ntawm qhov tob (ob qho tib si raws li kev tshawb pom thiab teeb meem ntawm kev zais), thiab tuaj yeem siv tau zoo, piv txwv li, nuclear submarine ntawm kev soj ntsuam thiab poob siab kab hlau rhuav (piv txwv li, hauv Dej Hiav Txwv Norwegian). Kuv rov hais dua, txog rau lub sijhawm nws tuag, Asmeskas thiab NATO cov tub rog tsis muaj riam phom tsis muaj peev xwm tsoo nws ze nws qhov tob tob.
Ntawm no nws yog qhov tsim nyog sau tseg qhov no, tsis yog "tsis tseem ceeb" lub sijhawm ntawm qhov tseeb tias kev ua haujlwm rau 685 txoj haujlwm, feem ntau hauv titanium, tau pab Lazurit cov kws tshaj lij ntau hauv kev tsim ntau lub hom phiaj nuclear submarines ntawm 945 Barracuda txoj haujlwm. Cov qub tub rog ntawm Lazurit rov qab hais tias, pom Lazurit ua tus sib tw, Malachite, kom muab nws me me, "tsis mob siab rau" qhia nws "titanium kev paub." Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, Rubin Central Design Bureau ("peb tab tom ua ib yam") tau pab nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm "Fin" (uas tau mus ua ntej ntawm "Barracuda").
5. Nyob rau qib
Lub Ib Hlis 18, 1984, K-278 nuclear submarine tau suav nrog hauv ntu 6 ntawm 1st flotilla ntawm Northern Fleet, uas tseem suav nrog submarines nrog titanium hulls: cov phiaj xwm 705 thiab 945. Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 14, 1984, K-278 tuaj txog ntawm qhov chaw nyob ruaj khov, - Sab Hnub Poob.
Thaum Lub Rau Hli 29, 1985, lub nkoj tau nkag mus rau thawj kab hauv kev hais txog kev ntaus rog.
Txij Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 30, 1986 txog Lub Ob Hlis 28, 1987, K-278 ua tiav txoj haujlwm ntawm nws thawj qhov kev pabcuam sib ntaus (nrog rau cov neeg coob ntawm Captain 1st Rank Yu. A. Zelensky).
Thaum Lub Yim Hli -Kaum Hli 1987 - ua tub rog thib ob (nrog rau cov neeg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb).
Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 31, 1989, lub nkoj tau txais lub npe "Komsomolets".
Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 28, 1989, K-278 "Komsomolets" nkag mus rau qhov kev pabcuam sib ntaus zaum thib peb nrog tus thib ob (604th) cov neeg ua haujlwm raws li cov lus txib ntawm Captain 1st Rank EA Vanin.
6. Tuag
Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 7, 1989, lub nkoj tau caij nkoj ntawm qhov tob ntawm 380 meters ntawm qhov nrawm ntawm 8 pob. Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias qhov tob ntawm 380 meters, raws li lub sijhawm ntev, yog qhov tsis txawv txav rau feem ntau cov nkoj nuclear thiab rau ntau ntawm lawv nyob ze rau qhov txwv. Qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov tob - nqe 1 ntawm kab lus no.
Thaum txog 11 teev sawv ntxov, hluav taws kub hnyiab heev tau tshwm sim hauv 7 chav. Lub nkoj submarine nuclear, tau poob nws qhov nrawm, tau tshwm sim thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev. Txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj ntau qhov yuam kev tag nrho hauv kev tawm tsam kom muaj txoj sia nyob (BZZH), ob peb teev tom qab nws tau tsaws.
Raws li lub hom phiaj cov ntaub ntawv, qhov ua rau muaj hluav taws kub tiag tiag thiab nws qhov kev siv ntau heev yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj ntawm cov pa oxygen hauv qhov chaw ntawm cov cua hauv qab vim tsis muaj kev tswj hwm (vim lub sijhawm tsis ua haujlwm ntev ntawm lub tshuab ntsuas roj tsis siv neeg) faib nyob rau hauv qab.
Rau kev saib xyuas ntawm "thiaj li hu ua BZZh" 4 qhib qhov chaw raug pom zoo, nrog lawv cov lus piav qhia luv luv.
Thawj qhov chaw. "Keeb kwm ntawm kev tuag ntawm nuclear submarine" Komsomolets ". Cov ntawv ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv laus ntawm kev tswj hwm, kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev nyab xeeb thiab BZZh PLA ntawm 8 qhov chaw cob qhia ntawm Navy, tus thawj tub rog 1st qib N. N. Kuryanchik. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias nws tau sau tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa tag nrho rau cov ntaub ntawv, feem ntau yog los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsis ncaj. Txawm li cas los xij, tus kws sau qhov kev paub dhau los ntawm tus kheej ua rau nws ua tau tsis tsuas yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv muaj, tab sis kuj tseem pom ("xav tias," tab sis raug) ntau tus ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho tsis zoo ntawm xwm txheej ceev.
Qhov thib ob keeb kwm. Phau ntawv ntawm tus lwm thawj tus tsim qauv ntawm txoj haujlwm DA Romanov "Qhov xwm txheej tsis zoo ntawm lub nkoj" Komsomolets ". Sau ntawv hnyav heev, tab sis ncaj ncees. Tus sau kuj tau txais thawj tsab ntawm phau ntawv no hauv 1st xyoo ntawm Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab Kev Kho Mob; nws ua rau muaj kev xav zoo rau txhua tus phooj ywg nyiam. Yog li ntawd, ntawm thawj qhov kev qhuab qhia ntawm kev qhuab qhia "Theory, qauv thiab kev muaj sia nyob ntawm lub nkoj" tus kws qhia ntawv (tus thawj ntawm qib 1 nrog kev paub ntau yam hauv cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv nkoj) tau nug ib lo lus nug txog nws. Kuv yuav hais nws cov lus teb verbatim:
Qhov no yog npuaj rau lub ntsej muag rau cov tub ceev xwm, tab sis tsim nyog kiag li.
Kuv tus tub ua haujlwm nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm BDRM, thiab kuv yuav phau ntawv no thiab xa nws nrog cov lus qhia kom rov nyeem nws dua ua ntej txhua qhov "autonomous".
Peb qhov chaw. Me ntsis-paub, tab sis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab tsim nyog tau rov luam phau ntawv los ntawm V. Yu. Navy. Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias thaum lub sijhawm tshaj tawm los ntawm Tus Lwm Thawj Coj ntawm VVMU npe tom qab V. I. Frunze yog tus thawj coj ntawm 1st qeb BG Kolyada - tus thawj coj hauv pawg "Komsomolets" ntawm kev sib tw tuag thiab ua rau txiv neej nyuaj thiab nruj heev. Paub tias (hauv ntau qhov xwm txheej nrog kev kwv yees hnyav heev) tau sau rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm phau ntawv los ntawm V. Yu. khov hauv kev cia siab tias nws yuav tawm hauv lub tsev luam ntawv thiab hauv ib daim ntawv twg? Phau ntawv tawm los yam tsis muaj "kev hloov kho", hauv qhov pib ua kom nruj.
Plaub qhov chaw. Phau ntawv ntawm Tus Lwm Thawj-Admiral E. D. Chernov "Cov Kev Paub ntawm Kev Puas Tsuaj Hauv Dej". Txawm hais tias tus kws sau ntawv tsis pom zoo nrog tus lej ntawm nws cov kev cai, nws tau sau los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij uas muaj kev paub nrog cov tsiaj ntawv loj, uas nws cov kev xav thiab kev tshuaj xyuas tsim nyog tau txais kev kawm zoo tshaj plaws. Kuv rov hais dua, txawm tias kuv tsis pom zoo nrog nws ntawm ntau qhov teeb meem. Nws lub tswv yim tau muab hauv kab lus "Admiral Evmenov" khiav mus rau qhov twg? ".
Rov qab mus rau Chernov phau ntawv. Cov lus nug yog tias nws tsis txaus los faib "sijhawm tsis tu ncua" rau kev ua haujlwm tawm haujlwm. Yog tias "tus paub dhau los" tus thawj coj ntawm kev hais kom tuav qhib lub rooj sab nrauv qhib nrog nws tus kheej txhais tes, ua rau lub nkoj puas tsuaj (zoo li nws tau nyob ntawm Komsomolets), qhov no tsis hais ntau txog "tsis muaj sijhawm rau kev npaj" raws li cov txheej txheem teeb meem ntawm Navy hauv kev qhia rau kev tswj kev puas tsuaj (BZZh).
Raws li "teeb meem hauv lub cev" hauv kev npaj ntawm peb lub nkoj submarine BZZh, qhov teeb meem no yuav tham txog hauv ntxaws hauv kab lus cais. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog hais txog ntawm no tias qhov teeb meem nyuaj dua thiab tob dua qhov ib txwm ua rau Komsomolets muaj kev puas tsuaj: "muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm loj thiab muaj zog thib ob".
Ua ntej, tus lej ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv pawg neeg thib ob yog los ntawm thawj (suav nrog cov tseem ceeb rau BZZh).
Qhov thib ob, muaj "lus nug" txog thawj (lub ntsiab) neeg coob. Qhov tshwm sim nrog qhov poob ntawm lub tsev cawm neeg pop-up cawm (VSK) thaum lub sijhawm ntsuas hauv Dej Hiav Txwv Dawb tau nyob ze ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm nuclear submarine (tuag). Cov ntsiab lus (" Dab tsi"" Sib cais lub hiav txwv "los ntawm lub hauv paus nruab nrab ntawm nuclear submarine thiab nws tau tshwm sim li cas) qhov no" sim ua kom hnov qab sai sai ", tab sis tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Qhov piv txwv no nyuaj heev, txhais tau tias "nyob hauv kev ua pa", qhov tseeb tias tsis muaj "trifles" hauv kev lag luam hauv qab dej. Thiab yog tias qee qhov "pib ntab", tom qab ntawd koj yuav tsum tau hais meej thiab raws li cov lus qhia tshaj tawm "kev ceeb toom xwm txheej ceev" thiab nkag siab (thiab tsis ua "qee qhov kev ua ywj pheej" yam tsis muaj daim ntawv tshaj tawm).
Kev piav qhia: raws li cov lus hais tias "tus thawj coj ntawm kev hais kom tuav qhib lub rooj sab nrauv qhib nrog nws tus kheej txhais tes", peb tab tom tham txog ntu no (hais los ntawm phau ntawv D. A. Romanov):
Michman V. S. Kadantsev (cov lus piav qhia piav qhia): "Tus kws kho tsheb tau hais kom kuv kaw lub qhov rooj ntawm lub qhov rooj ntawm qhov thib plaub thiab thib 5, kaw lub xauv thib 1 ntawm lub qhov cua tawm ntawm lub tsev thaiv … xauv qhov tso pa tawm, tab sis kaw kuv tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav, vim dej pib ntws mus rau hauv lub qhov cua qhov cua ".
Ib qho kev lees paub ntxiv tias tsis muaj hluav taws nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej ceev thiab tias lub nkoj khov tau txias. Ua kom tiav qhov tsis paub ntawv kom kaw thawj qhov tso pa tawm qhov quav, Midshipman Kadantsev ib txhij qhib lub qhov tso pa tawm ntawm lub qhov dej nyab lub qhov dej, uas yog, nws tsis txhob txwm ua rau dej nyab sai dua ntawm lub nkoj. Lwm qhov pov thawj ntawm kev paub tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom siv ib feem ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm.
Nco tseg.
7. Cov lus qhia thiab thim rov qab ntawm txoj haujlwm 685
Kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis ntawm kev tshawb fawb cav rau submarines uas tau coj qhov chaw de facto kaum tsib xyoos dhau los (saib kab lus "Tsis muaj qhov zais cia ntxiv lawm: cov nkoj hauv qab ntawm ib txwm zoo yuav tuag") ua rau peb saib tshiab ntawm kev paub txog kev tsim nuclear submarines ntawm txoj haujlwm 685. suav nrog hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim kev cia siab rau nuclear submarines ntawm lub cim thib 5 (dab tsi tau nthuav tawm rau Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Lavxias Lavxias ib xyoos thiab ib nrab dhau los hauv Sevastopol ntawm kev nthuav qhia ntawm riam phom tub rog nyob rau hauv lub guise ntawm ib tug supposedly "cog lus" project "Husky", Obviously, nyob rau hauv txoj kev tsis sib haum tsis yog tsuas yog rau lub thib 5, tab sis kuj mus rau lub 4 tiam ntawm nuclear submarine).
Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm no yog qhov nyuaj siv tsis-suab thiab nrhiav suab nrov txhais tau los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab. Kev tawm mus rau qhov tob tob los ntawm "tsis-suab nrov" ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv kev pom ntawm peb lub nkoj submarine nuclear hauv thaj chaw suab. Txawm li cas los xij, nce kev dhia dej tob tob (thaum daws teeb meem ntawm cov suab nrov qis) yav tom ntej yuav yog ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb kom zam kev kuaj pom los ntawm kev tsis muaj suab nrov thiab tshwj xeeb yog cov tsheb loj.
Ntawd yog, qhov nce ntxiv hauv qhov ib txwm ua haujlwm hauv dej hauv qhov tob tob yog qhov tsim nyog (tus kws sau tsis kam lees los ntawm kev kwv yees tshwj xeeb, suav nrog qhov qhib qhov xwm txheej ntawm tsab xov xwm). Yog, ib mais yuav tsis xav tau ntawm no (lossis nws "tseem tsis xav tau"?), Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev suav, qhov tob tshaj plaws thiab "qhov tob ntawm qhov muaj nyob mus ntev" muaj feem cuam tshuam.
Ntawm no nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau hais sib cais txog qhov hu ua "ua haujlwm tob", uas yog, qhov tob qhov twg lub nkoj submarine tuaj yeem "tsis muaj hnub kawg". Tab sis lub sijhawm twg?
Hauv ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm ntawv xov xwm "Krasnaya Zvezda" nyob rau nruab nrab-90s, muaj cov lus nthuav heev txog Lub Chaw Tshawb Fawb Hauv Nroog "Prometheus", suav nrog lawv ua haujlwm ntawm nuclear submarine hulls. Thiab muaj cov lus zoo li no (hais los ntawm kev nco), thaum lawv txawm li cas los suav thiab suav tias muaj pes tsawg lub nkoj submarines tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tob, nws tau muab tawm tias cov peev txheej no tsis yog tsuas yog qhov kawg, tab sis rau ntau lub submarines ntawm USSR Navy nws tau dhau los ua qhov raug xaiv.
Hauv lwm lo lus, hnyav hnyav ntawm lub zog loj hydrostatic siab hnyav hnyav ob lub tsev nws tus kheej thiab kev tiv thaiv lub suab txhais tau tias yog ntau yam kev poob siab -nqus cov kav dej (ib zaug ntxiv rau kab lus 1 ntawm kab lus - lawv yog qhov tseem ceeb heev hais txog lub suab qis). Yuav muaj dab tsi tshwm sim yog tias, piv txwv li, txoj hlua poob qis hauv qab ntu ntu ntawm lub condenser tseem tawg ntawm qhov tob ntawm, hais, 500 meters (uas yog, 50 kgf nias rau ntawm txhua square centimeter)? Qhov ntev ntawm cov hlua no (hais txog xim liab) tuaj yeem kwv yees los ntawm qhov saum toj no thiab nthuav dav ntawm chav ua haujlwm chav ua haujlwm ntawm txoj haujlwm 685 nuclear submarine.
Thiab lo lus teb rau lo lus nug no, txawm hais tias muaj thawj zaug thiab zaum thib ob ntawm kev hais lus tsis zoo ntawm txoj kev ncig no, yuav yog, raws li lawv hais, "nyob ze" Thresher "(US Navy submarine, uas tuag rau ntawm dhia dej tob hauv xyoo 1963).
Ntxiv rau cov teeb meem thev naus laus zis, teeb meem ntawm kev nyob mus sij hawm ntev ntawm qhov tob tob ua rau muaj teeb meem kev teeb tsa loj. Qhov xav tau kev pab lub neej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muaj zog rau "qhov ntev mus rau qhov tob" tuaj yeem teeb tsa nrog qhov tsim qauv tob (thiab, tej zaum, siv cov titanium alloys, uas tsis tsuas yog cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb zoo dua, tab sis kuj muaj cov yam ntxwv qaug zog nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm cov hlau tshwj xeeb). Tab sis qhov teeb meem ntawm "cov peev txheej dej tob" yog mob hnyav dua rau cov kav dej sab nrauv thiab cov hlua. Kev hloov ntawm qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm lawv (xws li cov kab hluav taws xob tseem ceeb xa cov kab) tuaj yeem ua ntu zus tsuas yog kho ib nrab lub neej (nrog tshem tawm los ntawm chav ua haujlwm chav ua haujlwm lub cev).
Cia kuv ceeb toom koj kom txog rau tam sim no, tsis yog ib tiam thib peb ntawm nuclear submarine tau dhau los kho qhov nruab nrab (thawj qhov, Project 971 Leopard, tsis ntev los no tau thim tawm ntawm lub khw, ua haujlwm rau nws tseem tsis tau tiav), muaj ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov kav dej loj tawm sab nrauv rau lub sijhawm ntev tas sij hawm ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Pom tseeb, rau cov submarines nuclear, kev nyob nyab xeeb ntawm hiav txwv tuaj yeem ua kom ntseeg tau tsuas yog nyob ntawm qhov me me qhov tob ntawm submarine submersion.
Raws li, pab pawg yav tom ntej ntawm submarines ntawm Navy yuav tsum ntseeg tau thiab txhawb nqa tag nrho hauv kev tshaj lij (suav nrog kev tsim kho) thiab cov lus cog tseg los ntawm kev kho nkoj. Dab tsi peb tau muaj nrog VTG ("tsis yog" lub sijhawm - "rov kho dua ntawm kev npaj tau zoo") ntawm lub cim thib 3 ntawm nuclear submarines (tsis yog hloov kho tas nrho) yog qhov tsis lees txais ntxiv.
Ntawd yog, teeb meem ntawm kev tsim lub hiav txwv tob (thiab, ntxiv mus, lub suab nrov qis nuclear submarines) yog qhov nyuaj heev, thiab ntawm no cov hauv paus ntawm Fin tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb niaj hnub no.
