Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1947, Cov kws tshawb fawb foob pob hluav taws German tau raug xa tawm mus rau Soviet Union, uas ua haujlwm yooj yim ntawm Soviet foob pob hluav taws thiab qhov chaw thiab ua ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau zoo ntawm cov cuaj luaj (Yuav ua li cas Nazi FAU foob pob hluav taws tau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm Soviet foob pob hluav taws thiab qhov chaw.).
Cov kws paub tshwj xeeb hauv tebchaws German, kws tshawb fawb, kws tsim txuj ci, kws paub txog lub cev, kws ua lej thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev puas tsuaj thiab tawg sib nrug tom qab ua tsov rog Yelemes ua ke nrog lawv tsev neeg mus rau cov koog pov txwv ntawm Gorodomlya ntawm Lake Seliger hauv Kalinin (tam sim no Tver) thaj chaw, uas lawv ua haujlwm. nyob rau hauv qhov tsis pub lwm tus paub No. 1 ntawm Rocket Institute ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Lub Koom Haum -88 txog 1953 (Yuav ua li cas Cov Neeg Germans tsim cov cuaj luaj tom qab ua tsov rog ntawm Lake Seliger).
Gorodomlya Island tau nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm Lake Seliger, 250 metres los ntawm Kev Lom Zem Island thiab ib nrab ntawm lub nroog Ostashkov ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv sab qab teb thiab lub zos nuv ntses ntawm Sloboda nyob rau sab qaum teb. Cov Island ntawm Kev Lom Zem, sab hnub poob uas tau npog nrog hav zoov hnyav, tau siv los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Ostashkov ua qhov chaw lom zem thiab ua si.
Cov kob ntawm Gorodomlya, ib thiab ib nrab ntev thiab ib mais dav, tau npog nrog ntoo thuv thiab spruce hav zoov. Sab hnub poob yog lub chaw ua haujlwm ntawm ceg ntseeg. Thiab nyob rau sab hnub tuaj - thaj chaw nyob kom haum rau cov kws tshaj lij German. Lawv thiab lawv tsev neeg muaj kev ywj pheej txav mus los ib ncig ntawm cov kob thiab taug kev mus rau hauv lub nroog, nrog cov tub ceev xwm saib xyuas kev nyab xeeb.
Lub teb chaws tus thawj coj tau ua txhua yam ua tau los tsim kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab nyob tau zoo rau cov kws paub tshwj xeeb hauv German thiab lawv tsev neeg. Vim tias nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau siv lawv cov kev paub thiab kev paub dhau mus rau qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim cov phiaj xwm Soviet uas xav tau ntau.
Muab kev nyob
Cov kws tshaj lij German ntawm cov kob tau ua tiav tiav, suav nrog lawv cov haujlwm ua haujlwm tau zoo thiab ntev. Txog kev ua haujlwm, lawv tau muab chav ib txwm rau tsim thiab tshawb fawb ua haujlwm, nrog rau cov cuab yeej siv kuaj sim uas tsim nyog. Muaj lub tsev me me uas cov neeg German thiab Soviet ua haujlwm. Los ntawm qhov chaw nyob mus ua haujlwm thiab rov qab, cov kws tshwj xeeb tau thauj los ntawm cov tsheb npav.
Ua ntej tuaj txog ntawm cov neeg German, txhua lub tsev nyob hauv cov kob tau kho zoo. Thiab lub neej nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tau tsim nyog. Cov neeg German nyob nrog lawv tsev neeg nyob hauv ob lub tsev ntoo. Txhua tus kws tshaj lij hauv tsev neeg tau txais ob- thiab peb chav tsev sib cais.
Raws li phau ntawv sau tseg ntawm tus kws ua haujlwm Werner Albring, uas tau piav qhia meej txog txoj kev ua neej ntawm cov neeg Germans nyob ntawm cov kob, nws thiab nws tus poj niam hluas thiab tus ntxhais me tau txais chav tsev peb chav. Lawv tau sib yuav thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog thiab ua kom nruj nrog cov rooj tog zaum. Nws tau txais lub txaj thiab cov khaub ncaws los ntawm lub tsev rau khoom. Muaj ntau lub tsev zeb nyob ntawm cov kob, uas yog lub tsev tswj hwm, tsev noj mov, tsev kawm ntawv thiab chaw kho mob.
Tus Lwm Thawj Korolev Boris Chertok rov qab hais tias thaum nws los txog rau cov kob, nws khib cov neeg German. Rau hauv Moscow nws nyob nrog nws tsev neeg nyob hauv chav sib tham plaub chav, nyob ob chav nrog thaj tsam 24 square metres. Thiab ntau tus kws tshaj lij thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tau nyob, feem ntau, hauv cov tub rog, qhov chaw uas yooj yim tshaj plaws tsis muaj.
Nyiaj hli
Cov kws tshaj lij German, nyob ntawm lawv qhov kev tsim nyog thiab lub luag haujlwm kev kawm, tau txais cov nyiaj hli ncaj ncees rau lawv txoj haujlwm, muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua li kev them nyiaj ntawm Soviet cov kws tshaj lij uas ua haujlwm ntawm NII-88. Ib qho ntxiv, lawv tau txhawb los ntawm cov nyiaj tau txiaj ntsig loj rau kev ua tiav theem ua haujlwm raws sijhawm. Kuj tseem muaj cov nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau cov npe kev kawm.
Piv txwv, kws kho mob Magnus, Umpfenbach thiab Schmidt tau txais 6 txhiab rubles ib hlis. Chief Designer Grettrup - 4.5 txhiab rubles. Engineers - 4 txhiab rubles nyob rau nruab nrab.
Rau kev sib piv, saib xyuas cov nyiaj hli txhua hli ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tswj hwm tseem ceeb ntawm NII-88. Korolev (raws li tus tsim qauv thiab tus thawj coj ntawm chav haujlwm) tau txais 6 txhiab rubles. Tus Lwm Thawj Korolyov: Chertok - 3 txhiab rubles thiab Mishin - 2, 5 txhiab rubles.
Koj tuaj yeem sib piv cov nyiaj hli ntawm Soviet / German cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tib txoj haujlwm:
tus thawj coj ntawm chav haujlwm 2000/8500 rub.
tus kws tshawb fawb - / 6000-7500 rubles.
engineer 1500/3000 rub.
tus tswv ntawm kev tsim khoom - / 2500 rubles.
tus kws tshaj lij 1000-1500 / - rub.
tus neeg pabcuam hauv chav kuaj 500 / - rub.
Yog li cov neeg German tau txhawb kom ua haujlwm tau zoo thiab khwv tau nyiaj tsim nyog los tsim kev nyob zoo thaum lub sijhawm nyuaj tom qab ua tsov rog.
Khoom noj
Cov kws paub tshwj xeeb hauv German, ua ke nrog cov neeg hauv tsev neeg, tau muab zaub mov noj raws li cov cai ntawm kev faib cov txheej txheem uas tau muaj txog thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1947, raws qhov sib npaug nrog cov pej xeem Soviet.
Ntau yam khoom noj hauv khw muag khoom hauv lub xeev ntawm cov kob yog qhov tsawg. Thiab cov neeg German tau tso cai yuav khoom noj tom khw hauv Ostashkov. Hnub Sunday lawv yuav mus rau hauv lub nroog bazaar thiab yuav butter, nqaij, mis thiab qe los ntawm cov neeg ua teb rau tag nrho lub lim tiam. Raws li lawv nco qab, lawv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog sau cov mis nyuj qab qab. Lawv tseem tsis tau sim qhov no hauv Tebchaws Yelemees ib yam nkaus.
Piv rau lawv cov nyiaj hli siab, tus nqi khoom noj tau ntau dua qhov lees txais. Piv txwv li, qhob cij dub - 2 rubles, qhob cij dawb - 8 rubles, qos yaj ywm - 0.8 rubles. (ntawm kev ua lag luam - 2 rubles), mis nyuj - 3.5 rubles. (ntawm kev ua lag luam - 5 rubles), luam yeeb "Belomor" - 2, 45 rubles, vodka - 25 rubles.
Qhia menyuam
Tsev neeg ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb hauv German suav nrog cov menyuam ntawm txhua lub hnub nyoog hauv tsev kawm ntawv: txij thawj qib kawm mus txog rau kaum rau. Ua ntej qhib lub tsev kawm tshwj xeeb ntawm cov kob, cov menyuam tau kawm ntawm qhov hu ua "tsev kawm ntawv hauv tsev", uas cov kws qhia yog niam txiv ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, cov kws tshaj lij hauv ntau yam kev paub.
Nws tsis nyuaj nrhiav cov xib fwb hauv lej, physics thiab biology ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb. Muaj cov kws qhia ntawv hauv tib neeg, lus German, keeb kwm ntawm Greece thiab Rome, suab paj nruag thiab kev kawm lub cev.
Xyoo 1948, tau qhib lub tsev kawm tshwj xeeb los qhia cov menyuam ntawm German tshwj xeeb. Thiab lawv tau hloov pauv los ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv Lavxias puv sijhawm. Ib tug qub tub rog ntawm Great Patriotic War, Galakhov, uas tau hais lus German zoo, tau raug xaiv los ua tus thawj coj ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv.
Raws li kev nco txog cov neeg German, cov ntaub ntawv kawm ntawm tsev kawm ntawv Lavxias tau nthuav heev. Hauv chav kawm theem pib, hom lus ntawm kev qhia yog lus German.
Tab sis twb tau kawm qib ob lawm, cov menyuam yuav tsum kawm lus Lavxias ua lus txawv teb chaws. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog li no, txhua tus menyuam, tshwj xeeb, kawm tau yam lus tshiab sai. Hauv cov chav kawm theem nrab, txhua yam kev kawm twb tau qhia ua lus Lavxias. German cov qauv lus thiab ntaub ntawv raug qhia raws li "niam lus". Cov tub ntxhais kawm tau xeem 7 qib txhawm rau nkag mus rau tsev kawm theem siab.
Tom qab kawm tiav los ntawm Gorodomlevskaya tsev kawm theem nrab, cov tub ntxhais kawm tau xeem zaum kawg nrog rau cov kawm tiav ntawm tsev kawm theem nrab hauv nroog Ostashkov. Tsib tus neeg kawm tiav ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv xyoo 1950 tau nkag mus rau cov tsev kawm qib siab hauv Leningrad. Thiab tom qab ntawd lawv tau rov qab mus rau GDR.
Hauv kev txuas nrog kev so haujlwm ntawm "cov neeg tshwj xeeb" hauv xyoo 1953, lub tsev kawm tshwj xeeb tau raug xa mus rau cov ntaub ntawv kawm ntawm lub tsev kawm ib txwm muaj.
Leisure ntawm Germans ntawm cov kob
Thaum tuaj txog ntawm cov kob, cov neeg German tsis txwv lawv tus kheej los ua haujlwm nkaus xwb. Tam sim ntawd, lawv tus kheej tau ua qhov kev npaj ntawm lawv lub neej thiab kev so.
Hauv lawv lub sijhawm dawb, lawv tau mus ua kis las, ua yeeb yam pib xyaum ua thiab tu tsev.
Ntawm lawv tus kheej txoj kev pib, lawv tsim lub tsev hais plaub ntaus pob tesniv, tsim cov nkauj thiab jazz orchestras. Thiab ob lub theatrical collectives, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb thiab lawv tsev neeg ua ke nrog menyuam yaus tau koom nrog kev mob siab rau.
Hnub so thiab hnub so, lawv tau tso cai taug kev mus rau thaj chaw hauv cheeb tsam ntawm Ostashkov, thiab Moscow, mus ntsib cov khw thiab khw. Lawv tau raug coj mus rau Moscow theatre thiab tsev cia puav pheej tsis tu ncua.
Lub neej nyob ntawm cov kob tau ua viav vias tag nrho. Thiab lawv nyob hauv Soviet Union tsis muaj ib txoj hauv kev piv rau qhov xwm txheej ntawm Soviet cov neeg raug kaw hauv kev ua tsov ua rog thiab cov neeg raug coj mus rau Tebchaws Yelemees.
Raws li luam tawm memoirs ntawm Frau Gertrude Grettrup, tus poj niam ntawm lub taub hau ntawm pab pawg German ntawm Gorodoml, kev nyob ib puag ncig ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb hauv German thiab lawv kev sib txuas lus nrog cov kws tshwj xeeb hauv Soviet thiab cov neeg nyob hauv nroog tau piav qhia ntxaws.
Hauv nws phau ntawv, tshwj xeeb, nws sau:
“Hnub Sunday peb tau caij nkoj.
Peb tau tsiv mus nyob ib ncig ntawm lub pas dej hauv kev tshawb nrhiav cov zos tshiab txhawm rau kawm paub ntau ntxiv txog cov neeg nyob hauv tsev tos txais qhua uas tau zoo siab los qhia qhov lawv yuav tsum muaj - mis nyuj khov, qhob cij thiab cheese.
Lawv tau txais kev pabcuam hauv chav noj mov, tsuas yog chav nyob hauv tsev sib nrug ntawm chav pw thiab chav ua noj …
Hauv ib lub ces kaum muaj lub cim teeb nyob rau ntawm xub ntiag ntawm lub cim, thiab nyob rau lwm lub ces kaum "Leej Txiv" (Stalin) tau teeb tsa ntawm phab ntsa ib sab ntawm tsev neeg cov duab ntawm cov neeg raug tua hauv kev ua rog.
Thaum peb tab tom zaum, peb tus tub Peter tab tom ua si ntawm txoj kev nrog cov menyuam hauv zos, saib kev haus luam yeeb ntawm nqaij npuas kib, thiab tsav qaib thiab tshis."
Tom qab tawm ntawm Gorodomlya cov kob thiab rov qab los rau Tebchaws Yelemees, cov kws tshaj lij German feem ntau nco qab txog lawv qhov kev nyob hauv tebchaws Soviet, uas lawv tau muab txhua yam xwm txheej rau kev ua haujlwm zoo hauv lawv qhov tshwj xeeb. Ib puag ncig ib txwm muaj rau lub neej txhua hnub, kev so thiab kev kawm ntawm cov menyuam tau tsim. Thiab lawv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nco txog tus cwj pwm zoo ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv ib puag ncig rau lawv tus kheej.
Thiab qhov no yog tom qab kev puas tsuaj loj los ntawm lawv cov phooj ywg tom qab ua tsov rog.
