Lub Ib Hlis 1945 kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog ntawm 1st Belorussian thiab 1st Ukrainian fronts, pib ntawm Vistula, tau poob qis hauv keeb kwm raws li Vistula-Oder lub tswv yim ua phem ua haujlwm. Ib ntawm nplooj ntawv ci tshaj plaws, ntshav thiab txaus ntshai ntawm txoj haujlwm no yog kev tshem tawm ntawm pab pawg German pab tub rog puag ncig hauv lub nroog fortress ntawm Poznan.
Tank "roj chamber"
Cov lus hais hauv German tau sim siv lub nroog thiab lub zog ruaj khov engineering "Citadel" txhawm rau txwv kev ua haujlwm ntawm peb cov tub rog thiab ncua lawv qhov ua ntej hauv Berlin kev coj. Hloov kho lub fortress mus rau kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm kev ua tsov rog niaj hnub no, Cov neeg German tau khawb cov tank tiv thaiv lub tank hauv thaj chaw muaj kev phom sij nyob ib puag ncig lub nroog, tsim cov chaw tua hluav taws nrog txoj kev cia siab ntawm kev tua txoj hauv kev thiab mus rau kev tiv thaiv lub tank. Cov yeeb ncuab teeb tsa cov ntsiab lus sib tua raws txoj kev. Lawv tau nruab nrog phom tiv thaiv lub tank thiab phom tshuab hnyav. Txhua qhov kev teeb tsa hauv thaj chaw tau txuas nrog los ntawm cov txheej txheem tua hluav taws nrog lub forts ntawm lub fortress nyob ib puag ncig lub nroog.
Lub fort yog ib qho qauv hauv av uas yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem hla saum toj roob hauv pes. Txhua lub fort tau puag ncig los ntawm lub ditch 10 metres dav thiab mus txog 3 meters sib sib zog nqus nrog cov cib ntsa, uas muaj qhov khoob rau sab xub ntiag thiab flanking plhaub. Lub forts muaj kev sib tshooj ntau txog li ib lub 'meter' thiab tau npog nrog cov av hauv av txog li 4 meters tuab. Sab hauv lub forts muaj cov hostels rau tub ceev xwm los ntawm tub rog mus rau tub rog, lub qhov rooj thaiv qhov rooj (hauv qab txoj kev hauv qab) nrog ntau lub hnab ris rau tso cov mos txwv, zaub mov thiab lwm yam khoom. Txhua lub forts muaj cov qhov dej thiab cov khoom siv rau cua sov thiab teeb pom kev zoo.
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, muaj 18 forts raws lub nplhaib hla ntawm lub nroog, thiab lawv hloov pauv: loj thiab me. Raws li German cov phiaj xwm thiab daim duab qhia chaw, txhua lub forts tau suav thiab muaj npe thiab tau siv los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, ntxiv rau lawv lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb, raws li kev cob qhia tsim khoom, chaw rau khoom, thiab barracks1.
Ntxiv rau lub forts, cov tsev thiab txoj kev hauv nroog kuj tau npaj rau kev sib ntaus sib tua. Piv txwv li, tus thawj coj ntawm 1st Guards Tank Army, General M. E. Katukov tau sau tseg tias: "Poznan yog lub tank loj" chav tso roj. "Ntawm nws txoj kev nqaim, npaj tau zoo rau kev tiv thaiv, cov neeg German yuav tau tsoo tag nrho peb lub tsheb."
Cov kws tshaj lij tub rog German tsis tsuas yog tau txais kev paub dhau los ntawm kev tsim cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv mus sij hawm ntev ntawm Finnish Mannerheim Kab thiab Fab Kis Maginot Kab, tab sis kuj tau hloov lawv tus kheej raws li qhov xwm txheej tshiab ntawm kev ua tsov rog. Cov tub rog Soviet, thiab tshwj xeeb, Soviet rab phom loj tau ntsib txoj haujlwm nyuaj ntawm kev rhuav tshem lub nroog fortress ntawm Poznan thiab nws cov tub rog sai li sai tau.
Kev tshem tawm ntawm pab pawg uas tau nyob ib puag ncig tau tso siab rau 29th Guards thiab 91st Rifle Corps, uas tau txhawb nqa los ntawm chav nyob ntawm 29th Artillery Breakthrough Division, 5th Rocket Artillery Division, 41st Cannon Artillery thiab 11th Mortar Brigades thiab lwm yam kev tsim phom loj. Hauv tag nrho, cov tub rog koom nrog hauv kev tawm tsam suav nrog kwv yees li 1,400 rab phom, cov cuaj luaj thiab foob pob ua ntxaij tsheb loj, suav nrog ntau dua 1,200 units ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm los ntawm 76 mm thiab siab dua.
Muab cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv muaj zog ntawm cov tub rog German, cov phom loj tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua phem rau ntawm lub fortress. Cov phom loj ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov lus txib tseem ceeb (RGK) tau muab faib ua ob pawg muaj zog: sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb.
Kev ua phem rau Poznan yog qhov nyuaj thiab tau nrog los ntawm kev poob loj ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam. Txawm tias tus thawj coj ntawm rab phom loj ntawm 1st Belorussian Front, General V. I. Kazakov sau tseg hauv nws phau ntawv sau cia tias "cov no tau ntev, tawv ncauj thiab sib ntaus sib tua, qhov twg txhua lub tsev yuav tsum tau sib ntaus sib tua" 3.
Fort by fort, ib lub tsev
Kev ua phem rau lub nroog los ntawm cov tub rog Soviet tau pib thaum Lub Ib Hlis 26, 1945, tab sis hnub no tsis coj kev vam meej mus rau qhov kev vam meej. Hnub tom ntej, V. I. Chuikov pib cua daj cua dub rau ntawm lub hauv ntej ntawm Citadel. Cov phom loj nrog 3-5 feeb tua hluav taws tua cov neeg muaj peev xwm thiab cov peev txheej tua hluav taws hauv lub forts kom txog thaum cov tub rog tub rog hla ntawm lawv thiab thaiv lawv. Xws li kev tsim kho cov phom loj rau kev tawm tsam xav tau qhov raug siab hauv kev npaj ua ntej cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev kho ntawm kev tua nws tus kheej. Hmoov tsis zoo, qee zaum cov kev suav no tsis raug kiag li, thiab cov tub rog tau raug kev txom nyem los ntawm lawv tus kheej cov phom loj.
Thaum xub thawj, kev sim mus ntes lub forts ua tsis tiav, txawm hais tias kev tua cov tub rog tau muab kev txhawb nqa riam phom thiab tso tsheb hlau luam. Ib qho piv txwv tsis muaj hmoo no tau sau rau hauv phau ntawv sau tseg ntawm V. I. Chuikov "Qhov Kawg Ntawm Peb Reich". Kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Fort Bonin tau coj los ntawm pab pawg ua phem, suav nrog lub tuam txhab phom tsis tiav, lub tuam txhab ntawm 82-mm mortars, lub tuam txhab sappers, pab pawg ntawm cov pa luam yeeb, ob lub T-34 tso tsheb hlau luam thiab roj teeb ntawm 152-mm. phom. Tom qab ua cov phom loj ntawm lub fort, pawg ua phem, nyob hauv qab npog ntawm cov pa luam yeeb, tawg mus rau hauv nruab nrab qhov nkag. Nws tswj kom txeeb tau ob lub rooj vag nruab nrab thiab ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej uas npog txoj hauv kev mus rau cov rooj vag no. Tus yeeb ncuab, tau qhib rab phom loj thiab rab phom tshuab los ntawm lwm tus neeg ua phem thiab tseem siv cov mos txwv tsis zoo thiab cov foob pob tawg, rov tawm tsam qhov kev tawm tsam. Tom qab txheeb xyuas qhov kev ua ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam, Chuikov nkag siab lawv qhov ua yuam kev: "Nws tau pom tias lub fort tau cua daj cua dub tsuas yog los ntawm ib sab ntawm lub qhov rooj nkag loj, yam tsis tau rub tus yeeb ncuab los ntawm lwm qhov kev qhia. qhov hluav taws kub nyob hauv ib qho. forts, lub peev xwm ntawm 152 mm rab phom tsis meej txaus "4.
Tag nrho cov laj thawj no tau muab coj los xav hauv qhov kev tawm tsam tom ntej. Nws pib tom qab ua tiav ntawm lub fort nrog cov phom hnyav uas tua cov pob zeb ua pob zeb. Pawg ua phem tau mus cuag tus yeeb ncuab los ntawm peb qhov kev qhia. Artillery tsis tau tso tseg hluav taws thaum lub sij hawm ua phem rau hle tawv thiab muaj txoj sia nyob ntawm qhov chaw tua hluav taws. Tom qab kev tawm tsam luv luv, tus yeeb ncuab tau swb. Lub koom haum ntawm kev siv phom loj thaum lub sij hawm ntes cov thaiv forts tso siab tau ntseeg tau tias tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ua ntej ntawm peb cov tub rog. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, thaum Lub Ib Hlis 27, 1945, tag nrho peb lub forts raug ntes. Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau tawg hauv lub nroog cov nroog, uas hnyav thiab ntshav rau ob sab.
Ib hnub dhau ib hnub, maj mam thiab tsis tu ncua, cov tub rog ntawm V. I. Chuikov tu tsev tom tsev. Kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav thiab ntshav. Feem ntau hnub pib nrog kev npaj siv rab phom me me, uas tsis pub ntev tshaj 15 feeb. Thaum lub sij hawm tua phom loj, tag nrho cov phom loj raug tua. Los ntawm txoj haujlwm kaw, qhov hluav taws kub tau raug rho tawm ntawm qhov tob ntawm tus yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv, thiab tom qab ntawd cov kev tawm tsam ntawm pab pawg ua phem tau pib, uas txhawb nqa cov phom uas tau tua hluav taws ncaj qha. Raws li txoj cai, pab pawg ua phem muaj cov tub rog ua rog, txhawb nqa nrog 3-7 rab phom loj ntawm 76 txog 122 hli.
Storming lub Citadel
Txog thaum ib nrab Lub Ob Hlis, Soviet cov tub rog tau ntes lub nroog Poznan, tshwj tsis yog Citadel fortress. Nws yog lub tsev pentagon tsis xwm yeem thiab tau nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub nroog. Cov phab ntsa thiab qab nthab tau mus txog 2 meters. Nyob rau txhua lub ces kaum muaj cov tsev ua haujlwm ruaj khov - rov ua xyem xyav thiab ravelins. Sab hauv lub fortress muaj tus lej ntawm cov chav nyob hauv qab thiab cov duab, cov tsev ib-zaj dab neeg thiab ob-zaj tsev rau chaw khaws khoom thiab chaw nyob.
Raws ib puag ncig, Lub Citadel tau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm lub pas dej thiab ib qho chaw ua haujlwm hauv av. Cov phab ntsa ntawm lub qhov dej, 5 - 8 metres siab, tau hlua nrog cov cib thiab ua pov thawj tias tsis muaj peev xwm tiv tau rau lub tso tsheb hlau luam. Los ntawm ntau qhov khoob thiab npog tau teeb tsa hauv phab ntsa ntawm cov tuam tsev, tus yees, rov ua dua thiab rov qab los, txhua lub ntsej muag ntawm lub ditch thiab txoj hauv kev mus rau nws tau raug tua los ntawm ob sab xub ntiag thiab flanking hluav taws. Hauv Citadel nws tus kheej, kwv yees li 12 txhiab tus tub rog German thiab cov tub ceev xwm tau nkaum, coj los ntawm ob tus thawj coj - tus thawj coj General Mattern thiab General Connel.
Qhov kev tawm tsam loj ntawm lub fortress tau xa los ntawm ob rab phom sib faib los ntawm sab qab teb. Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau tias lub chaw tiv thaiv, plaub rab phom loj thiab cov tub rog sib tua, peb rab phom loj thiab cov tub rog sib tua, ib ntawm lawv muaj lub zog tshwj xeeb, tau muab. Hauv thaj tsam tsawg dua li ib mais kev dav, 236 rab phom thiab cov phom phom loj txog 203 thiab 280 hli, suav nrog, tau mloog zoo. 49 rab phom tau npaj rau hluav taws ncaj qha, suav nrog tsib 152-mm howitzers-phom thiab nees nkaum-ob 203-mm howitzers.
Lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Poznan tau ua los ntawm cov phom loj ntawm lub zog loj thiab tshwj xeeb ntawm RGK. Pawg tub rog loj 122nd, lub zog loj 184th, lub zog loj hu xov tooj cua thiab 34th cais cov phom loj sib faib ntawm RGK lub zog tshwj xeeb tau koom nrog cua daj cua dub ntawm lub fortress thiab hauv txoj kev sib ntaus sib tua. Cov koog no, tau ua kev taug kev ntawm lawv tus kheej, thaum Lub Ob Hlis 5-10, 1945, tuaj txog hauv Poznan thiab tau muab tso rau ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm Pawg Saib Xyuas Tub Rog 8.
Kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub fortress pib thaum Lub Ob Hlis 9 nrog txoj hauv kev ntawm cov phom loj ntawm lub zog loj thiab tshwj xeeb. Cov phom loj ntawm Red Army ntawm lub zog loj thiab tshwj xeeb feem ntau suav nrog 152-mm Br-2 rab phom thiab 203-mm B-4 howitzers. Cov phom ntawm cov riam phom no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nkag mus rau hauv cov pob zeb hauv av 1 meter tuab. Ntxiv rau lawv, muaj 280-mm mortars Br-5 tus qauv xyoo 1939 hauv kev pabcuam. Cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv lub plhaub ntawm cov tshuaj no hnyav 246 kg thiab tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov pob zeb ua kom tuab li 2 meters. Qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov phom no hauv kev sib ntaus rau Poznan tau siab heev.
Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 18, kev tawm tsam phom loj tau tawm tsam Citadel. 1400 phom thiab foob pob hluav taws "Katyusha" ua rau German tiv thaiv plaub teev. Tom qab ntawd, Soviet pab pawg ua phem tsoo rau hauv cov tsev puas ntawm lub fortress. Yog tias cov yeeb ncuab txuas ntxiv tawm tsam hauv ib qho chaw twg, tom qab ntawd 203-mm howitzers tau maj nroos rub nws. Lawv pib tawm tsam nrog hluav taws ncaj qha ntawm qhov chaw muaj zog ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, kom txog thaum lawv ua tiav lawv kev puas tsuaj tag.
Kev siv zog ntawm kev tawm tsam thiab kev iab siab tau zoo kawg. Soviet cov tub rog loj tau raug cawm ntau dua ib zaug los ntawm lawv txoj kev txawj ntse thiab kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm ceg ntawm cov tub rog. Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no, tau piav qhia hauv memoirs ntawm V. I. Kazakov. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 20, 1945, pab pawg ua phem ntawm Pab Pawg Tiv Thaiv 74th, tau npog los ntawm cov phiajcim phom loj, tau ntes ib feem ntawm qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm cov chaw tiv thaiv No. 1 thiab No. 2. phab ntsa, dhau los ntawm ib chav ntawm Soviet infantrymen tawg rau hauv qhov chaw tiv thaiv No. Nws tau pom meej tias Soviet cov tub rog tsis tuaj yeem mus tom ntej ntxiv yam tsis muaj kev pab ntawm rab phom loj. Tus thawj coj ntawm pawg tub rog tiv thaiv tub rog tiv thaiv tub rog thib 86, Major Repin, tau raug xaj kom xa phom sai sai los txhawb pab tub rog. Cov neeg siv phom loj tswj tau yob ib lub 76-millimeter thiab ib rab phom 45-millimeter hla tus choj ua phem, tab sis nws ua tsis tau kom kov yeej qhov nrug nruab nrab ntawm tus choj thiab lub laj kab thaiv vim muaj yeeb ncuab hnyav. Nov yog cov tub rog txoj kev txawj ntse thiab kev pib ua los pab cov neeg tua phom. Cia peb muab pem teb rau V. I. Kazakov: "Cov neeg tua phom tau kho qhov kawg ntawm txoj hlua mus rau tus ncej ntawm rab phom 45-mm thiab, tuav lwm qhov kawg ntawm txoj hlua, nkag hauv qab hluav taws mus rau phab ntsa. thaum lawv rub nws mus rau ntawm phab ntsa, qhib hluav taws ntawm cov ntsiab lus tua, Tam sim no muaj peev xwm nthuav tawm rab phom 76-mm los ntawm qhov sib txawv sab hauv lub tshav puam thiab qhib hluav taws ntawm qhov nkag mus rau qhov chaw tiv thaiv No. 2 "6. Tus flamethrower Serbaladze tau siv qhov zoo ntawm cov peev txheej no ntawm cov phom. Nws nkag mus rau ntawm qhov nkag mus rau qhov chaw tiv thaiv thiab los ntawm nws lub hnab ntim flamethrower tau nthuav tawm ob qhov hluav taws kub, ib qho tom qab ib qho. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, hluav taws tau pib, tom qab ntawd cov mos txwv tau tawg hauv lub tsev tiv thaiv. Yog li, kev tiv thaiv tsis tau 2 raug tshem tawm.
Lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm cov tub rog txoj kev txawj ntse yog kev tsim cov pab pawg hu ua kev ua phem ntawm RS, uas tau tua ib lub foob pob hluav taws ncaj qha los ntawm qhov capping. Cov phom M-31 tau raug kaw thiab tsau rau ntawm windowsill lossis hauv phab ntsa qhib qhov chaw uas tau xaiv txoj haujlwm tua. M-31 lub foob pob tawg rau hauv lub cib ntsa 80 cm tuab thiab tawg sab hauv lub tsev. Tripods los ntawm kev ntes phom tshuab German tau siv los txhim kho M-20 thiab M-13 phau ntawv qhia lub plhaub.
Txheeb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev siv riam phom no hauv kev sib ntaus rau Poznan, V. I. Kazakov tau sau tseg: "Muaj tseeb, tsuas yog 38 lub foob pob zoo li tau raug rho tawm, tab sis nrog lawv cov kev pab nws muaj peev xwm tshem tawm Nazis los ntawm 11 lub tsev." Tom qab ntawd, kev tsim cov pab pawg zoo li no tau siv dav thiab tau lees paub nws tus kheej hauv kev tawm tsam rau Berlin.
Yog li ntawd, kov yeej qhov kev tiv thaiv tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm cov tub rog German nrog rau qhov nyuaj, cov tub rog Soviet tau ntes Citadel los ntawm Lub Ob Hlis 23, 1945 thiab tso tag nrho Poznan. Txawm hais tias yuav luag tsis muaj kev cia siab, cov tub rog German tiv thaiv qhov kawg thiab tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus tsuas yog tom qab siv cov phom loj loj thiab muaj zog tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov tub rog Soviet. Moscow ua kev zoo siab hnub ntawm Red Army thiab ntes Poznan nrog kev hwm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm 20 salvoes los ntawm 224 phom.
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, cov phom loj tua cov yeeb ncuab cov peev txheej tua hluav taws hauv 18 lub forts nyob rau sab nrauv ntawm lub nroog, 3 uas tau txais kev puas tsuaj ntawm phab ntsa tom qab. 26 lub kaus mom hlau tiv thaiv thiab cov ntsiab lus sib tua ntawm cov forts no tau raug rhuav tshem. Lub zog loj rab phom loj tau tsoo lub forts "Radziwilla", "Grolman", lub chaw tiv thaiv sab qab teb ntawm Khvalishevo thiab lub tsev tiv thaiv nyob rau lub hlis thib peb N 796, uas yog cov chaw nyob ruaj khov. Lub hauv paus nruab nrab sab qab teb ntawm Poznan fortress tau raug puas tsuaj tag nrho los ntawm cov phom loj, nws cov ravelins, rov ua dua thiab lwm yam kev tsim kho tau raug puas ntsoog. Cov phom loj nruab nrab-rab phom tua cov yeeb ncuab tua phom hauv tsib lub thawv ntawv thiab ua kom puas txog 100 lub thawv ntawv.
Kev siv cov projectile qhia peb txog dab tsi?
Qhov tshwj xeeb txaus siab rau keeb kwm keeb kwm yog kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm kev siv cov mos txwv thaum ua phem rau Poznan. Txij Lub Ib Hlis 24 txog Lub Ob Hlis 23, 1945, nws muaj ntau txog 315 682 shells8 hnyav dua 5000 tons. Txhawm rau thauj cov mos txwv ntau npaum li cas, yuav tsum muaj ntau tshaj 400 lub tsheb loj, lossis txog 4,800 lub tsheb GAZ-AA. Daim duab no tsis suav nrog 3230 M-31 foob pob hluav taws siv hauv kev sib ntaus. Kev siv cov mines yog 161,302 mines, uas yog, kev siv riam phom yog kwv yees li 280 min. Ntawm 669 lub thoob hauv Poznan kev ua haujlwm, 154,380 txhaj tshuaj raug rho tawm haujlwm. Yog li, muaj 280 txhaj tshuaj rau ib chim. Cov phom loj ntawm 29th Guards Rifle Corps nrog txhawb ntxiv rau sab hnub poob ntawm ntug dej ntawm Warta River siv li 214,583 lub foob pob thiab cov mines, thiab cov phom loj ntawm 91st Rifle Corps nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm ntug dej yog ib nrab ntau npaum li - 101,099 lub foob pob thiab cov mines. Los ntawm qhib txoj haujlwm tua phom, rab phom loj tau tua 113 530 lub foob pob hluav taws ncaj qha, piv txwv li kwv yees li 70% ntawm kev siv tshuaj txhaj tag nrho. Kev tua hluav taws ncaj qha raug tua los ntawm rab phom 45mm thiab 76mm. Ntawm qhov hluav taws kub ncaj qha, 203-mm B-4 howitzers tau siv ntau heev, siv txog 1900 txhaj tshuaj los ntawm qhib qhov chaw tua hluav taws, lossis ib nrab ntawm kev siv cov mos txwv muaj hwj chim loj. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Poznan, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntawm txoj kev hauv nroog, Soviet cov tub rog tau siv ntau dua 21,500 qhov tshwj xeeb puag ncig (riam phom-tho, qhov kub hnyiab, sub-caliber, riam phom-tho). Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nyob ib puag ncig Poznan (Lub Ib Hlis 24-27, 1945), cov phom loj thiab cov phom loj ntawm txhua qhov ntsuas tau siv 34,350 lub foob pob thiab cov mines, suav nrog foob pob hluav taws. Txoj kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm 28 Lub Ib Hlis txog 17 Lub Ob Hlis xav tau ntau dua 223,000 qhov kev sib tw, thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua kom ntes lub fortress - txog 58,000 lub plhaub thiab cov mines.
Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Poznan, kev tawm tsam ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab foob pob ua ntxaij foob pob hluav taws hauv nroog raws li ib feem ntawm pab pawg ua phem, kev ua ntawm cov phom loj loj thiab tshwj xeeb tiv thaiv cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv mus sij hawm ntev, nrog rau lwm txoj hauv kev sib ntaus hauv nroog cov xwm txheej, tau ua haujlwm tawm. Kev ntes Poznan yog kev xyaum hnav khaub ncaws rau cua daj cua dub ntawm Berlin.
