Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1918 hauv Tashkent, Cheka cov tub ceev xwm [1] tshem tawm kev sim ntawm tus neeg sawv cev Askiv F.-M. Bailey [2] nrog nws cov haujlwm hauv Central Asia kom qhib lub zog Basmach. [3]
Ntau tus qub tub ceev xwm Turkish tau ua haujlwm hauv pab tub rog thiab tub rog ntawm Bukhara. Qhov no tau siv los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij Turkish yav dhau los Enver Pasha [4], uas tuaj txog ua tus sawv cev ntawm tsoomfwv Soviet xyoo 1921 rau Bukhara los ntawm Moscow, qhov uas nws tau ua tus yeej ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev koom nrog kev tawm tsam thiab Islam. Ob peb lub hlis tom qab, nws tau hla mus rau sab ntawm Basmachi. Bukhara Emir Alim Khan [5] tau tsa nws ua tus thawj coj ntawm nws pab tub rog. Xyoo 1922, pab pawg ntawm Enver Pasha, nrog kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov neeg Afghans, ntes Dushanbe thiab kaw ib puag ncig rau Bukhara.
Enver Pasha
Sayyid Amir Alim Khan
Cov tub ceev xwm hauv tebchaws Soviet yuav tsum tau ntsuas nrawm. Tej zaum 12, 1922 los ntawm Tashkent G. K. Ordzhonikidze thiab Sh. Z. Eliava [6], xa mus rau Central Asia nrog txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb, hais rau Stalin hauv xov tooj cua: "Qhov xwm txheej hauv Bukhara tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam yuav luag thoob plaws hauv Sab Hnub Tuaj Bukhara; raws li cov ntaub ntawv hauv cheeb tsam, nws tau txais kev coj ua zoo kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Enver. Txog kev cawm seej, kev tshem tawm tam sim ntawm Enver yog qhov tsim nyog, uas tau npaj tseg "[7]. Ib pawg tshwj xeeb ntawm pab tub rog tau tsim, uas, koom tes nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm OGPU, tau pib txiav txim siab tawm tsam thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1922 thiab kov yeej cov neeg phem.
G. K. Ordzhonikidze
Sh. Z. Eliava
Peb tuaj yeem hais tias tsoomfwv Soviet, coj los ntawm Lenin, ntes nws tus kheej thaum nws paub tias nws poob kev tswj hwm qhov xwm txheej. Hauv Nqe 10 ntawm Txoj Cai Tswjfwm Txoj Cai No. 7 ntawm lub Tsib Hlis 18, 1922, cov kev ntsuas tsim nyog kom tawm ntawm qhov xwm txheej no tau teev tseg: cov chaw haujlwm [Lub Rooj Sab Laj Hauv Lub Hauv Paus ntawm RCP (b)] … npaj, ua ke nrog Cov tub ceev xwm hauv Soviet, nthuav dav kev tawm tsam nom tswv (kev sib tawm tsam, tsis yog tog sablaj) tawm tsam Enver, rau Soviet lub zog, uas:
a) tshaj tawm Enver tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Askiv thiab tus yeeb ncuab ntawm cov neeg ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj;
b) ntxuav Turkestan, Bukhara, thiab Khiva los ntawm kev tawm tsam Soviet-Turkish Turkish-Afghan ntsiab lus;
c) kom zam txim rau txhua tus neeg uas xav rov qab mus rau kev ua haujlwm sib haum xeeb ntawm Basmachs;
d) xa vakuf [8] thaj av rau lawv tus tswv qub;
e) raug cai hauv tsev hais plaub hauv tebchaws "[9].
Enver Pasha raug rhuav tshem hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsim los ntawm OGPU. [10] Tom qab nws tshem tawm, qee yam Ibrahim-bek dhau los ua tus thawj coj tseem ceeb ntawm Basmachi. Nws hloov tawm tias nws los ntawm tsev neeg ntawm ib tus tub ceev xwm ntawm Bukhara pab tub rog, uas tau pab nws xaiv nws ua Bukhara emir, nkaum hauv Afghanistan, raws li nws tus sawv cev hauv Central Asia. [11] Kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Basmachism tau dhau los ua qhov ntev. [12]
Ib qho laj thawj uas yog vim li cas Soviets thiaj tsis tswj kom thim dej thaum pib yog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Basmachi los ntawm txawv teb chaws. Lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm ntawm Turkmen -Uzbek émigré lub koom haum "Pawg Neeg Zoo Siab ntawm Bukhara thiab Turkestan" tau nyob hauv Peshawar (lub sijhawm ntawd - ntawm thaj chaw ntawm British Is Nrias teb) thiab, tau kawg, tau tswj hwm los ntawm Askiv. Kev txawj ntse ntawm tebchaws Askiv tau tswj hwm kev sib raug zoo nrog cov thawj coj ntawm Basmachi, thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, nrog Ibrahim Bek, uas yog qhov txawv los ntawm kev ua phem thiab tsis ncaj ncees. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas txawm tias tom qab khiav nrog cov neeg seem ntawm nws pab pawg mus rau Afghanistan, Ibrahim-bek tau koom nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog Soviet chav nyob ze Mazar-i-Sharif, uas tau ua rog rau Afghanistan thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1929 los txhawb nqa Amanullah Khan.[13] Qhov no yog ib qho laj thawj rau lwm qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Soviet chav nyob rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm Afghanistan, thaum Lub Rau Hli 1930, txhawm rau txhawm rau cuam tshuam kev lag luam ntawm Basmachi. [kaum plaub]
Kev pom zoo, Ibrahim-bek's "kev ua" tuaj yeem faib ua ob theem. Thawj theem ntawm Basmachism nyob rau hauv nws kev coj noj coj ua dhau los ntawm 1922 txog 1926, thaum lub Rau Hli nws pawg neeg yeej swb, thiab Kurbashi nws tus kheej [15] ploj mus rau Afghanistan. Theem thib ob - los ntawm 1929 txog 1931 - xaus nrog kev tso tseg ntawm Ibrahim -bek thiab nws cov koom nrog rau OGPU pab tub rog, kuj nyob rau lub Rau Hli. [16] Raws li qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau tsim thiab ua los ntawm Mazar-i-Sharif qhov chaw nyob, pab pawg Basmachs coj los ntawm Ibrahim-bek tau swb, thiab tus thawj coj nws tus kheej raug tua thaum Lub Yim Hli 1931. [17] Cov
Tus thawj coj ntawm Basmachi Ibrahim-bek (thib ob los ntawm sab laug) thiab cov tswv cuab ntawm pawg tshwj xeeb rau nws raug kaw: Valishev (thawj los ntawm sab laug), Yenishevsky (thawj los ntawm sab xis), Kufeld (thib ob los ntawm sab xis)
Ib qho ntawm Chekists nquag tshaj plaws ntawm Turkestan lub sijhawm ntawd A. N. Valishev, hauv nws phau ntawv sau tseg, tseem tau hais txog lub koom haum kev txawj ntse los tawm tsam Basmachis: "Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Chekists, ua ke nrog cov koom haum hauv cheeb tsam ntawm [O] GPU, tau muab rau kev ua haujlwm ntse. Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb tau them txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov ua tiav ntawm Basmachi, nrog rau cov peev txheej ntawm kev muab cov laib nrog riam phom thiab mos txwv. Cov lus qhia kom koom ua ke ntawm txhua tus neeg koom nrog - pab tub rog, chav haujlwm tshwj xeeb, cov tub ceev xwm hauv cheeb tsam thiab [O] GPUs, cov neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb thiab cov neeg tawm tsam ntawm lub zog Soviet - yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev tawm tsam Basmachis " [18] ib.
Raws li lub taub hau ntawm lub chaw haujlwm txawj ntse ntawm Central Asian Military District [19] K. A. Batmanov [20] thiab nws tus pab G. I. Pochter [21], "kev txawj ntse ua haujlwm txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab thiab cov cuab yeej sib koom tes, ntxiv rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev rhuav tshem cov neeg laib, [O] GPU cov neeg ua haujlwm tau ua tiav zoo dua thiab lawv qhov txiaj ntsig hauv txoj haujlwm no zoo kawg nkaus … "[22] ib.
Hauv phau ntawv los ntawm G. S. Agabekov [23] muaj ntu qhia txog kev sib zog ntawm kev tawm tsam hauv Central Asia: "Ib tus thawj coj [O] ntawm GPU rau kev tawm tsam Basmachi, Skizhali-Weiss [24] … qhia kuv tias nws tau ua li cas nrog Basmachi. Nws xa cov neeg mus rau cov neeg ntxeev siab, qhia lawv kom tshuaj lom Basmachi nrog cyanide potassium, uas tau tua ntau pua tus neeg, cov neeg Skizhali-Weiss tau muab Basmachi nrog rau nws tus kheej tawg tawg, tsav cov ntsia hlau lom rau hauv lub nraub qaum ntawm cov thawj coj, lwm yam Yog li, feem ntau ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Basmach txav tau raug puas tsuaj "[25].
Tom qab Nadir Shah los ua lub hwj chim thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1929 [26], ib hom kev ua tub rog-kev sib koom tes tsim los ntawm USSR thiab Afghanistan: cov tub ceev xwm Afghan tau tig qhov muag tsis pom mus rau kev tawm tsam ntawm Soviet cov tub rog tawm tsam hauv thaj tsam sab qaum teb ntawm lub tebchaws tiv thaiv Basmachi, txij li "Kev swb ntawm Basmachi kev sib cais hauv cov xeev sab qaum teb tau txhawb nqa lub zog ntawm Nadir Shah, uas tau txhawb nqa tsuas yog hauv pab pawg neeg Pashtun uas tswj cov xeev sab qab teb thiab sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Hindu Kush" [27].
Qhov mob hnyav tshaj plaws hauv kev tawm tsam Basmachism yog kev ua haujlwm Karakum, ua tiav xyoo 1931, vim yog qhov kev ua tub rog ntawm qhov kev tawm tsam tsis txaus ntseeg tshaj plaws ntawm tsoomfwv Soviet tau swb thiab tshem tawm … [28].
Xyoo 1933, kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Basmachism sab hauv tau xaus: thaum Lub Yim Hli 29, Soviet pab dawb pab dawb ntawm Saryev thiab Kaneev, hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Choshur zoo, tshem tawm ib pab pawg Basmachi, [29] tom qab uas tawm tsam los ntawm cov tub sab me kev tsim tawm tau ua tiav los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Afghanistan, Tuam Tshoj lossis Persia [peb caug].
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Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev, tub ceev xwm ua haujlwm, pab tub rog ntawm OGPU thiab SAVO, tshem Ablaev, Abfa-khan, Alayar-bek, Anna-kuli, Atan-Klych-Mamed, Akhmet-bek, Balat-bek, Bekniyazov, Berganov, Berdy-dotkho raug swb, Gafur-bek, Dermentaev, Dzhumabaev, Domullo-donakhan, Durdy-bai, Ibrahim-kuli, Ishan-Palvana, Ishan-Khalifa, Karabay, Karim-khan, Kassab, Kuli, Kurshirmat, Madumara, Mamyshe, Murtadin, Muruka, Muet Bek, Nurdzhan, Oraz-Geldy, Oraz-Kokshala, Rahman-dotkho, Said-Murgata, Salim-Pasha, Tagadzhiberdiyev, Tagiberdiyev, Turdy-bai, Utan-bek, Fuzaili Maksuma, Khan-Murad, Hamrak, Yazan -baya -Ukuza, thiab lwm yam.
Qhov tsis txaus ntseeg Dzhunaid Khan, uas raug amnestied tom qab kev swb nyob rau xyoo 1925 thiab rov nqa caj npab hauv 1927 tom qab tau txais kev pab los ntawm Askiv, ua qhov ntev tshaj plaws ntawm txhua lwm kurbashi.[31] Nws pawg neeg raug kev txom nyem hnyav, tab sis lawv qhov kev tawm tsam mus rau thaj chaw ntawm USSR txuas ntxiv mus txog thaum lawv "tus thawj coj" tuag thaum xyoo 1938. [32]
