Tau ntau pua xyoo, nws yog Byzantium uas yog tus saib xyuas ntawm Roman kev coj noj coj ua thaum ub thiab kev ua tub rog. Thiab qhov txiaj ntsig no tau tshwm sim li cas hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog, thiab nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm kev sib tsoo ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Roman Roman mus rau xyoo pua 10 suav nrog, hnub no peb zaj dab neeg yuav mus, ntxiv mus, tau npaj los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws sau lus Askiv. Peb yuav ntsib nrog ob tus tub rog thiab cov tub rog ntawm Byzantium.
Me me # 55 los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Constantine Manassas, XIV xyoo pua. "Emperor Michael II swb yeej pab tub rog Thomas the Slav." "Konstantin Manasiy". Ivan Duychev, Tsev Luam Ntawv "Balgarski Artist", Sofia, 1962
Dab tsi yuav zoo dua qhov kev kawm ntawm kev nthuav qhia?
Yuav pib nrog, kuv, tej zaum, sai sai no, zoo li Miss Marple uas tsis txawj tuag hauv Agatha Christie's, yuav tawm tswv yim rau "kev coj noj coj ua zoo yav dhau los" (thiab qhov no txawm hais tias nws tsis tau lees paub qhov ua tau zoo thiab kho nws nrog kev nkag siab). Nws tsuas yog tias muaj qee yam uas yuav tsum hloov pauv lub sijhawm, thiab muaj cov uas yuav zoo dua tsis hloov. Yog tag nrho. Piv txwv li, muaj qhov "khoom" zoo li phau ntawv thiab kab lus ntawm cov ncauj lus keeb kwm. Muaj ib txoj kev kawm zoo los muab lawv txuas rau cov ntaub ntawv thiab raug, uas yog, hauv txoj hauv kev tsis txaus, kos cov kab lus hauv qab cov lus piav qhia. Tab sis puas yog ib txwm pom? Cia peb muab nws tso rau hauv no: hauv tib cov monographs los ntawm Askiv keeb kwm D. Nicolas, nws tau pom nruj heev, thiab nws txawm faib cov peev txheej mus rau thawj thiab theem ob. Tab sis qee qhov ntawm lawv, suav nrog cov uas tau txhais ua lus Lavxias, hmoov tsis, nws tsis tau qhia tias cov no lossis cov duab piv txwv nyob qhov twg, nrog rau lub npe ntawm cov phau ntawv uas lawv tau coj los. Cov kos npe "medusal manuscript" lossis, hais tias, "medieval miniature", uas peb cov kws sau ntawv Lavxias feem ntau ua txhaum nrog, tsis muaj qab hau, vim lawv tsis hais dab tsi rau leej twg. Lub caij no, peb twb muaj phau ntawv hais txog keeb kwm keeb kwm, qhov twg hauv qab kab lus nws tau sau yooj yim: "Flicr Source". Ib yam li ntawd thiab … tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv. Tias yog vim li cas nws thiaj li muaj txiaj ntsig uas ntau tus kws sau ntawv tshiab uas tau tshwm sim hauv Voennoye Obozreniye lub vev xaib thiab, tshwj xeeb, E. Vashchenko, kos npe kom raug tso rau cov lus piav qhia hauv cov ntawv, thiab nrog lawv ua haujlwm nrog cov npe ntawm cov ntawv siv. Cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb rau nws, raws li kev paub dhau los tau qhia, yog … "tsis yog rau nees," yog li hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb nrov nws muaj peev xwm ua tau yam tsis muaj lawv.
Ib ntawm ntau phau ntawv los ntawm D. Nicolas, mob siab rau pab tub rog ntawm Byzantium.
Yuav ua li cas los sib piv thiab pom …
Tsis ntev dhau los, cov neeg nyeem ntawm "VO" tau nyiam los ntawm kab lus ntawm kab lus los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv tau mob siab rau cov tub rog ntawm Byzantium. Ntxiv mus, nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias nws nrog lawv nrog nws tus kheej cov duab coj hauv lub tsev khaws puav pheej nto moo ntawm lub ntiaj teb, nrog rau kev rov tsim kho duab ntawm cov tub rog no, thiab ua kom muaj qib txaus.
Lub tsev tshaj tawm Askiv "Osprey" tshaj tawm cov phau ntawv ntawm cov kab sib txawv, sib txawv thematic tsom. Qee leej tau mob siab rau lub cev tseem ceeb, lwm tus, piv txwv li, zoo li qhov no - rau kev piav qhia ntawm kev sib ntaus.
Thiab nws yog qhov zoo heev uas qib ntawm cov ntawv no tso cai … sib piv lawv nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tib lub ncauj lus, coj los ntawm cov phau ntawv keeb kwm Askiv, piv txwv li, David Nicolas, luam tawm hauv Askiv los ntawm Osprey, thiab Ian Heath, uas cov haujlwm tau tshaj tawm hauv Montvert, nrog rau lwm tus lej. Thiab niaj hnub no peb yuav sim piav qhia luv luv dab tsi cov keeb kwm no tau hais txog cov tub rog ntawm Byzantium hauv lawv phau ntawv. Xyoo 1998, lawv cov ntawv tau siv los ntawm tus sau phau ntawv no hauv phau ntawv "Knights of the Middle Ages", thiab xyoo 2002 - "Knights of the East" thiab hauv lwm phau ntawv. Kev tshuaj xyuas keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm tib lub ncauj lus hauv xyoo 2011 tau luam tawm hauv phau ntawv xov xwm VAK "Cov ntawv xov xwm ntawm Saratov University". Thiab tam sim no muaj lub sijhawm tsawg los sib piv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm keeb kwm Askiv nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib ntawm peb cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias niaj hnub luam tawm hauv VO lub vev xaib, uas, ntawm chav kawm, tsis tuaj yeem tab sis nyiam txhua tus neeg uas nyob ze rau cov tub rog-keeb kwm keeb kwm no. Yog li …
Ntxiv rau D. Nicolas, tus kws sau keeb kwm Ian Heath thiab ntau lwm tus kws tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm ua haujlwm txog Byzantine pab tub rog ntawm Osprey.
Yog lawm, peb yuav tsum pib peb zaj dab neeg nrog … kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg phem, uas tau pib lawm hauv 250, thiab pib ua rau muaj kev hem thawj loj rau Roman Empire. Tom qab tag nrho, lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm nws pab tub rog yog cov tub rog. Tab sis nws feem ntau tsuas yog tsis muaj sijhawm mus qhov twg cov yeeb ncuab tsoo los ntawm ciam teb ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman, yog li lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tub rog caij nees hauv cov tub rog Roman tau pib nce zuj zus.
Koj qhov kev sib tw yog peb cov lus teb
Emperor Gallienus (253-268), txiav txim siab ncaj ncees tias tus yeeb ncuab tshiab tseem xav tau cov txuj ci tshiab, twb muaj xyoo 258 tsim cov tub rog caij nees los ntawm Dalmatians, Arabs thiab Asia Minor nees hneev taw. Lawv yuav tsum ua raws li kev tiv thaiv txawb ntawm ciam teb ntawm lub tebchaws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tub rog lawv tus kheej tau thim tawm ntawm ciam teb mus rau qhov tob ntawm thaj chaw, txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau tshuab rau cov yeeb ncuab uas tau tawg los ntawm qhov ntawd.
Tus Byzantine eunuch (!) Yog tsim txom cov Arabs. Kuv xav tias nws txhais li cas … Qhov me me los ntawm Madrid daim ntawv teev keeb kwm ntawm John Skylitsa. XIII xyoo (National Library ntawm Spain, Madrid)
Nyob rau hauv Emperor Diocletian, tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub rog nyob hauv cov tub rog Roman tau nce. Txawm li cas los xij, tus huab tais thib peb, Constantine the Great (306-337), tau mus deb tshaj plaws hauv kev hloov kho ntawm pab tub rog ntawm Rome, uas tau ntxiv nws tus lej ntxiv thiab txo cov tub rog hauv cov tub rog mus rau 1,500 tus neeg. Qhov tseeb, muaj tsawg dua ntawm lawv, thiab hauv ntau chav nyob tsis muaj ntau dua 500! Tseem hu ua legions, lawv yog cov tub rog sib txawv kiag li. Txhawm rau ntxiv rau lawv, tam sim no lawv tau siv cov txheej txheem nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm, thiab hauv pab tub rog Loos pom lawv tus kheej nyob rau tib txoj haujlwm nrog cov neeg tsis paub cai, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txij li ntau chav nyob tam sim no tau txais cov neeg ua haujlwm ncaj ncees.
Tag nrho qhov no ntxiv txo kev sib ntaus ntawm Roman pab tub rog, txawm hais tias muaj ntau tus neeg muaj peev xwm tshaj lij thiab txawm tias tus huab tais tau tshwm sim los ntawm qhov chaw ib puag ncig tshiab hauv IV-V ib puas xyoo AD.
Cov no yog cov tub rog tub rog uas tuaj yeem tawm tsam rau Sab Hnub Poob Roman thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj. Kev kos duab yog tsim los ntawm V. Korolkov raws li kev qhia los ntawm Garry Ambleton hauv phau ntawv los ntawm Simon MacDouvall “Late Roman Infantryman 236-565. AD " tshaj tawm lub tsev "Osprey".
Txhua yam yog yooj yim dua thiab yooj yim dua …
Lub koom haum hloov kho tshiab kuj tau sib tham nrog riam phom tshiab, uas dhau los ua qhov sib zog thiab muaj ntau yam txaus. Cov tub rog tub rog hnyav, tam sim no hu ua pedes, tau siv rab hmuv hmuv, rab ntaj tub rog caij nees, rab hmuv ntev thiab luv. Cov tom kawg, uas yog tus qauv ntawm niaj hnub "darts", yog cov cuab yeej qub tshaj plaws thiab tau ntuav xub xub 10-20 cm ntev thiab hnyav txog 200 g, muaj plumage thiab hnyav nyob hauv nruab nrab nrog txhuas, uas yog vim li cas lawv thiaj tseem hu ua plumbata (los ntawm Latin plumbum - lead), txawm hais tias qee tus ntseeg tias lawv cov ncej tau ntev dua - txog li ib 'meter'. Cov ntaub thaiv npog tau hloov pauv nrog cov duab xim tshwj xeeb rau txhua pawg tub rog, thiab cov kaus mom hlau tau dhau los ua lub ntsej muag, txawm hais tias "lub kaus mom hlau nrog lub qhov taub" zoo li cov neeg Greek thaum ub tseem tau siv txuas ntxiv. Pilum tau hloov los ntawm spiculum - qhov sib zog, tab sis tseem zoo heev "hnyav" dart nrog lub ntsej muag zoo li lub ntsej muag ntawm lub raj ntev 30 cm.
Tam sim no cov dart tau siv rau cov tub rog me me, uas feem ntau tsis muaj lwm yam riam phom tiv thaiv, tshwj tsis yog daim thaiv npog, thiab hloov lub kaus mom hlau looj lub kaus mom-ntsiav tshuaj ntawm lawv lub taub hau, hu ua "kaus mom los ntawm Pannonia". Ntawd yog, tsuas yog lub tsho thiab lub ris tau dhau los ua cov tub rog feem ntau. Zoo, kuj yog lub kaus mom hlau thiab ntaub thaiv npog. Thiab qhov ntawd yog nws! Thaj, nws tau ntseeg tias qhov no txaus txaus yog tias tus tub rog tau kawm zoo!
Qhov tseem ceeb yog ntaus cov yeeb ncuab los ntawm qhov chaw deb
Thaum xub thawj, cov neeg Loos tsis ntseeg tus hneev taw, suav tias nws "tsis txaus ntseeg", "menyuam yaus", "riam phom ntawm cov neeg tsis paub tab" uas tsis tsim nyog tau txais kev saib xyuas ntawm tus tub rog tiag. Tab sis tam sim no tus cwj pwm ntawm nws tau hloov pauv ntau, thiab tag nrho cov kev sib cais, suav nrog cov tub rog hneev taw, tau tshwm sim hauv cov tub rog Loos, txawm tias lawv tsuas yog tub rog tuaj ntawm Syria thiab lwm thaj av sab hnub tuaj.
Ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, kev tsim cov Loos yog raws li hauv qab no: thawj kab - cov tub rog nyob hauv cov cuab yeej, nrog hmuv thiab ntaub thaiv npog; kab thib ob - cov tub rog nrog darts tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv lossis tsis muaj nws, thiab, thaum kawg, tus thib peb - twb suav nrog tsuas yog cov hneev nti.
"Byzantine tus thawj coj Constantine Duca khiav tawm ntawm kev poob cev qhev Arab", c. 908. Qhov me me los ntawm Madrid cov npe ntawm "Chronicle" ntawm John Skylitsa. XIII xyoo (National Library ntawm Spain, Madrid)
Arrian, uas tau qhia nws hauv nws txoj haujlwm "Tawm tsam Alans", tau sau tias yog thawj kab ntawm cov tub rog yuav tsum tso lawv rab hmuv rau pem hauv ntej thiab tuav, kaw lawv daim ntaub thaiv, tom qab ntawd cov tub rog ntawm peb tom ntej no yuav tsum sawv ntsug kom tso pov tseg dawb darts ntawm kev hais kom ua thiab ntaus nees nrog lawv. thiab cov yeeb ncuab tus neeg caij. Cov qib tom ntej yuav tsum tau siv lawv cov riam phom hla lub taub hau ntawm cov tub rog sawv ntawm xub ntiag, ua tsaug uas thaj tsam ntawm kev puas tsuaj tau tsim tam sim ntawd ua ntej ntawm thawj qib. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov tob ntawm kev tsim yuav tsum muaj yam tsawg 8 qib, tab sis tsis ntau dua 16. Cov neeg hneev nyob tsuas yog ib qib, tab sis lawv cov lej tau nce zuj zus, yog li ntawd ib tus hneev taw tau dhau los rau txhua tsib tus tub rog.
Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias, ntxiv rau hneev, cov hneev taw twb tau ua haujlwm nrog cov tua ntawm Rome thiab Byzantium, txawm hais tias ntev los nws ntseeg tias nyob rau sab hnub poob lawv tau tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Kawg, thiab tau qiv los ntawm crusaders nyob rau sab hnub tuaj. Lub caij no, txiav txim los ntawm cov duab uas tau nqis los rau peb, qhov riam phom no tau siv dav hauv cov tub rog ntawm "Roman faj tim teb chaws lig", thiab tsis yog nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, tab sis tseem nyob rau sab Hnub Poob.
Muaj tseeb, tsis zoo li tom qab thiab ua piv txwv zoo, lawv raug rub, pom, los ntawm txhais tes, vim tias lawv lub hwj chim puas tsuaj tsis zoo li ntawd. Txoj hlua txuas txuas mus txuas ntxiv siv - rab phom pheej yig thiab muaj txiaj ntsig, txij li cov cuab yeej siv tau zoo nrog txog li 100 qib yuav tsis tshua muaj neeg ploj.
Cov tub rog Byzantine ntawm xyoo pua 7 Txhuv. Angus McBride.
"Boar lub taub hau" - kev tsim ntawm Roman cov tswv yim
Cov neeg Loos kuj tseem paub txog kev tsim kho nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kab nqaim nyob rau pem hauv ntej, uas yog, "npua teb lub taub hau" (lossis "npua", raws li peb tau hu nws hauv tebchaws Russia). Nws yog lub hom phiaj tsuas yog txhawm rau txhawm rau hla tus yeeb ncuab lub tub rog pem hauv ntej, txij li cov tub rog sib ntaus tuaj yeem yooj yim npog "npua teb lub taub hau" los ntawm flanks.
Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim ua ntej tau siv feem ntau: "phab ntsa ntawm daim thaiv", tom qab uas muaj cov tub rog nrog ntuav riam phom. Cov txheej txheem zoo li no tau siv thoob plaws hauv Europe. Nws tau siv los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm tebchaws Ireland, qhov twg, los ntawm txoj kev, cov neeg Loos tsis tau mus txog, Cov Duab tau paub nws. Txhua yam no hais tias hauv kev tshaj tawm ntawm kev tsim kho no, tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm Rome. Nws tsuas yog tias yog tias koj muaj ntau tus tub rog nyob ntawm koj lub ntsis ntiv tes thiab lawv yuav tsum tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab tub rog, thiab lawv muaj daim thaiv loj, tom qab ntawd koj tsuas yog tsis tuaj yeem pom qhov tsim tau zoo dua.
Koj ua haujlwm ntev dua, koj tau txais ntau dua
Kev pab cuam lub neej ntawm cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog Roman tshiab, uas tam sim no ntau thiab ntau dua tau tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog, tam sim no mus txog 20 xyoo. Yog tias cov pedes ua haujlwm ntev dua, tom qab ntawd nws tau txais txoj cai ntxiv. Cov neeg nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm tau qhia txog kev ua tub rog, tsis muaj leej twg xa lawv mus rau kev sib ntaus sib tua los ntawm "bay-flounder". Tshwj xeeb, lawv yuav tsum muaj peev xwm ua ib leeg hauv kev sib ntaus nrog rab hmuv thiab ntaub thaiv npog thiab pov pob rab phom, uas feem ntau hnav rau tom qab ntawm daim ntaub thaiv hauv daim clip ntawm 5 daim. Thaum ntuav darts, koj yuav tsum tso koj txhais tes laug rau pem hauv ntej. Tam sim ntawd tom qab ntuav, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau nqa rab ntaj tawm, thiab tso nws txhais ceg sab xis, npog nws tus kheej nrog daim ntaub thaiv.
Cov lus txib, txiav txim siab los ntawm cov ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd uas tau los rau peb, tau muab ntau heev, txawv heev: "Nyob ntsiag to! Saib ib puag ncig hauv cov qib! Tsis txhob txhawj! Coj koj lub rooj zaum! Ua raws tus chij! Tsis txhob tawm ntawm tus chij thiab tawm tsam tus yeeb ncuab! " Lawv tau muab ob qho tib si nrog kev pab ntawm lub suab thiab tes taw, nrog rau cov cim qhia nrog kev pab ntawm lub tshuab raj.
Tus tub rog yuav tsum muaj peev xwm taug kev hauv ib qib thiab kab hauv ib puag ncig sib txawv, txhawm rau nce qib ntawm cov yeeb ncuab hauv qhov ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom, tsim kom muaj vaub kib (ib hom kev sib ntaus sib tua, thaum cov tub rog los ntawm txhua sab, ntxiv rau saum toj no, tau npog nrog daim thaiv), siv riam phom nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej. Cov zaub mov rau cov tub rog tau txaus txaus thiab txawm tias ib nrab dhau ntawm cov tub rog kev faib khoom ntawm Asmeskas thiab Askiv thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob! Ib tus tub rog Loos nyob hauv tebchaws Iziv muaj cai tau txais peb phaus mov ci, ob phaus nqaij, ob lub cawv cawv thiab 1/8 pint ntawm cov txiv ntseej roj ib hnub.
Nws yog qhov ua tau zoo uas nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Tebchaws Europe, tsis txhob siv cov roj txiv ntseej, lawv tau muab butter, thiab cawv tau hloov nrog npias, thiab nws tau tshwm sim uas feem ntau cov neeg muab khoom tsis ncaj ncees tsuas plundered cov zaub mov no. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua yam zoo li nws yuav tsum yog, cov tub rog tsis tshaib plab.
Txhua yam yog pheej yig thiab pheej yig dua …
Kev muab riam phom rau cov tub rog Loos tau xub muab los ntawm lub xeev, tshwj xeeb, los ntawm xyoo pua 5 muaj 35 "tuam txhab" uas tsim txhua hom riam phom thiab cuab yeej siv tub rog los ntawm cov phom mus rau catapults, tab sis kev poob qis hauv kev tsim khoom sai thaj chaw ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Roman Roman coj mus rau qhov tseeb uas twb muaj lawm -that hauv 425 feem ntau ntawm cov tub rog tau teeb tsa ntawm lawv tus kheej cov nyiaj hli. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob uas nrog "qhov tsis txaus" ntawm cov khoom siv, ntau tus tub rog nrhiav yuav lawv tus kheej cov riam phom pheej yig dua, thiab, yog li ntawd, sib zog dua, thiab txhua txoj hauv kev tuaj yeem zam kev yuav lawv tus kheej cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv kim. Feem ntau, cov tub rog hnav cov saw hlau ntawm tus qauv Roman thiab feem ntau muaj cov ntsiab lus nrog tsuas yog lub kaus mom hlau tiv thaiv thiab daim ntaub thaiv - lub scooter, los ntawm lub npe uas cov tub rog tub rog tau hu ua scutatos, uas yog, "cov neeg tiv thaiv". Hauv lub sijhawm ib txwm muaj, ob lub teeb thiab hnyav ua tub rog tub rog pib hnav yuav luag zoo ib yam. Tab sis txawm tias cov uas muaj cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv hnav lawv tsuas yog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua txiav txim siab, thiab ntawm kev sib tw nqa lawv nrog rau ntawm lub laub. Yog li, "barbarized" infantry ntawm Roman pab tub rog dhau los ua lub cev hnyav dhau thiab tsis muaj zog heev los tawm tsam nrog cov yeeb ncuab loj thiab hnyav txaus. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov neeg pluag tau mus rau cov tub rog, thiab cov uas muaj tsawg kawg yog qee tus nees tau mob siab ua haujlwm pab tub rog. Tab sis … xws li cov chav nyob, raws li qhov tseeb, ib tus neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb, tsis txaus ntseeg heev. Rau tag nrho cov laj thawj no, lub zog tub rog ntawm Rome txuas ntxiv poob.
Byzantine mercenaries. Sab laug yog Seljuk, ntawm sab xis - Normans. Txhuv. Angus McBride
Cov haiv neeg motley muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman thiab kev faib khoom tseem ceeb ua rau qhov tseeb tias Byzantine pab tub rog muaj nyob hauv nws cov tub rog nyob nrog ntau yam riam phom. Los ntawm cov neeg pluag, cov neeg hneev taw thiab cov hneev tau raug xaiv los ua haujlwm yam tsis muaj cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv. tshwj tsis yog rau cov plaub hau thaiv los ntawm willow. Cov tub rog sib cais ntawm Syrians, Armenians, Seljuk Turks nkag mus rau hauv kev pabcuam ntawm Byzantines nrog lawv tus kheej riam phom, zoo li, los ntawm txoj kev, tau ua tib yam Scandinavian Vikings, uas tau nrov npe ntawm lawv rau lawv cov dav hlau, thiab leej twg mus txog Constantinople los ntawm Hiav Txwv Mediterranean lossis raws txoj kev lag luam zoo sab qaum teb "Los ntawm Varangians mus rau cov neeg Greek", uas tau hla tebchaws Russia.
Cov neeg Bulgarians tos thiab tua tus tswv xeev Thessalonica, Duke Gregory ntawm Taron. Qhov me me los ntawm Madrid daim ntawv teev keeb kwm ntawm John Skilitsa. XIII xyoo (National Library ntawm Spain, Madrid)
Cavalry ntawm Byzantium
Raws li tus kws sau keeb kwm Askiv zoo li Boss Rowe, qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev ua tiav ntawm Byzantines tau ntev yog qhov tseeb tias lawv tau txais lub hauv paus thev naus laus zis zoo los ntawm Roman Empire. Lwm qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb yog nws qhov chaw muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, Byzantines tuaj yeem ua tiav tsis tsuas yog khaws cov tub rog ua tiav ntawm lwm tus neeg, tab sis kuj ua tsaug rau cov khoom lag luam uas twb muaj lawm - los tsim cov khoom tshiab hauv cheeb tsam no ntau. Piv txwv li, hauv Byzantium qhov kawg ntawm xyoo pua 4 AD riam phom tau tsim tawm ntawm 44 lub xeev cov tuam txhab, uas tau ua haujlwm ntau pua tus kws tshaj lij. Zoo, ua haujlwm tau zoo npaum li cas rau lawv yog qhov ua pov thawj los ntawm qhov tseeb hauv qab no: hauv 949 ib leeg, tsuas yog ob lub xeev "tuam txhab" tsim ntau dua 500 txhiab tus xub xub xub, 4 txhiab tus ntsia hlau rau ntxiab, 200 khub ntawm cov hnab looj phaj, 3 txhiab ntaj, ntaub thaiv npog thiab hmuv, ntxiv rau 240 txhiab lub teeb thiab 4 txhiab lub xub xub hnyav rau tshuab. Cov Byzantines tau saws thiab tsim ntau pawg Hunnic hneev taw ntawm hom nyuaj, sib tw ntawm tus qauv steppe - ib qho Sassanid, uas, raws li Iranian kev coj ua, tau hnav ntawm lub eeb, lossis, raws li ib txwm muaj ntawm cov neeg Turkic, ntawm siv. Lub Byzantines tseem tau siv lub voj ntawm tus hmuv ncej los ntawm Avars, ua tsaug uas tus neeg caij tsheb tuaj yeem tuav nws, tso lub voj no rau ntawm nws lub dab teg, thiab - twb pib thaum xyoo pua 7, lub eeb khov kho nrog lub hauv paus ntoo.
Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov xib hwb ntawm cov neeg Esxias nees, cov neeg caij nees ntawm Byzantium, raws li kev coj noj coj ua qub hu ua cataphracts, yuav tsum siv cov cuab yeej ua los ntawm cov phaj hlau, ntseeg tau ntau dua hauv qhov no ntau dua li cov saw xa ntawv, nrog lub tes tsho mus txog rau lub luj tshib, cov phaj uas tau xaws ntawm ntaub lossis tawv nqaij. Nws tau tshwm sim tias cov cuab yeej zoo li no tseem tau hnav dua cov saw xa ntawv. Lub Byzantines siv lub kaus mom hlau kheej kheej, uas feem ntau muaj lub ntsej muag lamellar, thiab tsis muaj lub qhov muag pom. Hloov chaw, lub ntsej muag tau ntxuav los ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm ob lossis peb txheej ntawm cov ntawv xa nrog cov tawv tawv, nqes los ntawm tus nplij siab mus rau lub ntsej muag kom tsuas yog lub qhov muag tseem qhib. Cov ntaub thaiv npog tau siv "serpentine" (lus Askiv), nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm "thim rov qab" thiab puag ncig, qhov me me, zoo li rondash thiab buckler ntawm lub sijhawm tom qab.
Cov saw hlau ntawm cov Byzantines muaj lub npe hauv qab no: hauberk - zaba lossis lorikion, tus nplij siab ua los ntawm cov saw xa ntawv - scappio, aventail tau hu ua peritrachelion. Camelakion yog lub kaus mom ua los ntawm cov ntaub quilted (txawm hais tias, tej zaum, nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem yog lub kaus mom yooj yim), lawv tau hnav nrog rau ib qho epilorikion, quilted caftan hnav los ntawm tus neeg caij hla cov ris tsho ua los ntawm cov saw xa ntawv lossis daim hlau. Kentuklon yog lub npe muab rau "quilted armor" rau ob tus neeg caij lawv tus kheej thiab lawv cov nees. Tab sis rau qee qhov laj thawj qhov quilted cabadion tau hnav ntawm kab ke. Yog li peb tuaj yeem pom tseeb tham txog qee yam zoo nkauj heev.
Lub gorget nyob ib ncig ntawm lub caj dab - straggulion - kuj tau quilted, thiab txawm tias nrog cov ntaub plaub. Nws ntseeg tias Byzantines tau qiv nws tag nrho los ntawm tib Avars. Bucellaria - ib feem tsim nyog ntawm Byzantine horsemen, hnav tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv. Tus neeg nqa riam phom ntev 4 m, hmuv yog qhov sib txawv (rab hmuv ntawm cov tub rog tuaj yeem muaj 5 m), rab ntaj spathion yog qhov pom tseeb ntawm cov neeg Loos rab ntaj spat nws tus kheej, thiab zoo li riam phom zoo li txawv txav rau cov neeg Loos qhov kev tawm tsam yog ib yam ntawm ib leeg-edged ncaj proto-saber, tseem siv los ntawm cov tub rog los ntawm Central Asia thiab … Siberia. Ntaj tau hnav nyob rau hauv kab ke ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj ntawm txoj hlua hla lub xub pwg, lossis ntawm txoj siv sia, hauv kev coj ua ntawm Europe. Nws yog qhov nthuav tias xim ntawm cov tub rog cov khaub ncaws feem ntau vam khom nws tus kheej rau ib lossis lwm qhov "tog ntawm hippodrome".
Qhov hnyav nruab nrab - 25 kg
D. Nicole, xa mus rau qhov chaw los ntawm 615, tshaj tawm tias qhov hnyav ntawm cov khoom siv ntawd yog kwv yees li 25 kg. Kuj tseem muaj cov tawv lamellar uas ua los ntawm tawv tawv. Cov cuab yeej nees tsis tuaj yeem tsuas yog quilted lossis glued los ntawm kev xav hauv 2-3 txheej, tab sis kuj sawv cev "plhaub" ua los ntawm cov pob txha thiab txawm tias daim hlau hlau xaws rau ntawm lub hauv paus ua los ntawm tawv lossis ntaub, kom muaj zog ntau dua lawv kuj tau txuas rau ib leeg. Cov cuab yeej zoo li no, nrog qhov hnyav hnyav, tau muab kev tiv thaiv zoo tiv thaiv cov xub. Cov neeg caij tsheb hnyav tshaj plaws raug hu ua Klibanophoros (lossis Klibanophoros), txij li lawv hnav cov cuab yeej ua rog-klibanions ua los ntawm daim hlau hla cov saw hauberk, tab sis tib lub sijhawm lawv hnav lawv nyob rau hauv daim pam epilorikion.
Cov tub rog hnyav ntawm Byzantium. Txhuv. artist YUS Nikolaev raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm Angus McBride thiab Garry Embleton.
Spearmen nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej, hneev taw nyob tom qab
Ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, klibanophores tau tsim nrog "npua" lossis cov nplais, thiab yog li hauv thawj kab muaj 20 tus tub rog, thib ob - 24, thiab hauv txhua kab tom ntej - plaub tus neeg caij nees ntau dua li yav dhau los, nrog cov archers qab cov hmuv. Raws li qhov no, nws hloov tawm tias 300 rab hmuv tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm 80 tus nees hneev, thiab ib pawg ntawm 500 tus tub rog tuaj yeem yog 150.
Yog li, lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tub rog hnyav ua tub rog zoo li cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog tau nce txhua lub sijhawm, tab sis tib lub sijhawm nws cov riam phom thiab kev saib xyuas tau nce ntxiv, thiab nws yooj yim dhau lub zog ntawm cov neeg ua teb stratiot. Yog li, ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev muaj peev xwm ntawm thaj av, cov kev sib tw tiag tiag tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv Byzantium. Tab sis, ntshai tsam ntxiv dag zog rau cov tub rog muaj peev xwm nyob hauv cov xeev, cov huab tais, zoo li ua ntej, txuas ntxiv siv cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog uas tau poob lawv lub peev xwm sib ntaus thiab nce mus rau cov kev pabcuam ntawm cov tub rog.
Cov neeg ua tim khawv
1. Boss R. Justian kev tsov kev rog. L.: Montvert, 1993.
2. Nicolle D. Romano -Byzantine pab tub rog 4th - 9th caug xyoo. L.: Osprey (Men-at-arms series # 247), 1992.
3. Nicolle D. Yarmuk 636 AD. L.: Osprey (phiaj xwm phiaj xwm # 31). 1994.
4. Nicolle D. Cov tub rog ntawm Islam 7th-l1th centuries. L.: Osprey (Men-at-Arms series # 125), 1982.
5. Macdowall S. Laus Roman infantrymen 236-565 AD. L.: Osprey (Warrior series # 9), 1994.
6. Macdowall S. Laus Roman cavalryman 236-565 AD. L.: Osprey (Warrior series # 9), 1994.
7. Heath I. Cov Tub Rog Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab. Ntu 1, 2 Worthing, Sussex. Flexi luam ltd 1984. Ntu 1, 2.
8. Farrokh K. Sassanian Elite Cavalry 224-642 AD. Oxford, Osprey (Cov neeg tseem ceeb series # 110), 2005.
9. Vuksic V., Grbasic Z. Cavalry, Keeb kwm ntawm kev sib ntaus cov neeg tseem ceeb 658 BC 0 AD1914. L.: Phau Ntawv Cassell. 1994.
