Qhov riam phom tseem ceeb ntawm cuirassier

Qhov riam phom tseem ceeb ntawm cuirassier
Qhov riam phom tseem ceeb ntawm cuirassier

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… thiab kuv fenced tsis phem, tshwj xeeb nrog cov lus Scottish.

George Byron. Los ntawm kev xav tawg. 1821

Riam phom los ntawm tsev cia puav pheej. Tej zaum, ib tus neeg twb tau pom tias ntau tus "kws tshaj lij" uas kho cov nplooj ntawv ntawm "VO" nrog lawv nyob tsis kho cov duab ntawm ntau yam riam phom ntawm yav dhau los zoo heev, vim tias cov duab kos tsis raug, hauv lawv lub tswv yim. Zoo, Lavxias Cossacks tsis muaj sabers nrog crosshairs nyob rau xyoo 1799, lawv muaj Fangs Turkish ntawm xyoo pua 16th, thiab tsis muaj dab tsi hais txog sabers nrog tus saib xyuas - tsuas yog crosshair! Cov lus nthuav dav hauv cov duab kos yog ntaj, hauv ib lo lus, txhua yam tsis raug. Ua li cas? "Qhov ntawd" feem ntau yuav yog daim duab. Thiab, tau kawg, tsis yog tus kheej tsim, tab sis los ntawm lub tsev cia puav pheej, thiab nrog tsev cia puav pheej suav nrog, vim tias cov kws tshaj lij tab tom ua haujlwm ntawm nws. Zoo, txij li tus neeg yuav khoom ib txwm yog, cov ntaub ntawv no yuav tsuas muaj cov duab, suav nrog cov uas kos duab rau kab lus hais txog 1812 riam phom tau ua. Thiab tsis ntau los ntawm Western tsev khaws puav pheej (tom qab tag nrho, lawv ib txwm xav dag peb nyob ntawd, thiab tseem muaj ntau tus gays nyob ntawd), tab sis los ntawm kev sau ntawm Hermitage, peb lub tsev khaws puav pheej qub tshaj plaws thiab hwm, uas muaj lub ntiaj teb muaj koob meej thiab muaj hwj chim hauv ntiaj teb.. Tab sis tsis muaj txhua yam hauv nws, thiab yog li peb tseem siv cov duab los ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej Metropolitan hauv New York thiab Royal Arsenal hauv Leeds. Zoo, hnub no peb yuav tham txog cov lus nthuav dav - riam phom tseem ceeb ntawm cov kws ua zaub mov, vim tias txawm tias tus kws ua zaub mov tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj pike, rab yaj phom thiab phom ntev. Tab sis tsis muaj cov lus nthuav dav - tsis muaj txoj hauv kev!

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Yog li dab tsi yog cov lus dav dav thiab nws los qhov twg los? Lub hauv paus ntawm lo lus yog ob hom lus: ntawm ib sab, Turkish "pala" yog rab ntaj, ntawm lwm qhov, lo lus Hungarian txhais tau zoo ib yam. Nws txawv ntawm sabers nrog cov hniav ncaj, thiab ntev ntev, mus txog ib lub 'meter', uas tau xub xub ua ob sab thiab tom qab ntawd ua ib sab, thiab ua kom nruj dua uas ntseeg tau npog tag nrho txhais tes, uas, los ntawm txoj kev, tuaj yeem zoo siv ua riam phom.

Qhov twg yog cov lus qub tshaj plaws pom nyob rau sab av loj Eurasian? Hauv Suav Teb, Nyij Pooj thiab nyob rau hauv proto-Bulgarian necropolises thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 5 ntawm no, ntawm thaj chaw ntawm thaj av Sab Qab Teb Dub. Tsis tas li ntawd, lo lus kub ntawm Khan Kubrat, tus kav ntawm Great Bulgaria, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nto moo. Lawv kuj tseem siv los ntawm Avars, Khazars, Alans thiab Volga Bulgars tib yam.

Kev tuav ntawm cov lus hais tom qab yog ncaj, thaum ntxov nws yog feem ntau nkhaus, uas yog ib txwm muaj rau riam phom ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj thiab Nruab Nrab Asia; tshwj xeeb, hauv XIII-XIV ib puag ncig cov lus tau nthuav dav ntawm … Tatar-Mongols. Thiab yog vim li cas qhov no, feem ntau, nkag siab: rab riam ib leeg nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nees muaj qhov zoo dua ntaj nrog rab ntaj ob npaug vim nws qhov hnyav dua, dua li, lawv pheej yig dua thiab yooj yim dua rau kev tsim khoom. Cov ntaj thaum ntxov ntawm Japanese samurai tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau cov lus hais dav: lawv kuj tau ncaj thiab muaj ib rab riam ib sab.

Hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub Nyoog, cov lus nthuav dav tau nthuav dav hauv Caucasus thiab hauv cov tebchaws ntawm Middle East. Cov lus nthuav dav no tsis muaj tus neeg saib xyuas tsim los. Qhov nto moo tshaj plaws, Khevsurian cov lus hais (franguli), tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov hlau nyob rau hauv Caucasian style ib txwm muaj thiab, nws tshwm sim, muaj rab yaj phom zoo tib yam. Cov lus tshaj tawm hauv Georgian, yos los ntawm 18th-19th centuries, muaj tus tuav tes tuav.

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Nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Is Nrias teb, cov lus dav hu ua "kunda" kuj tau siv, nrog cov hniav txog 80 cm ntev, forged los ntawm damask hlau, txawm hais tias tsis tas li. Qhov ntxim nyiam ntawm lawv, uas tsis pom nyob qhov twg lwm qhov, yog qhov txuas mus rau qhov taub. Cov hlau kov yog cov coj txawv txawv heev: cov thooj voos kheej kheej nyob hauv nruab nrab thiab kaw ntawm ntug nrog ob tus tiv thaiv txuas los ntawm hneev dav. Los ntawm sab hauv, cov no tau npog nrog daim ntaub. Qee cov lus nthuav dav tau tuav ntev kom lawv tuaj yeem siv nrog ob txhais tes. Xws li cov lus dav dav tau hu ua "firangs". Cov scabbards ntawm cov lus nthuav dav tau dav dua li European thiab tau ua los ntawm ntoo thiab muaj ntaub npog. Selebe broadswords kuj tau siv los ntawm Kazakh nomads.

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Raws li rau Tebchaws Europe, cov lus hais tau muaj nyob rau ntawd xyoo 1540. Ib qho kev hais lus dav dav tau pom ntawm ntug dej ntawm Thames hauv qab Choj Southwark xyoo 1979. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas seem ntawm ntaj nrog rab riam zoo sib xws tau pom ntawm cov neeg tawg rog ntawm Henry VIII lub nkoj "Mary Rose", uas tau poob rau xyoo 1545, uas tau pab rau hnub tim. Ib qhov zoo sib xws tau piav qhia nyob rau nruab nrab xyoo pua 16th duab piv rau Gerlach Flicka rau William Palmer, piav txog ib tus neeg so haujlwm laus uas yog tus saib xyuas ntawm King Henry VIII. Cov tswv cuab ntawm Henry tus neeg khaws cia hauv daim duab "Tsaws ntawm Henry VIII ntawm Dover", pleev xim txog 1545-1550, kuj tseem muaj riam phom nrog cov lus zoo sib xws nrog tus tuav hauv daim ntawv ntawm pob tawb. Ntawd yog, lub sijhawm no, cov riam phom no twb tau siv lawm.

Lub sijhawm muaj tseeb ntawm kev hais lus dav dav raws li tus neeg caij lub riam phom tuaj, txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ntawd, thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, thiab tom qab ntawd xyoo ntawm Kev Tawm Tsam Askiv thiab kev tua King Charles I. Qhov tseeb yog, tau poob lawv cov tub rog cov kaus mom hlau, cov tub rog Askiv nyob rau xyoo ntawd tau txais cov kaus mom hlau nrog lub ntsej muag.

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Ib yam dab tsi hnyav dua yuav tsum tau rau ob qho kev txiav thiab prick, txij li, dua, cov neeg caij tsheb lub cev tau npog los ntawm cuirass, tab sis tag nrho lub cev tau npog nrog cov leggings ruaj thiab cov zuam ua los ntawm suede.

Qhov riam phom tseem ceeb ntawm cuirassier
Qhov riam phom tseem ceeb ntawm cuirassier
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Raws li rau cov hniav, lawv tau hais txog qhov loj me thiab qhov hnyav, txawm hais tias, ib txwm muaj, muaj qee qhov qauv tsim qub ntawm lawv. Zoo, piv txwv li, ib qho pom hauv daim duab tom ntej …

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Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias Kev Hloov Kho Lus Askiv tau yug los rau qhov zoo li qub ntawm cov lus dav dav xws li "rab ntaj tuag" (rab ntaj ua lus Askiv kuj tseem hu ua poob, qhov sib txawv tau ua nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog tus kov, piv txwv li, "pob tawb" yog cov lus nthuav dav nrog tus tuav nrog txhim kho lub pob tawb tiv thaiv!) Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm rab ntaj hnyav lossis tib lo lus dav hu ua "haudegen", qee qhov piv txwv uas txawv ntawm lwm tus hauv qhov uas lawv muaj duab … tib neeg lub taub hau ntawm lawv tus neeg zov. Thiab yog li cov neeg sau lus Askiv ntawm xyoo pua puv 19 rau qee qhov laj thawj tau txiav txim siab tias lub taub hau no yog Charles I thiab cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe khaws lawv lub cim xeeb hauv txoj kev coj txawv txawv. Txawm hais tias qhov no tsis yog, txij li lub taub hau ntawm Haudegen tus neeg saib xyuas tau tshwm sim los ntawm 1635, yog tias tsis yog ntxov dua, thaum tus huab tais raug tua tsuas yog 14 xyoos tom qab. Tab sis lub npe "ntaj tua tuag" raug kaw thiab tseem siv niaj hnub no.

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Los ntawm txoj kev, Ltalis tseem muaj nws tus kheej cov lus, hu ua Schiavona, thiab txij li xyoo 1570 nws tau kis mus rau pab tub rog German. Lub Schiavona kuj muaj qhov ncaj, tab sis tsuas yog ob lub ntsej muag (uas yog vim li cas nws thiaj li nquag hu ua ntaj), uas muaj qhov dav txog plaub centimeters, qhov ntev uas yog li 90 centimeters. Nws tau siv dav hauv cov tub rog, thiab hauv qab Ferdinand II nws tau dhau los ua riam phom ntawm cov kws ua zaub mov.

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Cov neeg Scots tseem muaj lawv tus kheej cov lus tshaj tawm hauv tebchaws, thiab twb xaus rau lub xyoo pua 16th lawm. Nws muaj rab riam dav dav 75-90 cm ntev nrog ib sab lossis ob tog ua kom pom tseeb thiab hnyav los ntawm 0.9 txog 2.5 kg. Tus tuav tau txhim kho tus neeg saib xyuas nrog lub npe qub "pob tawb nrog ntau ceg", sab hauv uas qee zaum tau txiav nrog tawv lossis txawm tias liab liab! Nws ntseeg tias cov neeg nyob sab siab tau qiv nws los ntawm cov neeg Italians, thaum lub tebchaws Askiv hais lus zoo ib yam li Schiavona, tau siv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog rau daim thaiv npog me me.

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Tsis tas li nyob hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, riam phom nrog rab riam ncaj txuas rau lub eeb pib siv los ntawm cov neeg Hungarian hussars, uas siv cov hniav no ntxiv rau saber hauv qhov uas lawv yuav tsum tau sib ntaus nrog cov txiv neej ntawm caj npab. Muaj tseeb, tus tuav ntawm cov lus hais lus zoo li saber thiab tau khoov me ntsis.

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Nyob rau xyoo 17th, txheej txheem ntawm kev koom ua ke ntawm cov lus dav dav, siv hauv tub rog ntawm txhua pab tub rog European, tau pib. Thaum xub thawj, cov qauv siv riam phom tau raug pom zoo txawm tias rau txhua tus tub rog sib cais, tom qab ntawd rau txhua hom cavalry. Zoo, nws tag nrho nrog qhov tseeb tias lawv tau pib ua caj npab cuirassiers, dragoons, …

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Hauv tebchaws Russia cov lus nthuav dav tshwm nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, thaum lawv pib ntiav cov tub ceev xwm txawv tebchaws los ua haujlwm pabcuam Lavxias, thiab lawv tau los rau tebchaws nrog lawv cov riam phom hauv tebchaws. Piv txwv li, tib tus neeg Scotsman tuaj yeem ua tau zoo nrog nws cov lus hais ib txwm muaj. Yog lawm, tom qab ntawd peb cov tswv tau pib ua cov lus sib luag raws li tus qauv ntawm cov kab lus uas lawv pom.

Cov lus tshaj tawm Lavxias thaum ntxov tau suav nrog cov leeg, qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws rau tus neeg caij los txiav los ntawm tus nees, thiab lawv muaj tus ntoo khaub lig hla ncaj los yog nrog qhov xaus nkhaus mus rau qhov.

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Ib qho ntawm cov lus no yog lo lus zais ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv MV Skopin-Shuisky, uas tau khaws cia hauv Solovetsky Monastery txij li xyoo 1647, thiab tam sim no nyob hauv Xeev Lub Tsev Khaws Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm hauv Moscow. Nws cov hniav yog ncaj, thiab ob-edged. Tus kov tau ua inclined, nrog tus ntoo khaub lig, qhov kawg ntawm uas tau nqes mus rau qhov. Lub thav duab ntawm tus kov yog ua los ntawm cov nyiaj, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog kub kub, turquoise loj, thiab tsaus ntuj garnet nyob rau sab saum toj. Kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm kab txaij yog nplua nuj heev: lub qhov ncauj ntawm qhov ntxeev thiab plaub plaub ntu txuas, ua los ntawm cov nyiaj thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog turquoise, zoo li tus kov nws tus kheej. Scabbard yog npog nrog liab velvet. Ntawd yog, cov style yog qhia meej txog sab hnub tuaj, lossis nws yog ib qho txuj ci zoo hauv zos ntawm nws. Tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm txoj kab lus dav yog 99 cm, hniav ntev 86 cm, nws qhov dav ntawm tus tuav yog 4.3 cm.

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Raws li rau Russia, ntawm no, raws li peb tuaj yeem pom, cov lus hais tau tshwm sim ntev dhau los, tab sis, feem ntau, lawv tsis tau tsim tawm ntau. Txawm hais tias leej twg paub? Peb hauv Penza muaj cov ntaub ntawv nthuav qhia txog kev sib tham ntawm lub nroog lub hauv paus, qhov tsar qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Alexei Mikhailovich ntawm Lub Xya Hli 3, 1663 tau sau: … kom xa hla Lomovskaya kab mus rau Penza tus dej nrog Yury Kotransky (ib txwm ntawm Vilna voivodeship, uas hloov mus rau kev pabcuam Lavxias hauv 1655. - Tus sau ntawv sau tseg), qhov uas nws tau xaj kom tsim lub nroog … ib puas ntaj. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Grand Palace, Kiryushko Bishov tau siv ntau pua ntaj los ntawm rab phom kom xa cov neeg ua haujlwm rau Yury Kotransky. Tab sis nws tuaj txog ntawm qhov chaw nrog ib puas Cossacks. Qhov no paub zoo. Thiab … rau Cossacks - ntaj? Qhov tseeb, nthuav dav, tab sis hnub no, tau kawg, peb yuav tsis paub tseeb.

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Zoo, raws li qhov piv txwv loj ntawm riam phom, tsim tawm hauv kev tsim khoom, cov lus nthuav dav tshwm nyob rau hauv Peter I, uas ua tub rog nws cov tub rog ua rog nrog nws nyob rau peb lub hlis twg ntawm xyoo pua 18th. Tab sis lawv tus kheej cov lus tsis txaus, yog li cov neeg German tau yuav los ntawm lub nroog Solingen. Thiab txij li xyoo 1730s, nws yog cov lus nthuav dav uas tseem dhau los ua riam phom tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog ua rog. Tom qab ntawd cov nees grenadiers thiab carabinieri (txij xyoo 1763) tau ntxiv rau cov cuirassiers, thiab lawv txhua tus tau txais cov lus dav, tab sis cov tub rog siv lawv mus txog xyoo 1817, thiab txawm tias rab phom loj nees yog rau qee lub sijhawm nrog cov lus dav. Thiab nws kuj yog riam phom ntawm Lub Neej Tiv Thaiv Cov Tub Rog Tub Rog thiab Lub Tuam Txhab Lub Neej, thiab txawm tias yog ib feem ntawm hussars (!), Uas zoo li tsis txaus ntseeg, tab sis tsis ntau tshaj li ntaj ntawm Penza Cossacks!

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Kev hais lus Lavxias thaum ntxov tau muab ob npaug rau, tab sis los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 18 lawv maj mam dhau los ua ib leeg ib leeg nrog lub pob tw. Thaum lub sijhawm kav ntawm Catherine Great, nws lub monogram "E II" (Catherine II) tau muab sau rau ntawm cov lus dav dav hauv qab huab tais huab tais. Lub scabbard tau ua los ntawm ntoo thiab npog nrog tawv. Tsuas yog lub qhov ncauj, lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws uas muaj lub nplhaib rau txoj siv rab ntaj thiab taub hau yog hlau. Qee zaum cov txheej tau npog yuav luag tag nrho saum npoo ntawm scabbard, thiab daim tawv nqaij tau pom hauv qhov qhib. Pib xyoo 1810, rab phom rau cov lus dav dav tau pib ua los ntawm cov hlau nkaus xwb, thiab tawv tawv tawv tseem nyob nrog ntaj hiav txwv ntawm 1856 tus qauv.

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Nyob rau tib lub xyoo pua 18th, cov lus dav dav hauv Lavxias pab tub rog tau txawv txav mus rau hauv pab tub rog thiab tus saib xyuas, cov tub ceev xwm thiab tub rog, nrog rau cov kws kho mob, cov tub rog thiab cov carabineros. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txhua tus muaj lub ntsej muag dav, ntau qhov ntev thiab hnyav, thiab txhua qhov sib txawv cuam tshuam txog cov duab ntawm lub hilt thiab cov cuab yeej ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig. Tus kov tau tiv thaiv los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov nkhaus nkhaus, kab thiab cov ntaub thaiv npog, thiab sab saum toj ntawm tus tes tuav tau puag ncig lossis zoo li tus dav dawb hau lossis tsov ntxhuav lub taub hau. Nws tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo pua puv 19 uas rab ntaj hilts tau yooj yim dua thiab sib koom ua ke, zoo li cov kab hlau.

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Lub sijhawm no, Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Imperial tau ua tub rog nrog: tus saib xyuas cuirassier broadswords, pab tub rog cuirassier broadswords, dragoon broadswords (txawm hais tias dragoons hauv Caucasus tau siv riam phom sabers). Broadswords kuj yog riam phom tiv thaiv tub rog thiab tub rog (uas hnav lawv kom txog thaum xyoo 1826).

Hauv thawj peb ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, zaj lus nthuav dav nthuav dav ntawm 1806 tus qauv, lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm tus qauv 1810 thiab tus qauv xyoo 1826 tau siv. Xyoo 1881, tus cuirassier tau hloov npe ua Dragoons, thiab cov lus dav tau dhau los ua riam phom.

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Broadswords tau siv rau kev nce tsheb. Qhov ntse ntawm cov hniav tuaj yeem yog ib sab lossis ib nrab thiab ib nrab. Qhov ntev ntawm cov hniav tuaj txog 80 cm, qhov dav yog li 4 cm. Cov ntoo ntoo yog ntoo, npog nrog tawv, txij li dej hiav txwv tau txwv tsis pub siv hlau.

Cov lus dav dav uas yog riam phom hauv pab tub rog Lavxias niaj hnub no tau hnav los ntawm cov pab cuam ntawm tus chij hauv Lavxias navy thaum lub sijhawm kev tawm tsam.

Pom zoo: