Fortress rab phom loj 1914 - 1918

Fortress rab phom loj 1914 - 1918
Fortress rab phom loj 1914 - 1918

Video: Fortress rab phom loj 1914 - 1918

Video: Fortress rab phom loj 1914 - 1918
Video: Ntxhais Qaun ntuj txoj kev Hlub part 1 1 2024, Kaum ib hlis
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Tus naj npawb ntawm ntau hom kev siv phom loj hauv Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ib los tiv thaiv lub forts thiab fortresses yog qhov loj heev thiab yog qhov xav txog ntawm qhov sib txawv mus rau lawv cov cuab yeej ua rog hauv ntau lub tebchaws. Nyob rau ntau ntawm lawv, tus cwj pwm ntawm cov forts thiab fortresses zoo ib yam li peb tus cwj pwm Lavxias rau dachas. Rau qee tus, nws yog lub tsev rau khoom ntawm cov khoom qub, txhua yam uas muaj teeb meem rau khaws hauv chav tsev, tab sis nws yog kev khuv leej muab nws pov tseg. Lwm tus, ntawm qhov tod tes, khaws lub dacha hauv qhov kev txiav txim zoo tshaj plaws, feem ntau yog rau cov neeg sawv cev lub hom phiaj.

Hauv qhov no, lub forts tau siv riam phom hnyav tshaj plaws, txawm hais tias nyob deb, nyob ntsiag to ntawm cov teb chaws Ottoman loj, du-bore "Napoleons" tseem sawv ntawm lub forts. Cov yeeb yaj kiab ua yeeb yam "Winnetou - tus thawj coj ntawm Apaches" yog qhov ua piv txwv ntawm qhov no! Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog qhov tshwm sim xws li zam! Piv txwv li, British koob ntawm 9.2-nti rab phom tau xa mus txhua qhov! Cov phom hauv thaj av, txawm hais tias tsis haum rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv, kuj tseem siv los ua kom cov riam phom nyob ruaj ruaj ntawm lub forts. Feem ntau lawv tau muab tso rau hauv kev tiv thaiv tom qab lub parapet qis thiab siv rau hluav taws ncaj qha ntawm cov yeeb ncuab infantry nce mus txog lub fort.

Thaum lub sij hawm tsaus ntuj ntawm cov riam phom du, feem ntau ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv tau teeb tsa qis, nrog lub log me me, tshuab, zoo ib yam li cov siv nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd ntawm cov nkoj, txawm hais tias siv cov tsheb nqaj hlau nyuaj dua, zoo ib yam li tam sim no pom hauv kev nthuav tawm ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej Sevastopol "Mikhailovskaya Battery". Cov phom zoo li no, twb dhau los lawm xyoo 1914, txawm li cas los xij siv (!) Piv txwv li, Turkish rab phom zoo nkauj, Vajtswv paub dab tsi qub, raug rho tawm ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv tebchaws Askiv nrog pob zeb phom loj! Ntawm ntau lub tsheb thauj phom qub, tib Turks tau teeb tsa cov phom tshiab, tab sis nws yog qhov tseeb uas ib tus tsis tuaj yeem cia siab tias yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm kev teeb tsa!

Duab
Duab

Qhov teeb meem ntawm kev txhim kho phom tau cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau lawv txoj kev nyab xeeb, thiab kev nyab xeeb - rau nyiaj txiag. Piv txwv li, kev teeb tsa ntawm tib lub roj teeb Mikhailovskaya muaj kev nyab xeeb siab, tab sis cov lus qhia me me raws lub qab ntuj, uas xav tau ntau yam riam phom zoo li no. Cov phom, nyob ntawm lub bastions qab parapets, muaj lub hom phiaj loj, lawv xav tau tsawg dua, tab sis lawv qhov kev pheej hmoo kuj tseem siab.

Fortress rab phom loj 1914 - 1918
Fortress rab phom loj 1914 - 1918

Nyob ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv, kev teeb tsa phom yog qhov nyiam tshaj plaws thiab vim li cas nws thiaj nkag siab. Cov tub rog Turkish ntawm Dardanelles siv hom kev teeb tsa phom no, tab sis lawv cov neeg ua haujlwm raug kev txom nyem hnyav heev los ntawm kev tua hluav taws ntawm Askiv thiab Fab Kis cov tub rog. Tsawg kawg yog ib qho ntawm German lub forts (Fort Bismarck) kuj raug kev txom nyem los ntawm Nyij Pooj (hauv qhov no los ntawm kev siv phom hnyav hauv av). Qee lub nroog Asmeskas cov ntug dej hiav txwv, yog tias lawv tau raug hluav taws, tuaj yeem raug kev txom nyem ib yam nkaus.

Nrog kev qhia txog cov txheej txheem them nyiaj rov qab zoo nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, nws tau dhau los ua cov phom me dua, uas tau them nyiaj rau los ntawm kev tua lawv sai dua. Piv txwv li, rau-phaus (lossis 57mm) rab phom feem ntau pom nyob rau ntawm lub forts raws li cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv kev ua phem, muab nqi zog rau lawv cov nqi hluav taws kub ntau. Ib qho xwm txheej tshwj xeeb tau muaj cov ntaub thaiv npog npog uas tig nrog rab phom thiab, hauv txoj ntsiab cai, tsis txawv ntau ntawm 6-pounder mount ntawm British MK I.

Duab
Duab

Qee lub forts muaj lub siab ntawm qhov siab ntawm cov phom ntawm rab phom, uas, ua tsaug rau qhov no, tuaj yeem tua ntawm qhov deb. Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, ze rau lub hom phiaj tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau lawv! Ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tub rog Asmeskas nyob ntawm ntug hiav txwv tau nruab nrog rab phom ntev 12-nti loj loj, ua tiav los ntawm cov phom hnyav uas muaj tsev nyob hauv cov pob zeb loj loj hauv pawg ntawm plaub. Nws tau ntseeg tias lawv lub plhaub, poob saum toj no, yuav ua rau muaj kev phom sij heev rau cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm cov neeg caij nkoj thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua.

Duab
Duab

Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov phom no tau raug tiv thaiv los ntawm hluav taws ncaj qha. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tus yeeb ncuab tuaj yeem teeb tsa, raws li lawv tau hais thaum ntawd, "sib pauv hluav taws", tom qab ntawd nws yuav muaj kev phom sij loj. Cov phab ntsa hauv lub pob zeb yuav tsuas yog txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov projectile tawg rau ntawm qhov cuam tshuam. Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov kev poob siab los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj kuj tau pom los ntawm nws cov phab ntsa ua vaj tsev thiab tsis ntxiv kev noj qab haus huv rau kev suav.

Duab
Duab

Tom qab ntawd los txog lub sijhawm ntawm cov phom phom sib npaug. Cov tsheb thauj khoom no tau tsim kom txog thaum xyoo 1912 thiab tau teeb tsa hauv cov tub rog ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv nyob ib puag ncig Tebchaws Askiv. Qhov no yog ib nrab qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tshaj tawm "Lavxias dab neeg txaus ntshai" - kev sib ntaus sib tua uas muaj npe tom qab cov neeg ntseeg: "Peb Tsoom Haiv Neeg Ntseeg", "Kaum Ob Tus Thwj Tim", uas, vim qhov tsis raug hauv kev txhais lus, tau hloov mus rau 15 (!) Cov nkoj tshiab tshaj plaws hauv ntawv xov xwm Askiv. ib zaug. Muaj kev ntshai tias Lub Tebchaws Lavxias yuav sim nthuav nws cov khoom hauv Dej Hiav Txwv Pacific ntawm tus nqi ntawm tebchaws Askiv, Australia thiab New Zealand. Thiab txawm hais tias pab tub rog Askiv tshaj tawm tias tsis muaj rab phom tsis siv lawm thaum ntxov li xyoo 1911, ntau rab phom no tau siv hauv Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1.

Duab
Duab

Cov phom loj ib yam tau teeb tsa nyob rau hauv cov chaw tiv thaiv ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, ntxiv rau hauv Hawaii thiab Philippines. Xyoo 1917, nyob ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Pacific, qhov uas tsis muaj kev hem thawj ntawm tub rog, ntau ntawm lawv tau raug tshem tawm thiab xa mus rau Fabkis, qhov uas lawv tau muab tso rau ntawm cov tsheb ciav hlau. Lawv tau xa rov qab thiab xa rov qab mus rau cov forts no tom qab ua tsov rog. Tebchaws Asmeskas khaws nws cov "phom uas ploj lawm" thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Tshwj xeeb, rau forts nruab nrog cov phom loj no tau koom nrog tiv thaiv Corregidor Island los ntawm Nyij Pooj xyoo 1942. Enviable thiav, tsis yog nws?

Ib qho teeb meem muaj peev xwm nrog cov phom no yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm hluav taws kub. Nws tau daws ib nrab los ntawm kev txhim kho cov phom nyob hauv cov qhov puag ncig nrog daim ntaub thaiv sab saud ntawm lub phom nqa phom. Cov ntaub thaiv npog no muaj lub qhov nyob hauv qhov npog uas lub phom phom sawv thiab poob. Txawm li cas los xij, cov duab qhia tias feem ntau ntawm cov phom American tsis raug tiv thaiv los ntawm hluav taws.

Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov phom ntawm cov tshuab qis tau qeeb, thiab hauv tib lub tebchaws Askiv nws tsis tau ua tiav xyoo 1914. Tab sis lawv tau pib hloov pauv lawv nrog kev teeb tsa barbet, zoo ib yam li cov uas tau siv rau ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Panama Canal Forts, qhov loj 14-nti rab phom tau teeb tsa hauv barbets, yog tus piv txwv zoo ntawm kev teeb tsa ntawd.

Duab
Duab

Xyoo 1882, kev sib xyaw ua ke Anglo-French tau foob pob Iyiv lub zog tiv thaiv roj teeb ntawm Alexandria. Cov txiaj ntsig tau ua tsis zoo rau cov neeg Iyiv. Thiab zaj lus qhia no tsis muaj txiaj ntsig: tam sim no cov phom ntawm lub forts tau nce ntxiv nyob rau hauv qab lub npog ntsej muag lossis lub turret (zoo li hauv nkoj ua rog), yog li ntawd txawm tias yog hom "sib tw sib tw caj npab" pib.

Cov phom nyob hauv tus yees pib tau teeb tsa ntawm lub forts ntawm Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Ltalis thiab Netherlands. Nws tau mus txog qhov uas General H. L. Abbott tau hais lus ntawm American Academy of Sciences, ceeb toom txog qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm cov tub rog nyob rau ntug dej hiav txwv thiab lawv muaj kev phom sij thaum muaj kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov tub rog Askiv nyob hauv Bermuda nyob sib ze (kev puas tsuaj xyoo pua puv 19 zoo ib yam li Cuban foob pob hluav taws thaum kawg. xyoo pua!). Hauv nws lub tswv yim, nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum npog tag nrho cov phom hnyav ntawm lub forts nrog cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, uas yog, muab lawv tso rau hauv qab zoo li cov npog!

Txawm li cas los xij, US Congress tsis txaus siab rau nws cov tswv yim. Lawv suav tus nqi ntawm cov kab ke no thiab tsis ua dab tsi. Cov nqi zoo ib yam tuaj yeem siv tau zoo dua, lwm tus tau sau tseg, yog tias cov phom phom ntawm ntug dej tau muab tso rau hauv cov khoom lag luam.

Duab
Duab

Thaum qhov kev sim ua tsov rog tuaj, nws tau muab tawm tias cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv hnyav tiv thaiv cov phom loj, thiab tuaj yeem raug tsoo los ntawm kev ntaus ncaj. Cov nplais tuaj yeem hla cov pob zeb ib puag ncig lossis cov masonry thiab ua rau lub tshuab ua kom nrawm nrawm. Qee lub sij hawm qhov hnyav ntawm lub thav duab dome nws tus kheej hnyav dhau rau nws qhov kev txhawb nqa thiab cov iav ua kom zoo. Ntau daim duab ntawm lub forts uas ploj lawm qhia rau peb paub txog cov puas tsuaj thiab lawv cov hauv paus hauv paus.

Ib txoj kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev tiv thaiv tag nrho yog cov pej thuam rov qab los yog ploj mus. Qhov sib npaug sib npaug thiab cov txheej txheem hydraulic ua rau nws tshem tawm tus pej thuam tom qab tua kom nws sab saum toj yuav yaug nrog lub hauv paus ntawm lub fort. Qhov no txo tus yeeb ncuab txoj hauv kev los tsoo lub pej thuam nrog kev txhaj tshuaj ncaj qha, tab sis ib zaug ntxiv nws tsis tiv thaiv los tsoo saum lub dome. Ib qho ntxiv, kev nqa cov txheej txheem ntawm cov yees no zoo li muaj kev cuam tshuam txawm tias tsis muaj yeeb ncuab tua hluav taws.

Ntawm qhov nkag mus rau Manila Bay, cov neeg Asmeskas tau tsim Fort Drum, muaj riam phom nrog tus yees los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab rab phom 356-mm, tab sis lub fort tau tso tseg thaum nws tawm ntawm cov dej tshiab!

Duab
Duab

Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm kev ua tub rog ntawm Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ib yuav tsis tiav yam tsis hais txog "ntauwd txawb" lossis Fahrpanzer. Qhov no yog kev txhim kho ntawm Gruzon lub tuam txhab, uas yog lub tsho tiv thaiv tiv thaiv uas muaj lub phom loj phom (57 hli), uas tuaj yeem txav mus rau plaub lub log me me ntawm 60 cm nqaim-ntsuas kev tsheb nqaj hlau sab hauv. Lawv tau siv hauv German thiab Austro-Hungarian fortresses. Feem ntau cov tsheb ciav hlau tau khiav mus rau hauv qab los yog tom qab lub laj kab tuab tuab kom tsuas yog sab saud, tig ib feem ntawm tus pej thuam raug rau cov yeeb ncuab hluav taws.

Duab
Duab

Lub Fahrpanzers tau tsim los kom thauj tau yooj yim los ntawm lub tsheb thauj neeg nees kom lawv tuaj yeem xa mus sai sai sab nraum lub fort. Lawv tau siv hauv thaj chaw thiab tiv thaiv cov nyom ntawm ntau lub ntsej muag, tab sis tib tus neeg German tsis tau xam tawm tias yog tias muaj cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv phom txuas rau lub pej thuam no nyob rau pem hauv ntej rau tus neeg tsav tsheb, tom qab - rau lub cav thiab tso txhua yam rau ntawm txoj kab, tom qab ntawd lawv yuav zoo heev rau lub sijhawm ntawd lub tank!

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