"Sib ntaus hauv txoj kev ntawm Allah nrog cov uas tawm tsam koj, tab sis tsis txhob hla dhau qhov ciam teb ntawm yam uas tau tso cai."
Qhov thib ob surah ntawm Quran "Al-Bakara" (ayah 190)
Cov tub rog ntawm Eurasia. Kev tshaj tawm ntawm kab lus los ntawm koob "Knights thiab Chivalry ntawm Peb Hnub Nyoog" ua rau muaj kev txaus siab ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib lub vev xaib uas txaus siab rau lub ncauj lus ntawm kev ua tub rog, ris tsho hnav thiab riam phom ntawm lub sijhawm dhau los. Ntau tus tau hais qhia lawv qhov kev xav nthuav nws cov txheej txheem raws sijhawm, uas yog nkag siab. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj teeb meem ntau npaum li cas ib tus xav tau, nws tsis yog ib txwm thiab tsis nyob rau txhua qhov ncauj lus uas ib tus tuaj yeem pom cov ntaub ntawv txaus nyiam, thiab, uas tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, cov lus piav qhia. Nrhiav tom kawg qee zaum siv sijhawm ntau dua li sau cov ntawv nws tus kheej. Ib qho ntxiv, tsis yog txhua daim duab siv Internet cov peev txheej siv tau. Tab sis nws kuj tshwm sim uas muaj qhov xav tau ntawm cov neeg nyeem kom tob rau lub ncauj lus thiab … muaj txhua yam kom ua tiav qhov kev xav tau no. Yog li, piv txwv li, yav dhau los cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov tub rog ntawm North Africa, Egyptian Mamluks tau hais, tab sis nws tau hais txog lawv hauv thawj qhov chaw, monograph los ntawm D. Nicolas, tau thuam me ntsis. Tab sis tom qab ntawd nws "hloov kho" thiab sau qhov kev kawm zoo rau lawv. Muaj tseeb, nyob rau qee qhov txwv, mus dhau qhov keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm cov ncauj lus no. Zoo, tsis muaj leej twg thab peb kom coj thiab nthuav lawv ntau ntxiv los piav qhia lawv kom ntxaws, nrog rau txiav txim siab riam phom, ris tsho hnav thiab tag nrho lawv lwm yam cuab yeej, los ntawm txoj kev, zoo ib yam li knightly.
Tib yam "qhev ua tub rog"
Cia peb pib nrog leej twg Mamelukes yog (thiab tseem yog Mamelukes, uas txhais tau tias "muaj" hauv Arabic). Nov yog chav kawm tub rog-feudal ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws thaum ub, uas pib muaj cov tub qhe tub qhe ntawm Turkic thiab Caucasian keeb kwm, ntawm cov uas yog Circassians, Abkhazians, thiab Georgians. Lawv tau mus rau tim lyiv teb chaws hauv txoj kev zoo: lawv tau … raug nyiag los ntawm lawv lub tebchaws, uas muaj coob tus neeg sib pauv nrog nws, thiab tom qab ntawd muag. Nws tau tshwm sim uas cov niam txiv uas muaj ntau tus menyuam, tab sis txom nyem, lawv tus kheej tau muag "cov nyiaj seem" ntawm cov tub, vim lawv paub tias yav tom ntej ntawm lawv cov menyuam hauv qhov no yuav raug lees paub. Cov tub hluas coj los rau Egypt tau hloov pauv mus rau Islam, qhia cov lus Arabic thiab kos duab ntawm kev ua tsov rog hauv cov chaw pw hav zoov kaw. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv tau saib xyuas txhua txoj hauv kev, thiab piv rau "cov menyuam txoj kev" lawv nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo. Cov tub rog tub rog raug cob qhia "raug tso rau hauv qhov pom kev" thiab tib lub sijhawm lawv cov xwm txheej hauv zej zog tau hloov pauv: tus qub qhev tau tshaj tawm tias yog neeg Muslim dawb. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau cog lus ua ncaj ncees rau lawv cov bey lossis emir thiab yuav tsum ua tiav! Thiab qhov ntawd yog nws! Txawm tias menyuam yaus ntawm Mamluks tsis tau yog Mamluks, txij li lawv twb tau txais kev kawm hauv tsev! Thiab, los ntawm txoj kev, yog vim li cas Mamluks tshiab yuav tsum tau yuav tas li thiab ua noj tas li. Thiab qhov tseeb vim tias lawv tau mob siab rau lawv "txiv-tus thawj coj" uas lawv pom tias kev ua siab loj thiab kev ncaj ncees tau dhau los li cas.
Cov neeg ua ntej ntawm Mamluks yog cov tub rog nyob hauv Arab Caliphate, qhov uas cov neeg tseem ceeb txiav txim siab sai sai yuav ua li cas kom tau txais txiaj ntsig los siv cov neeg tsis muaj xeem neeg, tsis muaj ib pawg neeg, thiab tsis muaj lub nra hnyav los ntawm ib lub tebchaws kev ntxub ntxaug thiab pab pawg. Raws li qhov tseeb, ob lub dab thiab Mamluks ib txwm muaj qhov kev txaus siab thawj zaug: yog tias koj sib ntaus zoo, koj muaj txhua yam. Nws nyuaj heev txawm tias yuav ntxeev siab lawv cov tswv rau tib yam Mamluks, vim tias lawv tsis tau paub dua lwm lub neej tshwj tsis yog lawv tus kheej, thiab nws yog qhov tseeb tias lawv tsis ntseeg ib tus neeg txawv. Thiab lawv tuaj yeem muab dab tsi rau lawv? Ntau kub, nees thiab poj niam? Lawv twb muaj txaus ntawm txhua qhov no, dhau li ntawd, ib qho kev ua tsis zoo rau kev ua tub rog yog kev txaj muag rau lawv. Yog li ntawd lawv tau raug coj los, yog li ntawd lawv tau tawm tsam ua siab loj, thiab tsis ntshai thiab tsis hloov pauv. Qhov ntawd yog, qhov tseeb, lawv yog "cov tub rog tsis ntshai thiab thuam," tsuas yog cov neeg Muslim. Dab tsi tuaj yeem nyiam lawv thiab, tau kawg, nyiam lawv, yog lub zog. Tom qab tag nrho, tsis muaj leej twg xav tuag rau kev txaus siab ntawm lwm tus.
Yog li ntawd, sai li sai tau Mamluks hauv Egypt xav tias lawv tus kheej yog ib qho qub txeeg qub teg, thaum xyoo 1250 lawv tau rhuav tshem Ayyubid dynasty thiab txeeb hwj chim hauv lub tebchaws. Ib qho ntawm cov neeg ntxeev siab - cov thawj coj ntawm pawg loj ntawm Mamluks, Aibek, tom qab ntawd tshaj tawm nws tus kheej sultan. Cov neeg tseem ceeb tshiab tau ntxiv rau hauv tib txoj kev ib yam li ua ntej. Pom tau tias, txoj hauv kev no zoo li pom zoo rau Mamluk kev muaj peev xwm tshiab: cov menyuam tau yuav hauv Golden Horde, thiab tom qab ntawd lawv tau ua tub rog. Muaj ob lub npe "dynasties" ntawm Mamluk sultans uas kav tebchaws Iziv: Bahrit * (1250-1382) thiab Burjits ** (1382-1517).
Cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog sab hnub tuaj medieval
Lawv yog cov tub rog zoo li cas, tsawg kawg qhov piv txwv no hais: hauv 1260 nws yog Mamluks, coj los ntawm Sultan Beibars, uas swb cov tub rog ntawm Mongol kov yeej ntawm Ain Jalut, thiab rov qab tau tag nrho ntawm Syria, suav nrog nws lub peev Damascus.
Ib xyoos tom qab, txhua lub tsev teev ntuj Islamic ntawm Arabia poob rau hauv lawv txoj cai: lub nroog Mecca thiab Medina.
Xyoo 1375, Mamluks tau kov yeej Armenian Cilician lub nceeg vaj ntawm Rubenids, thiab kom huv si kom nws tsis sawv ntxiv lawm, thiab xyoo 1419 lawv swb cov Karamanids emirate. Muaj tseeb, tom qab 100 xyoo, Turks ntawm Sultan Selim I, siv phom, uas Mamluks lawv tus kheej tsis suav nrog, tswj kom kov yeej lawv ntawm Marj Dabik thiab coj Egypt mus rau lawv tus kheej tes. Tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, lawv tau ntse txaus kom tsis txhob muab Mamluks ntawm lawv txoj cai tshwj xeeb, txawm hais tias tam sim no lawv yuav tsum ua raws li Pasha Turkish.
Xyoo 1798, Napoleon hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nto moo ntawm cov pyramids, zoo, qhov uas nws kuj tau hais tias: "Luav thiab cov kws tshawb fawb nyob hauv nruab nrab", tswj kom yeej Mamluk cov tub rog. Tab sis nws kuj tau hais qhia tias Mamluks mus rau nws qhov kev pabcuam. Ntau tus ntawm lawv tau pom zoo rau qhov no, tau cog lus cog lus rau nws, thiab … dhau los ua nws tus tiv thaiv tus kheej, uas nws ntseeg yam tsis muaj kev txwv.
Xyoo 1806, Mamluks tau tawm tsam tiv thaiv Turkish txoj cai ib zaug ntxiv, tab sis raug ntaus los ntawm pab tub rog Turkish. Zaj dab neeg ntawm Mamluks xaus kev tu siab. Xyoo 1811, thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1, Egyptian Pasha, Muhammad Ali, tau caw 600 tus neeg zoo tshaj plaws Mamluk beys rau nws noj hmo noj hmo thiab hais kom nws tus tiv thaiv tua lawv txhua tus. Tom qab ntawd, Mamluks pib raug tua thoob plaws tebchaws Iziv. Nws ntseeg tias kwv yees li 4 txhiab tus neeg raug tua nyob rau tag nrho, tab sis qee leej ntawm lawv tseem muaj peev xwm khiav tawm mus rau Sudan. Nws yuav tsis yog qhov kev tshaj tawm hais tias nws yog Mamluks uas yog cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog sab hnub tuaj nruab nrab. Hais txog lawv qhov kev sib ntaus zoo, lawv tau ua haujlwm tsis muaj qhov ua tau zoo dua rau lawv cov ntseeg kev tawm tsam los ntawm Tebchaws Europe sab nrauv, thiab qee txoj hauv kev lawv txawm dhau lawv!
Cov ntaub ntawv:
1. Smirnov, V. E., Nedvetsky, A. G. Mamluks - cov tub rog tsis ntshai thiab cov neeg soj xyuas ntawm Egypt // Nyob keeb kwm ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj: Sau. M., 1998. P.249-257.
2. Nicolle, D. Mamluk 'Askary' 1250-1517. UK. Oxford: Osprey Publishing (Warrior # 173), 2014.
3. Nicolle, D. Mamluks 1250-1517 UK. L.: Osprey Publishing (Men-at-arms No. 259), 1993.
